第四课-英国浪漫主义时期文学

RomanticisminEnglandtheAgeofPoetryTeachingArrangement:I.HistoricalBackgroundII.RomanticismIII.A.poets

1.Escapistromanticists/LakePoets(湖畔派诗人)(WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,RobertSouthey)

2.activeromanticists/demonicgroup/Satanicschool(撒旦派)(GeorgeGordonByron,PercyByssheShelley,JohnKeats)

B.essayists(CharlesLamb,WilliamHazlitt,ThomasDeQuincey)

C.novelist(WalterScott)(1)

IndustrialRevolution—transformedBritainfromagriculturaltoindustrialcountry,responsibleforthechangeinthepatternofsociallifeandtheworseningofsocialcontradictions;

(2)Americanrevolutionin1775—theDeclarationofIndependence,writtenbyThomasJeffersonin1776,withitsemphasisonindividualrights;(3)TheFrenchrevolutionin1789—introducedthedemocraticideals:liberty,equalityandfraternityforeverybody;I.

HistoricalBackground(4)theabolitionofslaveryintheBritishcolonies;(5)theintroductionofsystemofnationaleducation;(6)theFactoryActs《工厂法案》bywhichtheemploymentofchildrenunderninewasforbiddenbythelaw.(7)

LyricalBallads,《抒情歌谣集》acollectionofpoembyWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge,publishedin1798,whichmarkedthestartofRomanticismasaliterarytrend.Pre-romanticism—BlakeandBurnsTheChimneySweeper

扫烟囱孩子

--WilliamBlake

--威廉.布莱克WhenmymotherdiedIwasveryyoung,我母亲死的时候，我还小得很很

Andmyfathersoldmewhileyetmytongue我父亲把我拿出来卖给了别人，

Couldscarcelycry'weep!'weep!'weep

我当时还不大喊得清，“扫呀扫扫！

SoyourchimneysIsweep,andinsootIsleep.我就扫你们烟囱，裹煤屑睡觉。There'slittleTomDacre,whocriedwhenhishead,有个小托姆，头发卷得像小羊头，

Thatcurledlikealamb'sback,wasshaved:soIsaid,剃光的时候，哭得好伤心，好难受，

"Hush,Tom!nevermindit,forwhenyourhead'sbare,

我就说：“小托姆，不要紧，光了脑袋，

Youknowthatthesootcannotspoilyourwhitehair."打起来煤屑就不会糟踏你白头发。”Andsohewasquiet;andthatverynight,他就安安静静了，当天夜里，

AsTomwasa-sleeping,hehadsuchasight,-

托姆睡着了，事情就来得稀奇，

Thatthousandsofsweepers,Dick,Joe,Ned,andJack,他看见千千万万的扫烟囱小孩

Wereallofthemlockedupincoffinsofblack.

阿猫阿狗全都给锁进了黑棺材。

Andbycameanangelwhohadabrightkey,

后来来了个天使，拿了把金钥匙，

Andheopenedthecoffinsandsetthemallfree;

开棺材放出了孩子们（真是好天使！）

Thendownagreenplainleaping,laughing,theyrun,他们就边跳，边笑，边跑过草坪，

Andwashinariver,andshineinthesun.

到河里洗了澡，太阳里晒得亮晶晶。Thennakedandwhite,alltheirbagsleftbehind,光光的，白白的，把袋子都抛个一，

Theyriseuponcloudsandsportinthewind;

他们就升上了云端，在风里游戏；

AndtheangeltoldTom,ifhe'dbeagoodboy,“只要你做个好孩子，”天使对托姆说，

He'dhaveGodforhisfather,andneverwantjoy.“上帝会做你的父亲，你永远快乐。”AndsoTomawoke;andweroseinthedark,

托姆就醒了；屋子里黑咕隆咚，

Andgotwithourbagsandourbrushestowork.

我们就起来拿袋子、扫帚去做工。

Thoughthemorningwascold,Tomwashappyandwarm;

大清早尽管冷，托姆的心里可温暖；

Soifalldotheirdutytheyneednotfearharm.

