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一.ShoppingAroundtheWeb网上购物1.ASaturdayafternooninmid-December:notagoodtimetobehangingaroundSanFrancisco'sUnionSquare,thecity'spremiershoppingdistrict.Hundredsofpeopleladenwithpurchasesbattlealongthepavements,searchdespairinglyforscarcetaxisorstruggletogetthroughMacy'sdoors.Itisenoughtoputanybodyoffshoppingforlife.1.在十二月中旬的周六下午,去旧金山的主要商业区联合广场逛街可不是件轻松的事。成百上千的人带着大大小小的购物袋拥挤在人行道上,有的在拼命地寻找着出租车,有的在尽力地挤出莫西商场的门口。这种经历足以让所有人从此对购物望而却步。2.Butwait:surelyChristmasshoppinginl999wasdifferent?Afterall,thisisclosetoSiliconValley,thecenteroftheInternetrevolutionandtheneweconomy,thelandofthetielessbillionaireswhoboughtalltheirpresentsonlineatmidnightthedayafterThanksgiving.YetthecrowdsinUnionSquarelastDecemberwereasbadasever.TheyseemedobliviousofalargebillboardadvertisementabovetheirheadsforoneoftheBayArea'smanys,whichflashedthemessage:"SayGoodbyetotheMall."Andtheypaidnoattentiontotheadvertisementonmanyoftheirshoppingbagsthatpointedawayoutoftheirpredicament:"OnlineShopping.NoExperienceNeeded."2.但是且慢,1999年的圣诞购物应该有所不同吧?毕竟靠近网络革命和新经济的中心棗硅谷。在这里那些不戴领带的百万富翁们早在感恩节第二天的午夜就把礼物买好了。然而去年的联合广场依旧是人潮如涌。他们似乎根本就看不见头顶上一家海湾地区的网络公司所做的大幅广告,上面闪烁着“对商场说再见吧”的字样。许多购物袋上印着的“在线购物,勿须经验”的广告给人们指明了摆脱购物困扰的途径,但他们也熟视无睹。3.Electroniccommerce,itseems,stillhasitslimited,eveninCalifornia.Forallthefeverishexcitementaboutthetriplingofelectronicshoppinglastholidayseason,thetotalspentbyAmericanconsumersonlinestillamountedtoonlyaboutl%ofallretailsales--barelyatenthoftherevenuesfromanothermethodofdistancesellingthathasbeeninuseforacentury:thecatalogue.Andtheelectronicshoppingwasconcentratedonquiteanarrowrangeofgoods:mainlybooks,toysandmusic.Worse,theholidayseasonthrewupasmanystoriesoffailedandlatedeliveriesasofexplosivegrowth.And,morerecently,astringofhackers'attackshavetemperedlydisabledsomeofthebest-knowne-commercewebsites.PerhapsretailersinthephysicalworldneednotlosemuchsleepovertheInternet,oratleastnotyet?3.看来即使在加州,电子商务也存在着局限。虽然上一个假日人们为电子购物营业额增长了两倍而欣喜若狂,但所有美国人在线购物额也不过是总零售额的1%,仅是目录购物棗已有一百多年历史的另一种远程购物方式棗的十分之一。另外,电子购物仅仅局限于某些商品,主要是书籍、玩具。音乐等。更为糟糕的是,假日期间伴随着业务增长的喜讯的是一起又一起的投递失败和晚点的事件。近来一系列的黑客攻击事件导致一些著名电子商务网站暂时关闭。或许现实世界中的零售商还用不着为因特网失眠,或者至少现在不用?4.Yettheyarelosingsleep,andarerighttobedoingso,forthreereasons.Thefirstisthatmightyoaksfromtinyacornsdogrow.Electroniccommercemaynotamounttomuchatthemoment,butitisgrowingveryfast.Inbusiness-to-businesstransactions,inparticular,theadvantagesandcostsavingstobehadfromdealingontheInternethavecausede-commercetomushroom.Atpresent,suchtransactionsaccountforasmuchas80%ofalle-commerce,which,accordingtoForresterResearch,anInternetconsultingfirm,addeduptoover$150billionlastyear.Forresterpredictsthatby2003thatfigurecouldreachover$3trillion.Buteveninthebusiness-to-consumerfield,themainsubjectofthissurveythegrowthofonlinecommercehasbeenextremelyfasl--despiteconsumers'undoubtedattachmenttotheirtraditionalmethodsofshopping.4.然而,他们失眠了。有三条理由使得他们的担心不是妃人忧天。首先,橡果虽小,足以长成参天大树。电子商务目前看来虽不足为虑,但其增长速度很快。