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ChapterTwo
EtymologicalStudyofEnglishLanguageandMedicalTermsTwoTypesofMedicalTerms
Native(本族词)Borrowed(外来词)TwoTypesofMedicalTerms
Native:thosethatderivefromOldEnglishTwoTypesofMedicalTerms
Borrowedwords,orloan-words:takenfromotherlanguageslargelybaseduponGreek,LatinandFrenchvocabularyGerman,Italian,Spanishandothershavecontributedsomewordstomedicalterminology.WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
MostmedicalwordsfromoldEnglishdenote:anatomicstructures(解剖结构)Organs(器官)Substances(物质)Humanactivities(人类活动)WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
Changesconcerningpronunciation(phonological)spelling(morphologic)meaning(semantical)WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
WithoutSemanticalChangesanklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandkneelipliverlungneckthroattongueachebreathfeverAnatomicwords
WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
WithSemanticalChangesblood
InO.E.,speltasblodperhapsoriginallymeant“toswell,gush,spurt”or‘"thatwhichburstsout”.Anatomicwords
WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
WithSemanticalChangeschestchest–InO.E.,cestmeaning“box,coffer”.amedicinechest(药箱)Anatomicwords
WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
WithSemanticalChangeschestrachiticchest[rE5kitik]佝偻病胸鸡胸Anatomicwords
WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
WithSemanticalChangesorgan
Itwasorgane
inO.E.,andorgene
inO.Fr.(OldFrench),bothmeaning“musicalinstrument”.Anatomicwords
WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
WithSemanticalChangesorgan
SensewasnarrowedinlateM.E.tomodernmusicalinstrumentknownbythatname(风琴).Anatomicwords
WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
WithSemanticalChangesorgan
Themeaning“functioningbodypart”appearedinEnglishin1392.Whatarethey?conceptwords
WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
WithSemanticalChangescoldInO.E.,ithadtwoforms,caldinAnglianandcealdinWestSaxon.conceptwords
WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish
WithSemanticalChangescoldSenseincommoncoldwasintroducedin1537,fromsymptomsresemblingthoseofexposuretocold.WordsoriginatedfromGreek
acneItwasborrowedfromGk.akmein1570,meaning“(highest)point”.Itcontainsthebase“ak-”,denoting“sharp”.“青春痘”“暗疮”“粉刺”WordsoriginatedfromGreek
acneacnevulgaris寻常性痤疮aconditionoftheepidermisorskintypicallyoccursontheface,neck,upperback,chest,orshoulders.
WordsoriginatedfromGreek
anorexiaanorexia–ItenteredEnglishfromGreekanorexia
in1598.Madefroman-(without)andorexis(appetite,desire),itmeans“lackofappetite”.Anorexianervosa
神经性食欲缺乏(emaciationasaresultofsevereemotionaldisturbance)wascoined1873byWilliamWhitneyGull(1816-1890).WordsoriginatedfromGreek
diagnosisItwasGreekdiagnosis(adiscerning,distinguishing)usedasamedicalterminEnglishin1681.Thewordwasevolvedfromdiagignoskeincomposedofdia-(apart)andgignoskein
(tolearn,todiscern).WordsoriginatedfromGreek
diagnosismisdiagnosis>misdiagnoseManygiftedandtalentedchildren(andadults)arebeingmis-diagnosedbypsychologists,psychiatrists,pediatricians,andotherhealthcareprofessionals.WordsoriginatedfromGreek
diagnoseBack-formationdiagnosewasfirstrecorded1861.Diagnosticwasrecordedfrom1625.WordsoriginatedfromGreek
Dyspeptic消化不良的Itwasborrowedin1694fromGreekDyspeptos,meaning“hardtodigest”,madefromdys-(bad)andpeptos(digested).dyspepsiaWordsoriginatedfromGreek
necrosis坏死
EnteringEnglishin1665,itwasevolvedfromGreeknekrosis(ingdead,stateofdeath),formedfromthebasenekros(deadbody,corpse).WordsoriginatedfromGreek
necrosise.g.necrodermatitis坏死性皮炎necromania/necrophilia恋尸狂,恋尸癖necrophobia死亡恐怖,尸体恐怖WordsoriginatedfromGreek
pandemicItwasborrowedintoEnglishin1666fromGreekpandemos(pertainingtoallpeople),composedofpan-(all)anddemos(people).epidemice.g.PanAmericandemocracyWordsoriginatedfromLatin
abscess脓疮ItwasborrowedintoEnglishfromLatinabscessus(anabscess)in1543.Literallymeaning“agoingaway,”itisderivedfromab-
(away)andcedere(togo)Thenotionisthathumors“gofrom”thebodythroughthepusintheswelling.WordsoriginatedfromLatin
apnea(呼吸暂停)[Ap5ni:E]Meaning“suspensionofbreathing,”itwasborrowedin1719fromModernLatin.ItwasmadefromGreekapnoia(absenceofrespiration),composedofa-(not)andpneo/pnein(tobreathe)WordsoriginatedfromLatin
bacteriaThepluralformofModernLatinofbacterium,itcomesintoEnglishin1847.TheoriginalLatinwordisfromGreekbakterion(smallstaff),thediminitutiveofbaktron(stick,rod).Itissocalledbecausethefirstonesobservedwererod-shaped.