这叫做：各尽本分，就不怕灾难。RobertBurnsARed,RedRose诗人写这首诗的目的是送给他的恋人即少女琪恩。诗人在诗中歌颂了恋人的美丽，表达了诗人的炽热感情和对爱情的坚定决心.作品赏析

诗的开头用了一个鲜活的比喻——红红的玫瑰．一下子就将恋人的美丽写得活灵活现，同时也写出了诗人心中的感情。在诗人的心中，恋人不仅有醉人的外表．而且有着柔美灵动的心灵，像一段乐曲，婉转动人地倾诉着美丽的心灵。诗人对恋人的爱是那样的真切、深情和热烈。那是种怎样的爱呀!——要一直爱到海桔石烂。这样的爱情专注使人想到中国的古老民歌：”上邪l我欲与君相知．长命无绝衰。山无陵．江水为竭．冬雷阵阵．夏雨雪，天地合．乃敢与君绝。”诗人的哀婉和柔情又可用《诗经》里的一句来说明：“执子之手，与子偕老。”何等的坚决和悠长!爱的火焰在诗人的心中强烈地燃烧着，诗人渴望有着美好的结果。但是，此时的诗人已经是囊中羞涩．诗人知道这时的自己并不能给恋人带来幸福，他已经预感到自己要离去。但诤人坚信：这样的离别只是暂别，自己一定会回来的。这首诗是诗人的代表作．它开了英国浪漫主义诗歌的先河．对济慈、拜伦等人有很大的影响。诗人用流畅悦耳的音调、质朴无华的词语和热烈真挚的情感打动了千百万恋人的心．也使得这首诗在问世之后成为人们传唱不衰的经典。诗歌吸收了民歌的特点，采用口语使诗歌朗朗上口，极大地显示了民歌的特色和魅力。读来让人感到诗中似乎有一种原始的冲动，一种原始的生命之流在流淌。另外，诗中使用了重复的句子，大大增强了诗歌的感情力度。在这首仅仅有16句的诗中。涉及“爱”的词语竟有十几处之多，然而并不使人感到重复和累赘。反而更加强化了诗人对恋人爱情的强烈和情感的浓郁程度怎能忘记旧日朋友心中能不怀想旧日朋友岂能相忘友谊地久天长我们曾经终日游荡在故乡的青山上我们也曾历尽苦辛到处奔波流浪我们也曾终日消遥荡桨在碧波上但如今却劳燕分飞远隔大海重洋我们往日情意相投让我们紧握手我们来举杯畅饮友谊地久天长友谊万岁友谊万岁举杯痛饮同声歌颂友谊地久天长

往日朋友怎能相忘？心中能不怀想？当年情景，怎能相忘？朋友的情意长。千年万载永远不忘，朋友的情意长。举杯痛饮，欢度时光。朋友的情意长。我们漫步郊外山岗，小河边芳草香。以后分手，各奔一方。

朋友的情意长。千年万载永远不忘，朋友的情意长。举杯痛饮，欢度时光。朋友的情意长。今天我们欢聚一堂，手挽手来歌唱。举杯痛饮，欢度时光。朋友的情意长。千年万载永远不忘，朋友的情意长。举杯痛饮，欢度时光。朋友的情意长。往昔的时光

王佐良译（合唱）为了往昔的时光，老朋友， 为了往昔的时光，再干一杯友情的酒， 为了往昔的时光。

老朋友哪能遗忘， 哪能不放在心上？老朋友哪能遗忘， 还有往昔的时光？

你来痛饮一大杯，我也买酒来相陪。干一杯友情的酒又何妨？ 为了往昔的时光。

我们曾遨游山岗， 到处将野花拜访。但以后走上疲惫的旅程， 逝去了往昔的时光！

我们曾赤脚淌过河流， 水声笑语里将时间忘。如今大海的怒涛把我们隔开， 逝去了往昔的时光！

忠实的朋友，伸出你的手， 让我们握手聚一堂。再来痛饮一杯欢乐酒， 为了往昔的时光！1.definition—EnglishRomanticismisgenerallysaidtohavebeganin1798withthepublicationofWordsworth&Coleridge‘sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBill《改革法案》intheParliament.EnglishRomanticismisarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason.TheFrenchRevolutionof1789-1794andtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionexertgreatinfluenceonEnglishRomanticism.II.EnglishRomanticismRomanticistsshowintheirworkstheirprofounddissatisfactionwiththesocialrealityandtheirdeephatredforanypoliticaltyranny,economicexploitationandanyformofoppression,feudalorbourgeois.Intherealmofliterature,theyrevoltagainstreason,rules,regulation,objectivity,commonsenses,etc.andemphasizethevalueoffeelings,intuition,freedom,nature,subjectivism,individuality,originality,imagination,etc.