尤其在商家对商家的交易模式中,由于因特网交易的优势和成本的降低,使得此类电子商务迅速增长。现在商家对商家的交易模式的交易量占电子商务总交易量的80%。根据一家因特网咨询公司,弗里斯特调查公司的调查,去年电子商务交易总额达1,500多亿美元。弗里斯特调查公司预言到2003年这一数字将达到3万亿美元。即使在这次调查的主要项目,商家对消费者的交易模式中,其增长速度也极为迅速,尽管消费者仍旧对传统的购物方式难以割舍。5.Thesecondreasonconcernscriticalmass.Inmanyareasofretailingandcommerce,theInternetisunlikelytocapturemorethanafewpercentagepointsofthemarketforseveralyearstocome.Butevenasmallsharecanquicklystarttohaveabigeffect.Inthetravelbusiness,forinstance,marginsaresothinthatalossofonly3-5%ofthemarkettotheInternetthreatenstodrivelargenumbersoftraditionaltravelagentsoutofbusiness.AccordingtoS,anonlineretailers'group,inl999onlinepenetrationoftheAmericantravelmarkethadalreadyreachedalmost2%.5.第二个原因跟临界点有关。在商业和零售业的许多领域,因特网在几年中不会占据太多的市场份额,但是这一部分份额可能会产生巨大的影响。例如在旅游业中,由于利润空间狭小,即使失去3-5%的份额也会使大量的传统旅游代理失去饭碗。根据一家在线零售集团,shop.org的统计,1999年在线旅游业务已占据了美国旅游市场总额的将近2%。6.Thethirdreasonismoreworryingstill:traditionalretailers,forallthestrengthsoftheirbrandnamesandtheirexistingrelationshipswithsuppliersandcustomers,havefounditextraordinarilyhardtocompeteonline.Thereareformidableobstaclesthatstandintheofflineintermediaries'way.Itmayturnoutthatthebiggesteffectofonlinebusiness-to-consumercommerceisnotitssize,butthewayitchangestherulesoftheretailinggame-totheevidentperplexityofthosewhohavehithertoplayeditbest.6.第三个原因更加使传统的零售业头疼。尽管有强大的品牌号召力,与供货商及消费者有着良好的关系,他们仍然发现同电子商务进行竞争非常困难。传统零售业所面临着难以逾越的障碍。商家面向消费者的在钱购物所产生的最大的影响或许并不在于其规模,而是它改变零售业游戏规则的方式一一而到现在为止,传统零售业一直是这套游戏规则的最大赢家,他们显然感到困惑。7.Evenso,theplacetostartisstillwiththesizeofthebusinessandhowfastitislikelytogrow.AccordingtoForrester,onlinebusinessto-consumertransactionsinAmericawereworthsome$20billionlastyear.Forresterexpectsthatfiguretogrowtosome$184billionby2004.Otheranalysts,suchasJupiterCommunicationsandtheYankeeGroup,havecomeupwithsimilarpredictions.AsurveybyErnst&Young,anotherconsultingfirm,suggeststhat39mAmericansshoppedonlineinl999,andthatnearlyhalfofthemspent$500ormore.Withinjustafewyears,theInternetcouldcapture5%ofAmerica'sretailmarket,withotherrichcountrieslikelytofollowinitswake.By20l0,forecastsGoldmanSachs,aninvestmentbank,electronicshoppingcouldaccountfor15-20%ofretailsales.JeffMallett,presidentofYahoo!,thebiggestInternetportal,predictsthatonlineretailingwillgrow"asfastase--mail".7.虽然如此,我们仍然可以从在线购物的业务规模及其增长速度来判断它的发展趋势。根据弗里斯特调查公司的调查,去年美国商家面向消费者的在线购物交易额大约为200亿美元,预计到2004年将达到1,840亿美元。其他一些公司例如朱波特通信公司和美国集团公司通过分析也得出类似的结论。另一家咨询公司厄尼斯特&扬公司的调查表明1999年有三千九百万美国人通过网络购物,其中大约一半花费了500美元以上。几年之后,美国5%的零售市场将被网络占据、,其他一些富裕的国家也会紧随其后。到2010年,一家投资银行古得曼·塞奇预测,电子购物将占据零售市场的15-20%。因特网最大的门户网站Yahoo!的总裁杰夫·马莱预言在线零售业将像e-mail一样快速发展。二.DisputesoverDomainNames域名之争1.UnsuspectingfansofMadonnawoulduntilrecentlyhavegotashockiftheyhadlinkedto.InsteadofphotosoftheAmericansingerwithhernewbaby,theywouldhavefoundapornographysite.MadonnaLouiseCicconehasfiledacomplaintwiththeGeneva-basedWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO)againstDanParisi,ownerofthesite.WIPOhasappointedanarbitratorandadecisionisexpectedonSeptember16th.1.