WordsoriginatedfromLatin
clinicItwasborrowedin1626fromLatinclinicus(physician),whichwasformedfromGreekklinike
(practiceatthesickbed).fromklinikos“ofthebed.”ItwasoriginallyusedasanadjectiveinEnglish,thentorefera“sickperson.”Thesenseof“hospital”wasfirstrecordedin1884.WordsoriginatedfromLatin
dystrophy营养障碍Meaning“defectivenutrition,”itwasformfromModernLatindystrophia,fromGreekdys-(hard,bad,ill)+trophe(nourishment).WordsoriginatedfromLatin
inflameItwasmadefromLatininflammare(tosetonfire,kindle),fromin–(in)+flammare(toflame).Literalsenseof“tocausetoburn”wasfirstrecordedinEnglishin1382.Inflammation(rednessorswellinginabodypart)begantobeusedfrom1533.WordsoriginatedfromLatin
muscleMadein1533fromLatinmusculus(amuscle),whichliterallymeans“littlemouse,”thediminutiveofmus(mouse).WordsoriginatedfromLatin
muscleItissocalledbecausetheshapeandmovementofsomemuscles(notablybiceps)werethoughttoresemblemice.analogyinGreek:mysisboth“mouse”and“muscle,”anditscombingformgivesthemedicalprefixmy–/myo–.
WordsoriginatedfromLatin
prognosisItenteredEnglishin1655fromlateLatinprognosis,whichwasmadefromGreekprogignoskein(cometoknowbeforehand)frompro–(before)andgignoskein(cometoknow).WordsoriginatedfromLatin
tumorItisMiddleEnglish,originatingfromLatintumor(swelling,conditionofbeingswollen).WordsoriginatedfromLatin
Brieflyintroducetotheclasspanaceaandhygieneintermsoftheirorigin,meaning,andusage.(PRE1)WordsoriginatedfromLatin
Hygiene卫生Panacea灵丹妙药“hygiene(卫生,卫生学)”一词源于希腊神话健康之神海吉娜(Hygeia)的名字,而海吉娜是医神阿斯克勒庇俄斯(Asclepius)的女儿。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女儿、被奉为治疗之神的帕娜赛娅(Panacea)的名字。WordsoriginatedfromLatin
BrieflyintroducetotheclassAchillestendonandcellintermsoftheirorigin,meaning,andusage.(PRE2)WordsoriginatedfromLatin
Achillestendon
跟腱Theoldest-knownwrittenrecordofthetendonbeingnamedforAchillesisin1693bytheFlemish/DutchanatomistPhilipVerheyen.ThenameAchilles'heelcomesfromGreekmythology.Achilles'mother,thegoddessThetis,receivedaprophecyofherson'sdeath.Hearingthis,shedippedhimintotheRiverStyxtoprotecthisbodyfromharm.However,shekeptholdofhisheel,meaningthatthewaterdidnottouchthispartofhisbodyanditwasthereforevulnerable.DuringtheTrojanWar,AchilleswasstruckonhisunprotectedheelbyapoisonedarrowshotbyParis,thatkilledhim.WordsoriginatedfromLatin
cell
ItismadefromLatincella(smallroom,hut),relatedtoLatincelare(tohide,conceal).Theearliestsensewasformonasticrooms,thenprisonrooms.Itbegantobeusedinbiologyinthe17thcenturybutnotinmodernsenseuntil1845.WordsoriginatedfromArabian
Chemistry<alchemy炼金术duramater<duramatercerebri=hardmotherofbrainpiamater<piamatercerebri=softmotherofbrainWordsoriginatedfromFrench
AftertheNormanConquest,theconquerorsruledthecountryforalongperiodoftimeandleftadeepinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage.AsFrenchlanguageitselfisamodifiedformofLatin,manyoftheseborrowedwordsultimatelycomefromGreek,sincemanywordsformthislanguagehadpassedintoLatin.WordsoriginatedfromFrench