2.ThefeaturesoftheRomanticwritings:1)

Dissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety.2)Theirwritingsfilledwithstrong-willedheroesoreventitanicimages,formidableeventsandtragicsituations,powerfulconflictingpassionsandexoticpictures.3)payattentiontospiritualandemotionallifeofman.Mostworksaresupernaturalandfullofimagination.4)interestinthepast,theunusual,theunfamiliar,thebizarre5)strongdesiretoescapefromthereality.6)concernedmuchabouttheinfluenceofnature.7)Theirwritingsfreefromanyrules,theyfightagainstthetenureofnewclassicism:order,harmony,balance,reason.Theyaskforthefreedomofexpression.8)Afeelingofloneliness&anoteofmelancholy8)Theglorificationofthecommonplace---theaimofgoodpoetryis“tochooseincidentsandsituationsfromcommonlife”andtousea“selectionoflanguagereallyspokenbymen”,andtoawakeninthereader“freshnessofsensation”inthepresentationof“familiarobjects”.9)characterizedby5“I”s:Imagination,Intuition,Idealism,Inspiration,Individuality.3.TwoschoolsofRomanticismA.escapistromanticists,“theLakePoets”湖畔派,representedbyWilliamWordsworth华兹华斯,SamuelTaylorColeridge柯勒律治

andRobertSouthey骚塞.

B.activeromanticists,“theSatanicschool”撒旦派,withByron拜伦,Shelly雪莱andKeats济慈asrepresentatives湖畔派LakePoets18～19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。主要成员有华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区，先后在格拉斯米尔和文德美尔两个湖畔居住，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有“湖畔派诗人”之称。

在诗歌题材上，他们主张写下层人民的日常生活，强调诗人的内心探索和感情的自然流露；在诗体方面，主张发展民间诗歌的艺术传统，采用民间口语，发挥诗人的想象力。他们的理论和实践结束了英国古典主义诗学的统治，对英国诗歌的改革和发展起了很大作用。但是他们否定诗歌的社会作用，美化中世纪的田园生活，提倡唯心主义、唯灵主义、神秘主义；把“听天由命”看成是人的“天性的永恒部分”；拜伦和雪莱对此进行过激烈的批评。湖畔派诗人起初都同情法国革命，随着革命的深入，由害怕革命而退却，进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托。当湖畔派诗人的消极倾向日益明显的时候，青年诗人拜伦、雪莱开始登上文坛，向湖畔派诗人展开论争。拜伦在一八O九年完成的讽刺长诗《英格兰诗人和苏格兰评论家》中，不仅回答了消极浪漫主义者操纵的刊物《爱丁堡评论》对拜伦诗作的攻击，而且还严厉地谴责了湖畔派诗人的消极倾向。由于他们敢于向湖畔派诗人作斗争，因而被英国绅土们斥之为撒旦(恶魔)，所以文学史上称拜伦、雪莱和济慈为“撒旦派”。一般说，湖畔派诗人代表消极浪漫主义倾向，撒旦派代表积极浪漫主义精神。虽然湖畔派诗人在与古典主义的斗争中有过贡献，在诗歌的艺术上有较深的造诣，但其历史地位远不及撒旦派重要。III.poets—LakePoets

1.WilliamWordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(重点)1.1lifeBornin1770inalawyer’sfamilyOrphanedwhenhewas14WenttoschoolinHawkshead,developedadeeplovefornature1787-1791StudiedatCambridge--politicalenthusiasmroused1790-1792visitedFrancetwiceIn1797,movedtoSomersetwithhissisterDorothyandmadefriendswithColeridge,alldevotingtheirtimewritingpoetryPublishedLyricalBalladstogetherwithColeridge.TwoperiodsofhisliterarycareerArevolutionistwithliberalpoliticsideaandambiguousreligionAconservative,comingtobelievethatman’swildspiritisneededtamingbythechurch1)LyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》followedby“ThePrefacetotheLyricalBallads”—servedasthemanifestooftheEnglishRomanticMovementinpoetry.2)famousshortpoems：Aboutnature:“IwonderedLonelyasaCloud”“独自漫游似浮云”，or“TheDaffodils”“咏水仙”“IntimationofImmortality”“不朽颂”“LinesComposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey”“丁登寺”;“TotheCuckoo”“致布谷鸟”;“MyHeartLeapsupWhenIBehold”“我心雀跃”;“ToaButterfly”“致蝴蝶”“AnEveningWalk”“黄昏漫步”1.2majorworks:Abouthumanlife:--sympathyforthepoor

LucyPoems《露西组诗》“TheSolitaryReaper”“孤独的收割者”“TheOldCumberlandBeggar”“康伯兰的老乞丐”“Michael”“迈克尔”“WeareSeven”“我们七个”3)“ThePrelude”“序曲”--Wordsworth’sautobiographicalpoemin14bookspublishedafterhisdeath,aspiritualrecordofhismind,showinghisownthoughtandsentiment.