美国歌星麦当娜的忠实追随者们如果最近上过这个网站的话,肯定大吃一惊。他们会发现这是一个黄色站点,上面并没有她与幼子的照片。麦当娜已向日内瓦的国际知识产权组织对该网站的所有者丹·帕里斯进行投诉。国际知识产权组织已经委派一名仲裁官员处理此事,预计九月十六日将会作出裁定。2.Thisisthelatestinastringofhigh-profiledomain-namedisputesbetweenfamouspeopleandlessermortals,whoareaccusedofregisteringInternetdomainnameswiththeexpresspurposeofextortingheftysumsfromthedomain's"rightful"owner.TheInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers(ICANN),thetechnicalbodyresponsibleforoverseeingtheallocationofdomainnames,setupaprocedureinDecemberlastyeartoresolvecasesoutsidethelegalsystem.Butidentifyinganddecidingsuchcasesisharderthanitsounds.AndICANN'sdecisiontocreatenewdomains,whichitisintheprocessofdoing,mayevenmaketheproblemworse.2.这是最近发生的又一起域名之争。域名注册者被指控使用名人名字抢注域名,借以向域名的正当拥有者索取巨额金钱。由于现行法律中并没有相关的条款,负责因特网域名分配的技术组织(ICANN)在去年十二月建立了一套程序处理此类问题。然而,认定并处理此类问题并非易事。ICANN创建新域名的决定也正在实施中,但这或许使问题更糟。3.Domainnamesarehandedoutonafirst-come,first-servedbasis.Trademarks,bycontrast,arehardertoget.Sooneman'strademarkoftenturnsouttobesomebodyelse'sdomainname.Inthefirstsevenmonthsofthenewdisputesprocedure,WIPO,oneofthefourorganizationswhichappointsarbitratorsindisputes,hasbeenswampedwithasteadilyrisingnumberofcases.Anactress,JuliaRoberts,anauthof,JeanetteWnterson,andanIrishprimeminister,BertieAhem,havealreadysuccessfullypursued"stolen"domainnamesthroughICANN'sprocedure.3.域名不象商标那样难以获得,因为它的分配遵循先注册,先拥有的原则。所以一家公司的商标成为另一家公司的域名的事常有发生。新的争议处理程序出台之后的七个月中,作为有权委派仲裁官员的四家组织之一的国际知识产权组织受理的案件持续增长。一位女演员,朱丽叶·罗伯特,一位作家,珍奈特·温特逊,以及爱尔兰总理,伯蒂·艾亨都以通过ICANN的新的裁定程序成功地得到了被偷走的域名。4.ICANN'spolicydetermineswhetherornotthedisputeconcernsagenuinecaseofcybersquattingonthebasisofthreetests.Itaskswhetherthenameis"identicalorconfusinglysimilar"tothetrademarkoftheaggrieved,whetherthedomainholderhasalegitimateinterestinthenameandwhetheritwasregisteredinbadfaith.ABritishrockmusician,Sting,Losthiscasebecausehisadversaryestablishedthathehadbeenusing"Sting"asanaliasinonlinegamesforyears.4.ICANN使用三条标准来测定此类争议是否真正具有侵占他人域名的性质。首先要看被注域名是否与侵权者的名字相同或相似,以至于引起混淆。其次,域名持有者是否对该域名有合理的兴趣。最后,域名持有者是否有恶意注册的嫌疑。斯丁是英国的一位摇滚歌手,他在同其对手的争议中败下阵来,因为后者几年中一直使用斯丁作为在线游戏中的别名。5.Sting'sdefeatwasunusual:83%ofthecasesbroughttoWIPOhavegoneinfavorofthetrademarkholder.AndrewMcLaughlinofICANNarguesthatthesefiguresarenotalarming,butratherevidencethatthepolicyisbeingusedforthepurposeforwhichitwasintended.5.斯丁的失利只是个别情况。在WIPO所受理的案件中有83%的案件作出了有利于商标持有人的判决。ICANN的安得鲁·迈克劳林声称这一数字不足为奇,它只是证明了ICANN所制定的政策正如同人们预期的那样发挥作用。6.MichaeIFroomkin,professoroflawattheUniversityofMiami,isnotsosure.Hebelievesthatarbitratorshavenotgotthemessagethatthepolicywasmeanttoapplyonlytotheclearestcasesofabuse.Theresultisaprocedurebiasedinfavorofthetrademarkholder,which,Mr.Froomknargues,damagestheconsumer'srighttousetheInternetforpurposesotherthancapitalismsuchasfreespeech,postingpicturesofyourchildren,orparody.6.迈阿密大学的法学教授迈克·弗路姆肯对此则不以为然。他认为仲裁者忽视了一个问题,即只有明确认定侵权事实的案件才可以适用该政策,否则裁定结果会有利于名称所有人,有违公平原则。而消费者不以获利为目的的使用互联网的权利,如自由言论,张贴孩子的照片或模仿等也会受到侵害。