研究生英语考试文章总结summary writing如何写

Howtowriteasummary

2021/5/91Inthearticle,thewriterarguesthattherearesynergiesbetweengenderequity,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalsustainability.2021/5/92Thewriterfindsthatwomenareunequaltomenineveryway.(Theyareunderprivilegedandputundersocialandmoralrestrictions.)Hebelievesthatanexplorationintobiomassenergycanshedlightonthesynergybetweengender,povertyandenvironmentissues.Tobeginwith,environmentaldeteriorationlikedeforestationreducesbiomassenergydramatically,sendingpoorwomentocollectwoodfuelforlonghoursinsteadofstudyingorworking,perpetuatingtheirpoverty.Atthesametime,womenbecomemorevulnerableasvictimsofindoorair-pollution.Theycanaccessfewerresourcesofbiomassenergyduetoprivatizationofcommunallands.Even

indevelopedcountries,theyhavetolivewithinequalityinsuchrealmsasenergy,educationandlabordivision.2021/5/93

Theworseningenvironmentandchangingclimateaffectwomennegativelybyincreasingwaterscarcity,increasingthediseaseburden,etc.Butwomencanhelpreversethedownwardtrendbytakingpublictransportationmoreandpromotingrenewableenergy.Discriminatoryinheritance,propertyownershipandlimitedaccesstoagriculturalsupportsystemsrenderwomenunabletoensurefoodsafety,soilconservationandlandsustainability.2021/5/94Lackofcleanwaterfurtheraddstowomen'sburdens:manyofthemhavetospendasmuchasthreeormorehoursjusttofetchwater,puttingthematgreatriskofdevelopingvariousdiseases,furtherdeprivingthemofthetimeavalabletobettertheirlifefinanciallyandemotionally.Uncleanwater,pollutantsintheenvironment,climatechangesandpoornutritionworktogethertoposeathreattowomen'shealth,espeacillypregnantwomen.IgnoranceofAIDSafflictmanywomeninAfrica,affectingagricultureinthisland.2021/5/95Intheprocessofurbanization,manywomenareleftbehindtotakecareofeverythingsingle-handedly.Thosewhomigratetocitiesfacenewchallengesaswell,likeeconomicexploitationandmeanlylivingconditions.Disastersaremorelikelytostrikepoorwomenharderwholiveinpoor-qualityhousesanddisaster-proneareas.Tomakethingsworse,theyareill-informedanddonotreactasquicklyastheyshouldinanemergencyduetothesocialrestrictionsonwomenabout"propriety".2021/5/96Thewritercallsforforward-lookingstrategiestointegrategenderintoenvironmentalanalysis.Tobemorespecific:Allowmoreparticipationinenvironmentalpoliciesandactionsonwomen'spart;putthegovernmentpriorityonfosteringgenderequityandsubsidizeit;resorttoascientificparadigmaswellasasocialapproachintheenvironmentalanalysis.2021/5/97Inthearticle,thewriterarguesthatattentiontogenderissuessharpensenvironmentalstudiesandhelpsrelievepoverty.………………Toconclude,agenderperspectivewillgoalongwaytowardmakingsmarterenvironmentalpoliciesandprograms,alleviatingpovertyatthesametime.Theyareinterlockedandinteractive.2021/5/98StepsinWritingaSummary►1.Readthearticle

►2.RereadtheArticle.

-Dividethearticleintosegmentsorsectionsofideas.Eachsegmentdealswithoneaspectofthecentraltheme.Asegmentcancompriseoneormoreparagraphs.-Labeleachsegment.Useageneralphrasethatcapturesthesubjectmatterofthesegment.Writethelabelinthemarginnexttothesegment.-Highlightorunderlinethemainpointsandkeyphrases.2021/5/99►3.

WriteOne-Sentencesummaries.

-Writeaone-sentencesummaryforeachsegmentofthoughtonaseparatesheetofpaper.►4.writesupportingideas-Coveralloftheauthor’smajorsupportingideas.

-Showtherelationshipsamongtheseideas.

-Omitspecifics,suchasillustrations,descriptions,anddetailedexplanations.

-Indicatetheauthor’spurposeinwriting:toinform,topersuade,ortoentertain.Ifthepassageisapersuasivepiece,reporttheauthor’sbiasorpositionontheissue.

-Omitallpersonalopinions,ideas,andinferences.Letthereaderknowthatyouarereportingtheauthor’sideas.2021/5/910►5.FormulatetheThesisStatement.

-Formulateacentralthemethatweavestheone-sentencesegment-summariestogether.Thisisyourthesisstatement.-Inmanyarticles,theauthorwillstatethisdirectly.Youmaywishtotakehisdirectstatementofthethesisandrestateitinyourownwords.-Inotherarticles,youmayhavetowriteyourownone-sentencethesisstatementthatsummarizesthiscentraltheme.2021/5/911

severalaspectstoaneffectivethesisstatement:-Itcomprisestwoparts:a)thetopicorgeneralsubjectmatterofthetextb)theauthor’smajorassertion,comment,orpositiononthetopic.