1.3CommentonWordsworthA.ThepoetofnatureNature---medium---revelation(启示)Nature---entity---communicatingwithGod,learningmoreaboutGod,andenjoyingtheholyandawesomefeelingsNature---purest,mostuncorruptedform,amanifestationofGod’screationpower

B.Wordsworth’sdefinitiontopoetry

Goodpoetrymustspeak“thereallanguageofman”andwriteaboutthelifeofcommonpeopleinanimaginativeway.Goodpoetryis“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.”诗是强烈情感的自然流露。Poetry“takesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility”.诗源于情感，但在平静中回忆。

Theobjectswhichexcitedtheseemotionsweretobeordinaryones.Thestyleselectedforthenewpoetrywasalsotobesimple.Apoetshouldgivepleasureandrevealuniversaltruth.Poetryis“themostphilosophicofallwriting”1.4“IwonderedLonelyasaCloud”我好似一朵孤独的流云，高高地飘游在山谷之上，突然我看到一大片鲜花，是金色的水仙遍地开放。它们开在湖畔，开在树下它们随风嬉舞，随风飘荡它们密集如银河的星星，像群星在闪烁一片晶莹；它们沿着海湾向前伸展，通往远方仿佛无穷无尽；一眼看去就有千朵万朵，万花摇首舞得多么高兴。粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳，却不如这水仙舞得轻俏；诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃；我久久凝视--却未领悟这景象所给予我的精神至宝。

后来多少次我郁郁独卧，感到百无聊赖心灵空漠；这景象便在脑海中闪现，多少次安慰过我的寂寞我的心又随水仙跳起舞来，我的心又重新充满了欢乐。

Thepoemcontains4six-linedstanzasofIambictetrameterwiththerhymeschemeofababccineachstanza.Theme:eulogyfortheharmonybetweenthingsinnatureandtheharmonybetweennatureandmanAnalysisof“IwonderedLonelyasaCloud”:A.thefirstandthesecondstanza---avividpictureofahostofgoldendaffodilsdancinghappilyinthebreezeB.thethirdstanza---thehappinessbroughttothepoet’ssoulbythedancingdaffodilsC.thelaststanza---thehappinessbroughtbythedaffodilslastsforeverinthepoet’smemory.孤独的割麦女看，一个孤独的高原姑娘，在远远的田野间收割，一边割一边独自歌唱，请你站住。或者俏悄走过！她独自把麦子割了又捆，唱出无限悲凉的歌声，屏息听吧！深广的谷地已被歌声涨满而漫溢！

还从未有过夜莺百啭，唱出过如此迷人的歌，在沙漠中的绿荫间抚慰过疲惫的旅客；还从未有过杜鹃迎春，声声啼得如此震动灵魂，在遥远的赫布利底群岛打破过大海的寂寥。她唱什么，谁能告诉我？忧伤的音符不断流涌，是把遥远的不幸诉说？是把古代的战争吟咏？也许她的歌比较卑谦，只是唱今日平凡的悲欢，只是唱自然的哀伤苦痛——昨天经受过，明天又将重逢？姑娘唱什么，我猜不着，她的歌如流水永无尽头；只见她一边唱一边干活，弯腰挥镰，操劳不休……我凝神不动，听她歌唱，然后，当我登上了山岗，尽管歌声早已不能听到，它却仍在我心头缭绕。Homework：Giveananalysisof“TheSolitaryReaper”,whichshouldinclude:Metricalpattern(格律):Rhymescheme(押韵):Generalmeaningofeachstanza:Thethemeofthepoem(deliveryourhomeworkthroughtheonlineteachingsystem)SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays

ShedweltamongtheuntroddenwaysBesidethespringsofDove,AMaidwhomtherewerenonetopraiseAndveryfewtolove:AvioletbyamossystoneHalfhiddenfromtheeye!─Fairasastar,whenonlyoneIsshininginthesky.Shelivedunknown,andfewcouldknowWhenLucyceasedtobe;Butsheisinhergrave,and,oh,Thedifferencetome!LucyPoems--

“SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays”《她住在人迹罕至的地方》她住在人迹罕至的地方,圣洁的小溪在身边流淌,没有谁把这少女赞颂,少有人为她挂肚牵肠。