7.HecitestheexampleofB,whichlostitsnametoBarcelona'scitycouncileventhoughitssitewasusedtopostinformationaboutthecity.DanParisicropsupagainfhegotintotroubleearlierthisyearwhenheregisterednamesoflargecorporationsfollowedby"sucks"--asin""and"".Arbitratorswerenotamused,rulingthatunwaryconsumersmightconfusethesesiteswiththetrademarkholders'own.7.他举出的例证包括B。后者是一个用于发布巴塞罗那市新闻的网站,但还是输给了该市的市议会。还有丹·帕里斯的另一个例子。今年初他注册了一些在大公司后面加上“sucks”的域名,例如和。仲裁者们并不欣赏他的幽默,因为他们认为消费者或许会把他们误认为这些大公司自己的网站。8.Mr.FroomkinbelievesthattheseareexamplesofICANN'spolicybeingpoorlyapplied.Mr.McLaughlinpointsoutthatcomplainantscanstilltaketheircasetocourtiftheylose.8.弗路姆肯认为上述例证说明ICANN的政策没有得到很好的实施。迈克劳林则指出如果败诉当事人可以向法庭提起诉讼。9.HowtheproblemwillbeaffectedbyICANN'sdecisiontointroduceanextrasetoftopleveldomains(TLDs)inadditionto.com,.netand.orgremainstobeseen.FrancisGurry,directorofWIPO,saysthattheextraTLDsmaylessenthepressureonthemostpreciousdomainofall--com.Headmits,though,thatcompaniesmayfeelcompelledtoregisterasmanyofthenewdomainsaspossible.toprotecttheirbrand.9.ICANN已决定在.com,net和org之外起用另外一套一级域名,但其对解决域名争议的作用如何,我们只能拭目以待。国际知识产权组织的主任弗朗西斯·加利指出增加一套一级域名或许可以减轻最为稀缺的.com域名的压力,但他也承认,公司为了保护他们的品牌也会不得不注册尽量多的新域名。10.WhichleadsMr.FroomkintoarguethattheintroductionofalimitednumberofextraTLDswillsimPlyexacerbatetheproblemofshortage,economicsthatprovidestheincentivetocybersquatinthefirstplace.TheassumptionwillbethattheextraTLDswillbetheonlynewones,andtheconsequentrushtoregisterwilldrivepricesupandmakecybersquattinganevenmoreprofitablepastime.If,ontheotherhand,therewereanunlimitedsupplyofTLDs--newoneseveryyear,perhaps--itwouldbevirtuallyimpossibletocornerthemarket.ThismeansthatthepriceofTLDswouldalsodrop,sendingthecybersquattersinsearchofamorelucrativeprofession.10.弗路姆肯却由此得出不同的结论。他认为域名抢注的根源在于短缺经济使抢注者有利可图,而有限的域名资源会使域名抢夺更加激烈。假使这是最后一批新增域名,则激烈的域名抢注浪潮会使域名价格更为高涨,从而也使域名抢注更加有利可图。但是,如果没有一级域名的限制,比如,每一年都有新的推出,就不会再出现垄断市场的情况。域名价格随之下降,而抢注者也会去寻找利润更为丰厚的职业。三.DoesTravelBroadentheMind?旅游开阔思路吗?1.Oneoftenhearsitsaidthattravelbroadensthehead:ifyoustayinyourowncountrythewholetime,yourideasremainnarrow;whereasifyoutravelabroadyouseenewcustoms,eatnewfoods,donewthings,andcomebackhomewithabroadermind.1.人们经常听说旅游开阔思路:如果你一生总是呆在自己的国家,你的想法很狭隘,如果你旅行到国外,你会看见新的风俗,吃到新的食物,做新的事情,然后回到家中便会有更加开阔的思路。2.Butdoesthisalways--orevenusually--happen?AnacquaintanceofminewholivesinEnglandandhadneverbeenoutsideitunti1lastsummerdecidedtogoovertoFranceforatrip.Whenhereturned,Iaskedhimhowhelikedit."Terrible,"washisanswer."Icouldn'tgetanicecupofteaanywhere.ThankgoodnessI'mback."Iaskedhimwhetherhehadn'thadanygoodfoodwhilehewasthere."Oh,thedinnerswereallright,"hesaid."Ifoundalittleplacewheretheymadequitegoodfishandchips.Notasgoodasours,mindyou,buttheywerepassable.Butthebreakfastswereterrible:nobaconorkippers.Ihadfriedeggsandchips,butitwasquietabusinessgettingthemtomakethem.Theyexpectedmetoeatrolls.AndwhenIaskedformarmalade,theybroughtstrawberryjam.Anddoyouknowtheyinsistedthatitwasmarmalade?Thetroubleistheydon'tknowEnglish."2.但是,这种情况是否总是(或者说经常)发生呢?我有一位熟人常住英国,从未出过国,去年夏天决定到法国去旅行。