6版 Project 24 课文及翻译

电子与通信技术专业英语电子信息工程学院Project24UnmannedAerialVehicle(UAV)

UnmannedAerialVehicle(UAV)AnUnmannedAerialVehicle(UAN)isanaircraftwithnopilotonboard.AnalternativetermisUnmannedAerialSystem（UAS）,whiletheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO)referstomachinesofthistypeasRemotelyPilotedAircraft(RPA).Inthepubliceye,theyarecalleddrone.UAViscomposedofaircraftbody.flightcontrolsystem,datalinksystem,recoverysystem,powersystem,andothersystems(asshowninFig.24-1).UAVsareoperatedremotelybyapilotatagroundcontrolstationortheyoperateautonomouslysteeredbyapre-programmedflightplan.UAVcanbedividedintomicro,light,small,andlargeaccordingtothequalityofaircraft,andcanbedividedintomilitaryandcivilaccordingtotheapplicationfield.Inrecentyears,UANshavefounduseinawiderangeofcivilapplications,rangingfromurbanplanning,tomonitoringinenvironmental,agriculture,governance,utilities,andcommerciaapplications.无人机

无人驾驶飞行器（UAV)是一种没有飞行员的飞机，也称无人机系统(UAS)，而国际民用航空组织(ICAO)将这种类型的机器称为遥控飞机（RPA）。在公众眼中,它们被称为无人机。无人机由飞机机体、飞行控制系统、数据链系统、回收系统、动力系统等组成(如图24-1所示)。无人机由地面控制站的飞行员远程操作，或者由预先编程的飞行计划自主操纵。无人机按飞行器质量可分为微型、轻型、小型和大型,按应用领域可分为军用和民用。近年来,无人机被广泛应用于民用领域,从城市规划到环境、农业、治理、公用事业和商业应用的监测。Inthefieldofremotesensing.UANsarehelpingtorapidlyreplaceconventionalaerialphotography(photogrammetry)byprovidinghighspatialresolutionaerialimages(orthophotos)oftheearth'ssurface.Comparedtomannedaircrafts,whichareusedinconventionalphotography,UAN'sarecheapertoacquireandoperate,andproducesimilarorbetterspatialresolutionimages.Thedownsideisinthelimitationsinareacoverageofasingleflight.LAVscan,andoftenmust,beflownatverylowaltitudes(<200m—mostlybelowclouds)andasoftenasresources(e.g.,batteries)permit.TheseandotherfeaturesmakeUAVsperfectmonitoringsystems,permittingpersistentmonitoringofawiderangeofphenomena.在遥感领域，无人机通过提供地球表面的高空间分辨率航空图像（正射影像）迅速取代传统的航空摄影（摄影测量)。与传统摄影中使用的载人飞机相比，无人机的获取和操作成本更低，并可生成类似或更好的空间分辨率图像。缺点是单次飞行的区域覆盖范围有限。无人机通常需在非常低的高度(小于200米，大部分在云层下)飞行,并且只要资源（如电池）允许,就可以经常飞行。这些和其他特性使无人机成为完美的监控系统,允许对各种现象进行持续监控。UAVscan,therefore,playanimportantroleinmonitoringrainfedagriculturalsystems,wherepersistentcloudcoveroftenhindersopticalremotesensingsystemsinacquiringimages.ByusingUAVs,imagesofcriticalcropgrowthstagescanbeobtainedandanalyzedtomonitorcropdynamics.因此，无人机可以在监测雨养农业系统方面发挥重要作用,在这些系统中,持续的云层覆盖常常妨碍光学遥感系统获取图像。利用无人机可以获得作物关键生长阶段的图像并进行分析,以监测作物动态。ManyofthetechnologyareasbelowwillseecontinuedinnovationbasedonthegrowthoftheUAVindustry.Asyouwillfind,mostofthesetechnologiesareubiquitoustoboththeautonomousdrivingandroboticsindustries:GPS,GNSS,MEMS,GaAsSolar,HydrogenFuelCells,RADAR/LiDAR,Wireless/CellularCommunications，SatelliteCommunications,Optoelectronics,Photonics,Actuators/Connectors.

基于无人机行业的发展,许多技术领域将持续创新。你会发现，这些技术中的大多数在自动驾驶和机器人行业都是无处不在的,包括全球定位系统、全球导航卫星系统、微机电系统、砷化镓太阳能电池、氢燃料电池、雷达/激光雷达、无线蜂窝通信、卫星通信、光电子学、光子学、执行器/连接器。lntheirownright,eachoftheabovetechnologyareasbringsignificantvaluetotheUAVindustry,howevertherearetwotechnologieswillbeofprimaryfocusandvaluetotheUAVindustrygiventheirrespectiveimpactonnavigation,securityandcollisionavoidance.

就其自身而言,上述每一个技术领域都为无人机行业带来了巨大的价值。但鉴于它们对导航、安全和避免碰撞的影响，有两项技术将成为无人机行业的主要关注点和价值所在。InfraredThermography(IRT)andHyperspectralImaging(HSI)aretwoprimarytechnologyareasoffocusforpatentingintheUAVindustry.TheyrevolvearoundUAN'scamerabasednavigationalsystems.TheGyro-stabilizedGimbal,generallylocatedatthelowerbaseoftheUAV,provideshousingfortheUAVsmostcriticalsystems,includinginertialnavigation,laserrangefinders,thermalimagingandhyperspectralcameras.ThesetypesofcamerasarecriticaltotheuseofUAVs.

红外热成像（IRT）和高光谱成像(HSI)是无人机行业专利中请的两个主要技术领域。它们围绕无人机基于摄像头的导航系统展开。陀螺稳定框架通常位于无人机的下基座,为无人机最关键的系统提供外壳，包括惯性导航、激光测距仪、热成像和高光谱相机。这些类型的摄像机对无人机的使用至关重要。IRThasbeenusedinvariousindustriesandmilitaryapplicationsforyearsbutwillstrengthenconsumerapplicationsmovingforward.HSIisanemergingfieldinwhichtheadvantagesofopticalspectroscopyasananalyticaltoolarecombinedwithtwo-dimensionalobjectvisualizationobtainedbyopticalimaging.UsecasesforHISincludechemicalm