她是紫罗兰身影半露,生苔的墓碑将她遮挡;美丽如一颗孤星,在夜空里闪闪发亮。没有谁了解她曾活在世上,少有人知道她何时夭亡;躺在墓中的露西啊,唯有我与别人都不一样。（国际关系学院06考研题）Thispoemisaboutonegirlwithtwodifferentsides.Theoneofthevioletisthesidethattheoutsideworldseeherasiftheydidnotalwaysturntheirheads.Theotherisastarwhichseemstoexistforthewritertogivethegirloutofplaceorunexpectedcomplementssuchas"fair"and"shinning."Onlinessevenandeightitisindicatedthatsheistheonlyoneininherlover'seyeswithnorivals.Thetwosymbolsseemtobalancethemselvesout.Thevioletwhichgivesaverymodest,shyfeelingthroughtheuseofwordssuchas"halfhidden"and"unknown."Atthesametimeinherlover'seyessheisthesinglestar,dominatinghisworld,nothaughtilyasthesunbutmoresweetandmodest,likeastar.Attheendofthepoemitisdiscoveredthatthewomanhadpassedawaybutbecausetheworldnevertakesthetimetonoticeher,itslifeisnotaffected.Thereisasignificantshiftrightbeforethelastlineofthepoem.Itisherethatemotionisfirstexpressedbythewriter.Thelong"oh"carriesalloftheemotionofthepoem,onlyatthispointtheemotionisgrief.Questions:(1)Whatistherhymeschemeofthepoem?(2)Arethereanyimagesinthispoem?Pleasepointthemout.(3)Canthesecondstanzabeomitted?Whatroledoesitplayinthispoem?(4)Pleaseparaphrasethepoeminlessthan100words.(1)Therhymeschemeisabab,cdcd,efef(2)Yes,thereareimagesinthispoem:“ahalfhiddenviolet”and“astarshininginthesky”.(3)No.theimageofthevioletshowsthatsheissomodest,shyandunknownthatnoonewillpayattentiontoher;theimageofthestarshiningintheskyindicatesthatinherlover’seyes,sheislikethesinglestarshiningbrightlyandbeautifullyinthesky.(4)ShelivedinanisolatedplacebesidethespringsofDove,Nobodypraisedherandfewpeoplelovedher.Sheislikeavioletbesideamossytone,unnoticedbypeople.Sheislikeastarshinninginthesky,fairandlovinginherlover’sheart.Whensheisalive,nobodyknowsher;thuswhenshedies,fewpeoplefeelsadabouther.Butformeitisdifferenttoknowherdeath(becauseIlovedhersomuchandIfeelsosad).2.SamuelTaylorColeridge（了解）2.1lifebornintoaclergyman’sfamily,agenius.At6,readtheBible,RobinsonCrusoeandArabianNights.fulloffantasyanddreams.madefriendswithCharlesLamb,thegreatessayistofEnglishRomanticisminhisCambridgeyears.ranawayfromtheuniversityandenlistedinthearmy;1772-1834returnedtoCambridgewithoutgettingadegree;joinedRobertSoutheyinautopianplanofestablishinganidealdemocraticcommunityinAmericain1749whichdidn’tcometoanyfruition;SplitwithSoutheyandmarriedSaraFricker,butanunhappyandshort-livedmarriage;In1796,addictedtoopiumwithaviewtorelievinghisheadacheanddepression;

In1797,beganhisfriendshipwithWordsworth;In1798,publishedTheLyricalBalladswithWordsworth;In1810,quarreledseriouslywithWordsworth.Reconciledlater;Inlateryears,turnedconservativeandresortedtotheologyforhisspiritualsupport.2.2majorworks:DemonicPoems:魔幻诗TheRimeoftheAncientMarine《古舟子咏》KublaKhan《忽必烈汗》Christabel《克里斯塔贝尔》Conversationalpoems对话诗FrostatMorning《午夜寒霜》Dejection:AnOde《沮丧：一首颂歌》EssaysBiographiaLiteraria《文学传记》LecturesonShakespearebetween1808and1815TheRimeoftheAncientMariner

《古舟子咏》ItisColeridge’scontributiontoThe

LyricalBallads.Itisalongpoem,tellingastoryintheformofballad.Threeguestsareontheirwaytoaweddingpartywhenanancientmarinerstoppedoneofthem.Themarinertellsofhisadventuresonthesea.Hisstoryisfullofhorrors.WhenhisshipsailstowardstheSouthPole,analbatross(信天翁）

comesthroughthesnow-fogandalightsontherigging.Themarinershootsatitquitethoughtlessly.Thenmisfortunebefalls.Thewholecrew,withtheonlyexceptionoftheoldmariner,dieofthirstaspunishmentfortheactofinhospitality.Thespellbreaksonlywhenthemarinerrepentshiscruelty.Thepoemisfamousforitsbeautifulcadence（音韵）andwonderfulimagery.Thecombinationofthenaturalandsupernatural,theordinaryandextraordinarymakesitoneofthemasterpiecesofRomanticpoetry.OutlineoftheStory:A.pointlessslaughterofanalbatross--omenofbadluckB.awfulpunishmentthathiscrimebroughtaboutC.realizationofthesacrednessoflifeThemeItisapsychologicallyprofoundstudyofguilt,ofremorse,ofthenatureofevil.