当他回来后,我问他喜欢那儿吗?“糟糕透了”,这就是他的回答。“我在那里怎么也喝不到一杯好茶。谢天谢地,我现在回来了。”我问他在那边吃过什么好东西没有。他说:“哦,饮食还好,我发现有个地方做的炸鱼和炸土豆也不错。不过可不象我们做的那么好,马马虎虎吧。可是早餐就差了。没有咸肉片,也没有熏鲑。我吃过煎鸡蛋和炸土豆条,但是要他们做出这些东西来可费事了。他们以为我会吃法式面包卷。当我要他们上橘子酱时,他们却给我拿来草莓酱。你知道吗,他们硬说是那就是橘子酱,麻烦出在他们根本不懂英语。”3.Ithoughtituselesstoexplainthatweborrowedtheword'marmalade'fromFrench,andthatitmeans,inthatlanguage,anykindofjam.SoIsaid,"Butdidn'tyoueatanyofthefamousFrenchfood?""What?Me?"hesaid."Ofcoursenot!GivemegoodoldEnglishfoodeverytime!Noneofthesefancybitsforme!"obviouslytravelhadnotbroadenedhismind.HehadgonetoFrancedeterminedtolivethereexactlyasifhewasinEngland,andhadjudgeditentirelyfromhisownEng1ishviewpoints.3.我想不需要解释我们是从法语借了marmalade这个词,而在法语中名表示各种果酱。因此我说:“但你吃过著名的法国食物没有?”“什么?我?”他说:“当然没有!还是每天都给我上吃惯了的英国美食吗!可别给我来那些花花哨哨的玩意儿!”显然,旅行并没有开阔他的思路!他去了法国,但他却硬要在那里过在英国过惯了的生活,判断任何事情完全根据他自己的英国的观点。4.Thisdoesnot,ofcourse,happenonlytoEnglishmeninFrance:allnationalities,inallforeigncountries,canbefoundjudgingwhattheysee,hear,tasteandsmellaccordingtotheirownhabitsandcustoms.Peoplewhoarebettereducatedandwhohavereadalotaboutforeigncountriestendtobemoreadaptableandtolerant,butthisisbecausetheirmindshavealreadybeenbroadenedbeforetheystarttraveling.Infact,itiseasiertobebroad-mindedaboutforeignhabitsandcustoms,ifone'sacquaintancewiththesethingsis1imitedtobooksandfilms.TheAmericansmilestolerantlyovertheabsenceofcentralheatinginmostEnglishhomeswhenheishimselfcomfortablyseatedinhisarmchairinhiscentrallyheatedhouseinChicago;theEnglishmanreadsabutthesanitaryarrangementsinacertaintropicalcountry,andtheinhabitantsofthelatterreadaboutLondonfogs,andeachsidemanagestobedetachedandbroad-headed.Butactualphysica1contactwiththingsoneisunaccustomedtoismuchmoredifficulttobearphilosophically.4.这种情况当然不仅仅发生在在法国的英国人身上。所有民族的人到了.外国往往按照他们的风俗习惯判断他们所看到、听到、品味到和嗅到的东西。受过良好教育、阅读过许多有关外国情况的书的人往往更能适应,更能忍受。但这是因为他们的思路在他们开始旅行以前已经变得开阔了。事实上,如果谁只是局限在书籍和电影上了解外国的风俗习惯,那么他对这些风俗就比较容易做到宽容大度了。在芝加哥,当美国人舒服地坐在安乐椅上时,他对在多数英国人家庭里没有中央供暖设备便会露出宽容的微笑。当英国人读到有关某些热带国家的卫生设施情况时,同样,当那些热带国家的居民读到有关伦敦大雾的情况时,他们各自都会比较超脱,比较宽容的。但是真正接触到那些并不习惯的事物在观念上就难以忍受了。5.Physicaldifferencesarenotsodifficulttoadaptoneselftoasreligious,ethicalandirrationalones.Indonesiansaretrainedfromearliestchildhoodtogiveandreceivethingswiththerighthandonly;thelefthandisconsideredunclean.WhenaforeigneroffersanIndonesiansomethingwithhislefthand,orholdsouthislefthandtotakesomethingheisbeingoffered,theIndonesianmayexplainthisactionrationallyasarisingfromadifferenceincustom,butthedeepprejudiceagainsttheuseofthelefthandwhichwasinstilledinhimduringhismostimpressionableyearswillnotbesoeasilydoneawaywith.5.比起宗教的、伦理的和不合乎常理的差异来说,物质的差异适应起来不那么困难。印度尼西亚人,从幼年时候起被训练只用右手给予或接受东西,左手被认为是不干净的。当外国人用左手向印度尼西亚人给予东西,或伸出左手接受别人给予的东西时,印度尼西亚人可能会合理地解释这一动作是由于习惯上的差异,但是在他记性最好的年岁里就植根于他脑海中的,反对使用左手的深深的偏见,却并不是轻而易举可以摆脱的。