migraine(asevereformofheadache,usuallyunilateral偏头痛).French:migraineLatinhemicraniaGreekhemikrania(painononesideofthehead),fromtheprefixhemi-(half)andkranion(skull).WordsoriginatedfromFrench
hospitalBorrowedin1242fromOldFrenchhospital
(hostel),itoriginallyreferredto“shelterfortheneedy”.Itssenseof“institutionforsickpeople”wasfirstrecorded1549.Hospitalizewasrecordedfrom1901.WordsoriginatedfromFrench
DoctorItwasderivedfromOldFrenchdoctourinabout1303,whichoriginatedfromM.Latindoctor(religiousteacher,adviser,scholar).Doct–,thestemofdoceremeans“toshow,teach”.Referenceto“medicalprofessional”datedfrom1377,thoughthiswasnotcommontillthelate16thcentury.
WordsoriginatedfromFrench
BenignItcamefromOldFrenchbenigne
(good,kind)inabout1320,derivedfrombene(well)andgignere(tobear,beget).
benefitWordsoriginatedfromFrench
DiseaseItwasevolvedinabout1330fromOldFrenchdesaise,madeofdes–(without,away)andaise(ease).Senseof“sickness,illness”wasfirstrecorded1393.
WordsoriginatedfromFrench
AnatomyEnteringintoEnglishin1398,itwasderivedfromOldFrenchanatomie,madefromana–(up)+temnein(tocut).“Dissection”,“mummy”,andeven“skeleton”wereprimarysensesinShakespeare'sday.Themeaning“thescienceofthestructureoforganizedbodies”predominatedfromthe17thcentury.
WordsoriginatedfromFrench
artery
ItenteredinEnglishin1398fromOldFrenchartaire,(windpipe,alsoanarteryasdistinctfromavein).Arterieswereregardedbytheancientsasairductsbecausetheydonotcontainbloodafterdeath;medievalwriterstookthemforthechannelsofthe“vitalspirits”.
WordsoriginatedfromFrench
Malaise心神不安[mA5leiz]Borrowedin1768fromFrenchmalaise,itliterallymeans“ill–ease”.TheFrenchwordisformedfrommal(bad)andaise(ease).
WordsoriginatedfromFrench
SurgeonItwasborrowedintoEnglishinabout1300fromAnglo–Frenchsurgien(originally,workingordonebyhand).WordsoriginatedfromFrench
Prostate前列腺[5prCsteit]ItenteredEnglishin1646fromMiddleFrenchprostate,whichwasultimatelybasedonGreekproistanai(setbefore),frompro–(before)andhistanai(causetostand).Itwassocalledbecauseofitspositionatthebaseofthebladder.
WordsoriginatedfromFrench
Prostate前列腺炎prostatitis前列腺肥大prostatehypertrophy/enlargement/enlargedprostateWordsoriginatedfromGerman
Startingfrom19thcentury,Germanmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnology.
SomemedicaltermswerefirstcoinedinGermanandthenintroducedintoEnglish.
WordsoriginatedfromGerman
BiologyThewordwassuggestedfromGreekbios(life)andlogia(studyof)in1802byGermannaturalistG.ReinholdTreviranusandintroducedasascientifictermthatyearinFrenchbyLamarck.ItwasborrowedinEnglishin1819.WordsoriginatedfromGerman
ChemotherapyItcameintoEnglishin1907fromGermanChemotherapiecoinedbyGermanbiochemistPaulEhrlichfromchemo–andtherapie.WordsoriginatedfromGerman
chromosome
染色体ItenteredEnglishin1889fromG
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