KublaKhan《忽必烈汗》KublaKhanisadream-poem.Duringanillnessin1797Coleridgeretiredtoalonelyfarmhouse.OnedayhefellasleepwhilehewasreadingapassageaboutKublaKhanfromabookoftravels.Whiledreaminghecomposedapoemabout200or300lines.Onwakinghebegantowritedownthepoem.Buthewasinterruptedbyapersonandthevisionfaded.Heleftafragmentofonly54linesandneverfinishedthepoem.第一节：忽必烈汗忽必烈汗建立“上都”，修起富丽的逍遥宫，那儿有神河阿尔浮流经深不可测的岩洞，注入不见太阳的海中。那儿有十哩方圆的沃土，城墙、高塔四面围绕，明媚的花园，曲折的小溪，丁香、豆蔻芳华四溢，树林像山丘一样古老，环抱着阳光灿烂的草地。第二节：但沿着松柏苍苍的山坡急转直下，却是悬崖深谷！一片荒芜！好像施过魔术，会有女子在下弦月下出没，为她的恶魔情人哀哭！深谷里煮沸了一锅骚乱，仿佛大地在急促地气喘，一股强大的喷泉不时腾空，在它一阵阵爆发之中巨石弹起，如同冰雹，如同谷粒在连枷之下蹦跳！在这些石块的狂舞中，有时神河也被高高抛起，它扭成五哩蜿蜓的迷宫，它穿过森林和谷地，到达深不可测的岩洞，喧哗着沉入死水洋底。忽必烈汗远远谛听，在喧哗中听到祖先的声音在预言战争！第三节逍遥宫的影子青幽，在波浪之中漂流，喷泉与岩洞交响，构成韵律的重奏。奇迹在此汇集，鬼斧神工，阳光灿烂的宫和冰的岩洞！第四节：我梦幻中看见一个操琴的女郎——阿比西尼亚姑娘，她轻轻拨动琴弦，把阿波拉山吟唱。啊，但愿我能在心底把她的乐曲和歌声复制。那时我就会如醉如痴，我只消用那悠扬的仙乐就能重建那天宫瑶池，那阳光灿烂的宫和冰的洞窟！凡是聆听者都将目睹，大家都将高呼：“当心！当心！瞧他飘扬的头发，闪亮的眼睛！我们要绕他巡行三圈，在神圣的恐惧中闭上双眼，因为他尝过蜜的露水，饮过乐园里的乳泉。”(1)identifytheauthor(2)Whatishistheoryofpoems?(3)Whatkindofphilosophyisbehindtheitalicwords“Hisflashingeyes….milkofparadise”?

（北航08考研题）Answer:(1)SamuelTaylorColeridge(2)Coleridgebelievedinthe“feelingheart,”inthespiritualpoweroftheindividualimagination,thecompletenessandharmoniousbeautyofGod’screation.thoughColeridgesharedwithWordsworthadesiretoreturnpoetrytotheordinary,theconcrete,andthelanguageofspeech,hewasalsodesirousofdiscoveringthespiritual,supernaturalandexotic.Coleridgeexpresseshisconceptionofpoetryintermsofasynthesisofimaginativevisionandofactualperception,of“outer”and“inner,”orof“object”and“subject.”apoemisagrowingunity,thepartsrelatedtooneanotherandallcomprisingawhole.The“end”ofpoetryispleasure,notinstruction,andyetapoemtellsahighertruth.(3)ThepoetsaysthatheoncesawanAbyssinianmaidwhoplayedherdulcimerandsangofMountAbora.ThesongoftheAbyssinianmaidcanbethepoet’ssourceofinspiration.Ifhecouldreceive“hersymphonyandsong”withinhim,hecouldrebuildhisowndomeofpleasureintheair.Andallwhosawhimwouldcry“Bewareof‘hisflashingeyes,hisfloatinghair!’”.Thelistenerswouldcirclehimandclosetheireyeswith“holydread”,knowingthathehadtastedhoneydew,and“drunkthemilkofParadise”.Thepoetwantstoexpressthatpeoplehavecertainaweandevenfearfornatureandenjoysitsbeautywithutmostpiety.注：《忽必烈汗》一诗中既无故事情节，也没有明确的主旨，而只是传达了一种幻觉或印象，虽然以忽必烈汗为题目，但并没有刻意描写或赞颂这位中国帝王的伟业，而是将这位传奇人物当作寄情表意的媒介充分发挥诗人的想象力。这里，诗人的情感与豪华的宫殿、仙女的爱情、少女的琴声和中国的忽必烈汗交织在一起，创造了一种优美的旋律和超凡的意境。初看起来，全诗的确缺乏一种逻辑统一性，但读起来并不感到杂乱无章。倒是诗中所迸发的那种神秘的异国情调常常让读者遐思不已。另外，这首诗在叙述方面的确具有独创性，开拓了西方诗歌的新视野。诗人在叙述过程中不断出现语义断裂和不连贯现象可以使读者更加关注诗歌的形式，充分领略其神奇而优美的韵律。今天，该诗与《古舟子咏》一样已成为英国文学中的瑰宝。Christabel