6.Therearesometravelerswhoadaptthemselvessosuccessfullytoforeigncustomsandhabitsthattheyincurtheseverecriticismsoftheirmorestubbornfellow-countrymen.IftheyareAsians,theyareaccusedofhavingsbecome"Westernized",andiftheyareEuropeans,peoplesaytheyhave"gonenative".Whichisbetter:rigid,selfsatisfiedprejudiceagainstthingsforeign(theidea"ThankGodIamnotasothersare!"),orlossofyourcertaintythatyourowncountry'shabitsandcustomsaretheonlyrightones,andhencetheinabilitytobeoneofaherdanylonger?6.有的旅游者非常成功地使自己适应了国外的风俗习惯,他们甚至遭受到本国更为顽固的同胞们的严厉批评。如果他们是亚洲人,他们常常被指责为完全变得“西方化了”。如果他们是欧洲人,人们说他们“变成了土著居民”。哪一种态度好些:顽固地自满地反对外国事物的偏见(“感谢上帝我和别的人不一样”)的想法人或者不再相信你自己国家的风俗习惯是唯一正确的,从而再也不能成为这一群体的一员?7.Perhapstheidealwouldbeiftravelcouldsucceedinmakingpeopletolerantofthehabitsandcustomsofotherswithoutabandoningtheirown.Thecriterionforjudgingaforeignercouldbe:Doeshetrytobepoliteandconsideratetoothers?Insteadof:Ishelikeme?7.看来,理想的情况是,旅游能够成功的使人宽容地对待别国的风俗习惯,而又不放弃自己的那一套。判断外国人的准绳最好是:他是否努力作到客气而又关心旁人。而不应该是:他的行为举止是否和我一样?四.WindPower风力1.Thisisatruestory.Rexwhiteknowstoomanyseamen'sstoriestowanttoaddtothem.Besides,thishappenedonland.IthappenedinLytham,atownontheRiverRibble,neartotheplacewheretheriverflowsintotheIrishSea.TheshapeofthetreesalongtheLythambeachroadisproofofthegreatstrengthofthewindwhichcomesinoffthesea.Itblowshardacrossthegrass,thecar-parksandtheopenroadbesidetheriver,andthereisnothingtostopit.1.这是个真实的故事。雷克斯·怀特附(RexWhite)知道水手的故事太多,不想把这个故事加到这些故事中。另外,这个故事发生在陆地上。故事发生在利瑟姆(Lithium),里布河(RiverRibble)边的一个小镇,他离这条河入爱尔兰诲的地方很近。利瑟姆河滨路旁树木的形状就可证明,海上刮来的风很大,猛烈地刮过草地、停车场和河边空旷的路面,没有什么东西能阻止它。2.RexWhitewasaship'spilot.Itwashisjobtoguideshipsuptheriver,betweenbanksofsand,intotheportofPreston.Mr.Whitelivedinavillagesomekilometersfromthecoast,sohehadtodrivetoLythamandleavehiscarinoneofthecar-parksbesidetheriver.Thenheusedtorowouttothepilotboat,andawaittheparticularshipthatitwashisdutytoguide.2.雷克斯·怀特是个引水员。他的工作是引航船只沿两边,沙岸的河流向上进入普雷斯顿(Preston)港。怀特先生住在离海岸几公里的一个小村子里,所以他必须开车到利瑟姆,把车停在河边的一个停车场里,然后划小船到引航船上,等待他要执行引航任务的船只的到来。3.Earlyonemorning,Mr.WhitereturnedtoLythamfromanightonduty,tofindthathecouldnotstarthiscar.Hehaddrivenfromhisvillagetheeveningbefore,andhadlefthiscarinthecarparkasusual.Hehadrowedouttothepilotboat,andgoneonboardtheS.S.Kilkenny,whichwasonherwayfromIreland.Then,intheearlyhoursofthefollowingmorning,hehadreturnedtoLythaminthepilotboat,expectingtodrivehometoacupofhotchocolateandawarmbed.Butnomatterwhathedid,hecouldnotgettheenginetostart.3.有一天凌晨,怀特先生值夜班回利瑟姆,发现发动不了他的汽车。头天晚上他开车离开村子,象往常一样把车子停到停车场里,然后他划小船到引水船上,后来又登上S·S·基尔肯尼(S·S·killkenny)号船,这条船是从爱尔兰岛开来路过此港的。到第二天凌晨他乘引水船回利瑟姆,想开车回家,喝杯热巧克力,然后热乎乎的睡上一觉。但是,不论他怎么办,都启动不了发动机。4.Itwasacoldandwindynight;therewasnooneabout,andtherewasnogarageopentowhichhecouldturnforhelp.Hewasjustabouttogiveup,andspendtherestofthenightonthebackseatofthecar,whenhehadabrightidea.Hepushedthecarroundsothatitwas,facinginthedirectionofthewind,openedallfourdoor,pusheditalongashortway,andthenjumpedin.Thedoorsactedlikesails,andinnotimethewindhadtakenhimrightoutofthecarpark,andawaydownthebeachroad.Whenhetriedthestarter-switchoncemore,theengineroaredtolifeimmediately'Allhehadtodothenwastostopthecarandshutthedoors.4.这是一个寒冷刮风的夜晚,周围空无一人,也没有可求助的修车铺开门。怀特先生刚要放弃回家希望,在车内后排坐上打发过后半夜时,他突然有了新的想法。