-Thiscentralthemeissummarizedclearlyandaccuratelyinaone-sentencethesisstatement.

-Thethesisstatementdoesnotcontainspecificdetailsdiscussedinthetext.

-Thethesisstatementisstatedatthebeginningofthesummary.2021/5/912►6.WriteYourFirstDraft.

-Beginwithapropercitationofthetitle,author,source,anddateofpublicationofthearticlesummarized.-Combinethethesisstatement,yourone-sentencesegmentsummariesandsupportingideasintoaone-to-two-paragraphsummary.

-Eliminateallunnecessarywordsandrepetitions.-Eliminateallpersonalideasandinferences.-Usetransitionsforasmoothandlogicalflowofideas.

-Concludewitha“summingup”sentencebystatingwhatcanbelearnedfromreadingthearticle.

Writeinthepresenttense.2021/5/913►7.

EditYourDraft.Checkyoursummarybyaskingthefollowingquestions:-HaveIansweredthewho,what,when,why,andhowquestions?-Ismygrammar,punctuation,andspellingcorrect?-HaveIleftoutmypersonalviewsandideas?-Doesmysummary“hangtogether”?DoesitflowwhenIreaditaloud?2021/5/914TheHawaiianMuu-muuasaWritingAidMaryDeal2021/5/915

Oneofthe

joys

oflivinginHawaiiiswearingaMuu-muu.WhenIgooutonanerrand,ifI’mwearingshortsandatee,IchangeintoaMuu-muuwhenI’mhomeandreadytowriteagain.Well,IevengoshoppinginaMuu-muuiftheideastrikesme.I’maKama`ainatotheseIslands,atransplant,andhaveyettofullyadoptsomeofthemorerelaxed

localcustoms.Itriedsittingatmycomputerwearingstreetclotheslikeshorts,jeans,orevenadress.DoingsoremindedmeofthediscomfortIfeltwhenwearingsleeksuitstoanofficewhereone’sgroomingandappearancewassoimportant.Mostwaistbandsaretoobindingwhensittingtowrite,actuallymakingmefeellikeI’mstranglingmycreativity.Anydiscomfortisadistraction.Afriendwhoalsowritescanturnoutanarticleinaroomfullofnoisypeople.Maybethat’sbecauseshe’sajournalist,andcatchesnewsasit’shappening.Writingisapersonalthingforme,somethingIdoverymuchalone,becauseIcanbecomequiteanimated.WhenIwrite,IfeeleverythingIcreateandoftenactoutthegestaltofthecharacters.Thatis,Ispeakthepartsorplay-acttomakesurethewordsflowlikeordinaryconversation.Ireadthewholestoryoutloudandmovearoundalotandgesture.Themorewewritersfeelwhatwewrite,themorelikelywearetoconveytheemotionandmeaningofthestorytothereader.Sofeelingconstrictedisoutofthequestion.Mywritingwardrobeistodressmymusecomfortably.IntheseIslands,colorful,loosefittingMuu-muusareperfect.IcanevenanswerthedoorwearingaMuu-muuinsteadofabathrobe.___________________________________________________________________________//(1)//(2)//(3)______________________________//(4)________________________________________________________________________________________-______________________________2021/5/916Inthearticle,MaryDealargueshowtheHawaiianMuu-muuisawritingaid.

Maryfeelsthatwhensittingtowrite,wearingaMuu-muuismorecomfortableandrelaxingthanwearingbindingstreetclothes,becausetightclothingisadistractionandstiflesherMuse,hercreativity.Whilewriting,shemovesaroundalotandgestures,actingouthercharacter’spartsinordertomakethestoryrealistic.Consequently,feelingconstrictedisoutofthequestion.TheHawaiianMuu-muuisloosefittingandsuitsMary’sMusejustfineanddoesnotdivertherattentionfromtheflowofcreativity.2021/5/917TipsWriteinthepresenttense.

Makesuretoincludetheauthorandtitleofthework.Beconcise:asummaryshouldnotbeequalinlengthtotheoriginaltext.Restatetheideasinyourownwordsasmuchaspossible.Avoiddirectquotations.Ifyoumustusethewordsoftheauthor,citethem.Don'tputyourownopinions,ideas,orinterpretationsintothesummary.Thepurposeofwritingasummaryistoaccuratelyrepresentwhattheauthorwantedtosay,nottoprovideacritique.2021/5/918Inthearticle,theauthorarguesthatcredibilitycreatesandprojectsagoodimagetothepublic,establishingtrustbetweenpeople.Itmattersamongindividuals,forenterprisesaswellasgovernments.2021/5/919Theauthorfirsttellsthestoryofagirlwhoreturnedthechangetoindicatethatthecredibili