《克里斯塔贝尔》AnotherofColeridge’sunfinishedpoemwritteninballadmeter.Ittellsastoryofasorcerer(男巫）

whocastsaspelloverapureyounggirl.ItsmysteriousatmosphereandtheGothichorrormayfreezeourblood.BiographiaLiteraria《文学传记》Aliteraryautobiography.Pointofview:(1)Thetaskofliterarycriticismisnottojudgebuttoappreciateandinterpret.(2)Thepoetisacreatorandthecriticisanassistanttotheworkofcreation.Thecriticmustenterintothepoet’spurposeandart,andinterpretideasandbeautyforthebenefitofthereader.(3)Thepoet,asamanendowedwithimaginativegeniusandfineperception,mustbeallowedtopresentthetruthinhisownwaywithoutregardtorulesormodels.2.3artisticfeatures：(1)Mysticism神秘主义anddemonism魔鬼信仰withstrongimagination;(2)Depictionofunusualandsupernaturalimages.(3)paycloseattentiontolanguageofpoetry.Hemaintainsthatthetrueendofpoetryistogivepleasure“throughthemediumofbeauty”,nottoinstruct.3.RobertSouthey

罗伯特·骚塞(了解)3.1Oneofthe“LakePoets”ExpelledfromWestminsterSchoolforhisoutspokencompositionagainstcorporalpunishmentInOxford,madeacquaintanceofColeridgeandWordsworth,andsharedtheirrevolutionaryardorinthe1790sRadicalismfadedattheturnofthecentury,changedfromarevolutionisttoaTory,madePoetLaureate1774-18433.2majorWorksepic—JoanofArc《圣女贞德》Drama–WatTyler《瓦特·泰勒》Shortpoems—TheInchcapeRock《因尺角之石》TheBattleofBlenheim《布莱尼姆之战》MyDaysamongtheDeadArePassed《我与死者做伴的日子已结束》Prose—TheLifeofNelson《纳尔逊传》Poeticalromances--ThalabatheDestroyer《萨拉巴》Madoc《麦道克》TheCurseofKehama《克哈马的诅咒》Roderick,theLastoftheGoths《罗德里克，最后的高斯人》theSatanicschool—1.GeorgeGordonByron(1788-1824)“Forward!Forward!Followme!”1.1lifeBorninanaristocraticfamilyBecameLordByronafterinheritingthetitleandestateofhisgrand-unclearadicalsupporterofworker’smovement.In1811,tookseatintheHouseofLords(贵族院/上议院).HemadevehementspeechestoattackEnglishgovernment’spolicyfortheLuddites(workerswhodestroymachinery).ByronleftEnglandforeverin1816.HefirstvisitedSwitzerland,wherehemadeacquaintancewithShelley.ThenhemovedtoItaly,wherehefinishedChildeHarold’sPilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》andwrotehismasterpieceDonJuan《唐璜》.UponhearingthenewsoftheGreekrevoltagainsttheTurks,Byronplungedhimselfintothestruggle.TheGreeksmadehimcommanderinchief(总司令)oftheirforcesin1824.Duetomonths’hardworkunderbadweather,hefellillanddied.April19,1824,Byrondiedwith“Forward!Forward!Followme!”TheGreekpeoplemournedoverhisprematuredeath.Byronwasregardedasthe“satanicpoet”bytheEnglishgovernmentwhenhedied.Itwasnotuntil1969thatawhitemarblememorialtoByronwaserectedinWestminsterAbbey.NowadayshisnameisputinthePoets’Corner.1.2majorworks:(1).HoursofIdleness《闲散的时刻》--hisfirstcollectionofpoemscomposedincollegedealingwithchildishrecollectionsandearlyfriendship,butwasmercilesslycriticizedbyEdinburghReview,ablowtotheyoungman,butdidn’tdiscouragehim;(2).EnglishBardsandScotchReviewers《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》--asatiricalpoemagainstEdinburghReview,inwhichWordsworth,Southeyandsomeothercelebritiesofthedayweresatirized;(3)ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》anautobiographicalnarrativepoemwritteninSpenserianstanzas.Ittellsthetravelsandthereflectionsofapilgrim,ChildeHarold,whoistiredoftheemptylifeofpleasureandisnowseekingspiritualrebirth.Inthispoem,ChildeHaroldwasthepoethimself.Theybothlamentedoverthecorruptedrealityandwantedtomakeachange;theylovedfreedomandwereeagertobuildamarvelouscareer.Thepoemisanimaginativeandromanticpresentationofthepoet’sdisturbingemotionandeagernessforfreedom.Italsoemphasizesindividualism.(4)DonJuan《唐·璜》Byron’smasterpiece,anepicsatireinottavarima(八行体),Astanzaofpoemconsistingof8linesiniambicpentameterrhymingabababcc.