他把车推到顺风的方向上,敞开四扇车门,向前推了一小段路,然后跳进车内。车门起到了风帆的作用,风很快把他送出了停车场,离开了停车场顺着海滨路而下,当他再一次试着启动发动机时,发动机轰的一声立刻发动起来了。然后他要做的只是把车停下来,关上四扇车门。5.Hewenttobedlaterthanusual,buthedidnotgowithouthiscupofhotchocolate.Mr.Whitewasnotaseamanfornothing.5.那天,他比平时睡的晚,但他还是喝了热巧克力才去睡觉,怀特先生确是一个有能力的海员。五.AnIntroductiontoDistillation蒸馏概述1.Petroleumrefiningistheseparationofpetroleumintofractionsandthesubsequenttreatingofthesefractionstomakethemintopetroleumproducts.Mostpetroleumproducts,includingkerosenes,fueloils,lubricatingoils,andwaxes,arefractionsofpetroleumthathavebeentreatedtoremoveundesirablecomponents.Otherproducts,forexample,gasolines,aromaticsolvents,andevensomeasphalts,aretotallyorpartlysyntheticinthattheyhavecompositionsthatareimpossibletoachievebydirectseparationofthesematerialsfromcrudepetroleum.Theyresultfromchemicalprocessesthatchangethemolecularnatureofselectedportionsofcrudepetroleum;inotherwords,theyaretheproductsofrefiningortheyarerefinedproducts.1.石油炼制即将石油分离成各种馏分,然后将这些馏分经过处理,制成各种石油产品。大部分石油产品,包括煤油、燃料油、润滑油和石蜡,都是原油经过处理去掉不需要的成分而得到的石油馏分。其他石油产品,如汽油。芳烃溶剂、甚至包括有些沥青,则是通过完全或者部分合成而制造的。因为组成这些产品的物质成分无法通过直接分离原油获得,而是通过化学反应过程,从原油中选定某些成分并改变其分子属性而获得的。换言之,它们是通过炼制得到的,或称为炼制产品。2.Refiningpetroleumisacomplexseriesofstepsbywhichtheoriginalcrudematerialiseventuallyconvertedintosalableproductswiththedesiredqualitiesand,perhapsmoreimportant,intheamountsdictatedbythemarket.2.石油炼制包含一系列复杂的过程。通过这些过程,石油原料最终转化成为可销售的产品。这些产品在质量上符合人类需要,而更重要的是它们在数量上符合市场要求。3.Infact,arefineryisessentiallyagroupofmanufacturingplantsthatvaryinnumberwiththevarietyofproductsproduced;refineryprocessesmustbeselectedandproductsmanufacturedtogiveabalancedoperation:thatis,crudeoilmustbeconvertedintoproductsaccordingtotherateofsaleofeach.Forexample,themanufactureofproductsfromthelowerboilingportionofpetroleumautomaticallyproducesacertainamountofhigherboilingcomponents.Ifthelattercannotbesoldas,say,heavyfueloil,theyaccumulateuntilrefinerystoragefacilitiesarefull.Topreventtheoccurrenceofsuchasituation,therefinerymustbeflexibleandabletochangeoperationsasneeded.Thisusuallymeansmoreprocesses--acrackingprocesstochangeanexcessofheavyfueloilintomoregasolinewithcokeastheresidualproductoravacuumdistillationprocesstoseparatetheheavyoilintolubricatingoilstocksandasphallertoaccommodatetheever-changingdemandsofthemarket.3.实际上,炼油厂从根本上说是一组生产装置,其数量根据生产产品的不同而不同。炼油工艺须经选择,产品生产应该平衡:即从原油生产产品必须依据每一产品的销售速度而进行。比如,从沸点较低的组分生产石油产品,就会自动产生一定数量的高沸点产品。如果高沸点产品,如重燃料油,无法销售,这些产品就会积压,直到装满炼厂的储存设施。要避免这种情况出现,炼厂应采取灵活措施,并能够根据需要改变操作。一般而言,这意味着需要更多的工艺以适应不断变化的市场需求:运用裂化工艺将过剩重燃料油转化成汽油,而焦碳成为残余品;或者运用真空蒸馏工艺将重油分解成润滑油和沥青。4.Inaddition,acompleterefininginstallationmustincludethefollowing:allnecessarynon-processingfacilities;adequatetankageforstoringcrudeoil,intermediate,andfinishedproducts;adependablesourceofelectricalpower,material-handlingequipment;workshopsandsuppliesformaintainingacontinuous24h/day7day/Weekoperation;wastedisposalandwater-treatingequipment;andproduct-blendingfacilities.4.此外,一套完整的炼油装置须包括以下设备:所有必须的非工艺设施;足够的储罐容量用以储存原油、中间产品和成品;可靠的电力和物质处理设备来源;用于维持一天24小时,一周七天连续运转所需的车间和物资;废料和污水处理设备;以及产品调合设施。5.Intheearlystagesofrefinerydevelopment,whenilluminatingandlubricatingoilswerethemainproducts,distillationwasthemajorandoftenonlyrefineryprocess.Atthattime,gasolinewasaminor,butmoreoftenunwanted,product.Asthedemandforgasolineincreased,conversionprocessesweredevelopedbecausedistillationcouldnolongersupplythenecessaryquantities.5.在早期炼油工业发展过程中,照明用油和润滑油是主要的产品,蒸馏则成了主要的甚至经常是唯一的炼油工艺。当时,汽油本身尽管不是重要产品,但也常讨人嫌。随着市场对汽油需求的增加,产品转化工艺随之发展,因为蒸馏已不能满足对汽油的数量需求。6.Nevertheless,distillationhasremainedamajorrefineryprocessedaprocesstowhichjustabouteverycrudethatenterstherefineryissubjected.Amultitudeofseparationsareaccomplishedbydistillation,butitsmostimportantandprimaryfunctionintherefineryisitsusefortheseparationofcrudeoilintocomponentfractions.6.但是,蒸馏仍然是重要的炼油工艺,而且所有原油进入炼厂都必须经过蒸馏。许多分离过程是通过蒸馏进行的,但蒸馏在炼油厂中的最重要和主要的功能则是它在将原油分离成不同馏分过程中的作用。7.Thusitispossibletoobtainproductsrangingfromgaseousmaterialstakenoffthetopofthedistillationcolumntoaheavyresidueor"bottom",whichisusuallynonvolatile,withcorrespondinglylightermaterialstakenoffatintermediatepoints.However,themajorityofcrudeoils,andthisappliestotheheavier,moreviscouspetroleums,whichareprocessedbydistillation,areusuallyseparatedintothelighterfractions(gas,gasoline,naphtha,kerosene,andgasoil)andthebottomOfasitismoregenerallycalled,thereducedcrude.7.由此,我们有可能获得石油产品,这些产品包括从蒸馏塔顶部得到的气态物质,包括比重较大的渣油或称“残渣”(一般而言挥发性较差),以及从蒸馏塔中部得到的比重较小的其他相应物质。但是,经过蒸馏处理的大多数原油,包括比重较大、粘度更大的原油,一般都分离为较轻组分(气、汽油、粗汽油、煤油和粗柴油)和残渣,或者更多称作常压重油。8.Thereducedcrudemaythenbeprocessedbyvacuumorsteamdistillationtoseparatethehigh-boilinglubricatingoilfractionswithoutthedangerofdecomposition,whichoccursathigh(>350'C,660'F)temperatures.Indeed,atmosphericdistillationmaybetetwnatedwithalowerboilingfraction("cut")ifitisthoughtthatvacuumorsteamdistillationwillyieldabetterqualityproductoriftheprocessappearstobeeconomicallymorefavorable.8.然后,通过真空蒸馏或蒸汽蒸馏,常压重油可以分离成高沸点润滑油组分而没有分解的危险。这种分离在高温状态下进行(>350“C660”F)。如果认为真空蒸馏或蒸汽蒸馏生产的产品质量更好,或者从经济角度看更为有利,则低沸点组分分离出来后,常压蒸馏即可结束。六.Permeability渗透率1.Permeabilityistheabilityoftheformationtoconductfluids.Fromusagethenameforfluidconductancecapacityofaformationispermeability.Itisapropertyoftheporousmediumandismeasureofcapacityofthemediumtotransmitfluids.Themeasurementofpermeability,then,isameasureofthefluidconductivityoftheparticularmaterial.Itcanbedeterminedfromsamplesextractedfromtheformationorbyin-placetesting.Twomethodsareusedtoevaluatethepermeabilityofcores.Themethodmostusedonclean,fairlyuniformformationsutilizessmallcylindricalsamples,permplugs.Thesecondmethodusesfull-diametercoresamplesinlengthofl-l.5ft.Thefluidusedwitheithermethodmaybegasoranynoncreativeliquid.1.渗透率是岩层传导流体的能力。从用法上讲,渗透率就是流体传导能力的术语。它是多孔介质的性质之一,是对介质传导流体能力的量废。因此渗透率的测量是对特定物质流体传递能力的测量。它可通过采集的岩层样品或现场测量来确定。有两种方法可用来测量岩芯的渗透率。对合循很少、相当均质的岩层最常用的方法是利用小圆柱体泼姆塞样品。第二种方法是利用外径为l-1.5英尺岩芯样品。两种方法中的流体为气体或任意不发生化学反应的流体。2.Sofarper

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