16,000lineslongin16cantos.DonJuanisanaristocraticlibertine,amiableandcharmingtoladies—agreatloverandseducerofwomen.Intheconventionalsense,Juanisimmoral,yetByrontakesthispoemasthemostmoral.AndByroninvestsinJuanthemoralpositiveslikecourage,generosityandfrankness,which,accordingtoByron,arevirtuesneglectedbythemodernsociety.TheunifyingprincipleinDonJuanisthebasicironicthemeofappearanceandreality,orwhatthingsseemtobeandwhattheyactuallyare.Thethirdcantoofthepoemisdifferentfromtherestofthepoemmetrically.Itconsistsofsixteen6-linedstanzasofiambictetrameter,therhymeschemebeingababcc.《唐璜》是拜伦后期最重要的一部长诗。唐璜原是一名西班牙家传户晓的一名传说人物，他并不是一个英雄，相反他却是一个因为诱骗了某贵族少妇而被驱逐并到处流亡的青年无赖式的人物。但在拜伦的笔下得以重新塑造，成为一个“极美貌、骄傲、大胆而又运气好的人”。虽然他屡次身陷险境，但又每次都能从死神的身边安全逃开；虽然他经受过无数与情人生离死别的痛苦煎熬，但总有新的爱情给他带来新的幸福。他热情冲动、敏感正直，在遭遇饥饿的恐怖和沉船的厄运后，遇见了美丽的希腊少女海蒂。正陶醉于爱情和大自然时，一个游吟诗人的吟唱将唐璜带到了残酷的现实。这块如海蒂一般美丽的土地正饱受着土耳其的侵扰，并面临着即将灭亡的噩运。这段吟唱带给唐璜以巨大的震撼，诗人拜伦对这一切当然也感同身受。因为种种原因，作为希腊异族人的拜伦在他后来的生命岁月里选择了与希腊人民站在一起、并共同抵御外辱。而这段在《唐璜》中并不太起眼的第三章中的一节就在诗内和诗外的世界里也因此具有了特殊的意义。FromDonJuan,CantoIII—“TheIslesofGreece”《哀希腊》（readthefirst6stazas）Background:intheearly19thcentury,GreecewasundertheruleofTurks.Task:Whattechniques?Whateffect?Whattheme?SelectivereadingP3051.3Contribution:chiefcontribution--“Byronichero”(拜伦式英雄)Byronichero--Byron’spoetryisbasedonhisownexperience.Hisheroisknownas“ByronicHero”,aproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Forsuchahero,theconflictisusuallyoneofrebelliousindividualagainstoutwornsocialsystemsandconventions.SuchaheroappearsfirstinChildeHarold’sPilgrimage,andthenfurtherdevelopedinlaterworkssuchastheOrientedTales《东方故事集》，Manfred,《曼弗雷德》andDanJuanindifferentguises.2.PercyByssheShelley（雪莱）(1792-1822)IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?2.1lifeborninSussex;fatheraconservativenarrow-mindedcountrygentleman;thoughgentlebynature,hecouldnotstandanyinjusticeIn1811,expelledfromOxfordforananti-religionpamphletTheNecessityofAtheism《无神论的必然》at19,aloneinLondon,homeless.marrieda16-year-oldschoolgirlHarrietin1812,wenttoIreland,AddresstotheIrishPeople

《告爱尔兰人民书》in1813,backinEnglandwroteQueenMab《麦布女王》in1814,brokewithHarrietin1816,marriedMaryGodwin,daughterofradicalphilosopherGodwinin1818,Shelley’shappymarriagewasbrokenbythesuddendeathofHarrietwhojumpedintoariver.ThescandalmadebypoliticalenemiescompelledShelleytoleaveEnglandagain,thenhelivedinItalytosupporttheindependencewarsofItaly,SpainandGreece.in1816metByronIn1818TheRevoltofIslam《伊斯兰的反叛》in1819,PrometheusUn