中考长难句翻译

PAGEPAGE1长难句翻译中考长难句翻译

中学英语长难句子的翻译中考长难句翻译一、英语汉语的不同1、英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。Althoughthesestoresaren’tveryattractive,andtheyusuallydonothaveindividualdressingrooms,notonlyarethepriceslow,butyoucanoftenfindthesamefamousbrandsthatyoufindinhigh-priceddepartmentstores.天目山林深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。英语句子的结构:“葡萄藤型”结构（grapevinestructure），意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝，而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸，因此被称为“竹竿型”结构（bamboostructure）。因此，在进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。2、英译汉的翻译方法和技巧是建立在英汉两种语言的对比之上的。这两种语言在词汇和句法方面的一些表达手段上各有其特点。语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整。首先我们谈谈词序的调整。英汉语句中的主要成分主语、谓语、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的，但各种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英、汉语言中则有同有异。汉语说“他正在卧室里睡觉”，而在英语中却说Heissleepinginthebedroom.（他睡觉在卧室。）；英语汉语都说“他出生于北京”，"HewasborninBeijing"。一）定语位置的调整1.单词作定语英语中，单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前，汉语中也大体如此。有时英语中有后置的，译成汉语时一般都前置。somethingimportant（后置）重要的事情（前置）如果英语中名词前的定语过多，译文中则不宜完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。alittle,yellow,raggedbeggar（前置）一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛。（后置）2.短语作定语英语中，修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，而汉语则反之，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。theirplantocrosstheriver（后置）他们渡江的企图（前置）Onedayanearthquakerockedthemountain,causingoneoftheeggstorolldownthemountaintoachickenfarm,locatedinthevalleybelow.二）状语位置的调整1.单词作状语③介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。④不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。⑤分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。3.五步拆分步骤：①隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点②寻找连词，确定句子种类——并列句，主从句；③寻找句中的动词或动词结构④确定整句框架——标出主句主干部分及从属连词；⑤确定从句框架——标出从句主谓部分；**⑥分別翻译——主从句分别进行翻译；**⑦词句推敲——中文语言进行表述。注：**部分为翻译要求步骤。Weallknowthatitisdifficulttolearneverythingintheclassroom,forexample,thewaysEnglishpeoplearelivingandworkingtodaycanbelearntbyreading.Oneofthecommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatit’sokaynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Youhavenoticed—andyet,notbeingblind,perhapsyouwon't—howthesunshinesintothetowerthroughthewindowshereandthere,sothatonecanfeelthecoolstepssuddenlybecomequitewarm,eveninwinter.The20students,aged10to19fromShanghai,GuangzhouandNanjing,begantalkingtoClaytonC.Anderson,a48-year-oldAmericanastronautat18:50p.m.atNanjingNo.3MiddleSchoolwhentheISSwaspassingoverNanjing.五、翻译方法在英语长句的翻译过程中，一般采取下列的方法：(1)顺译法。即顺着英文原有的顺序翻译，条件是英语句子的内容与叙述方式同汉语习惯基本一致。如：Thirtyyearsago,hetellsFriedman,ifyouhadtochoosebetweenbeingbornagiftedpersoninShanghaiandacommonpersoninPoughkeepsie(AcityinsoutheastNewYork),youwouldhavechosenPoughkeepsiebecauseyourchancesoflivingasuccessfullifeweremuchgreaterthere.Althoughthiskindoflonelinesscancausephysicalproblems,suchasheadachesandsleeplessness,itusuallydoesnotlastformorethanayear.(2)逆译法。即不再遵照英文原有的顺序，甚至完全逆着原有顺序翻译，如果英文的表达次序和汉语的表达习惯不同甚至相反的话。Theworlditselfisbecomingmuchsmallerbyusingmodemtrafficandmoderncommunicationmeans(通讯设备).“Atpresenttheylargelyremainintheperiodofresearchstudies,”notesDrGregFeero,specialadvisortothedirectorofgenomicmedicineattheUSNationalHumanGenomeResearchInstitute.(3)分译法。如果句子中的从句(或修饰语)与主句的关系不是很密切，可以将它们与主句分割开来，使译文变成好几个短句。这与英汉两种语言表达较复杂的意思的习惯是一致的：前者偏向于使用含有许多重层次的主从复合句或并列复合句，而后者往往崇尚“言简意赅”。如：Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.(4)综合法。上面讲述了英语长句的顺译法、逆译法和分译法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下，英语长句如果单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。如：peoplewereafraidtoleavetheirhouses,foralthoughthepolicehadbeenorderedtostandbyincaseofemergency,theywerejustasconfusedandhelplessasanybodyelse.Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketousethesetoolstocontrolorlietopeople,butweneedtorealizethesignalswearegivingsowecanshowpeoplethattheyreallydomattertous.Teachingthemsmallactsofkindness,suchaslettingsomeoneelsegothroughadoorfirstastheyholditopen,mayseemunimportant,butitcangoalongwaytowardhelpingstudentsrealizehowtobepoliteandthankothers.2.从句的译法英语中主从复合句十分常见，但汉语中却没有这样频繁使用从句句式的习惯。因此，在翻译时需要将各种从句进行处理，使之符合汉语习惯。1)名词性从句名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等等。通常名词性从句可被译成名词词组，有时原文语序不需变化。①主语从句Whathesaidwasrecordedinthisbook.译文：他的话被记录在这本书里。主语从句译为名词词组，原句语序不变。Fromsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadtorewards译文：婴儿和其他动物由于某些做法有回报才学着做事情，这种观点在过去一段时间里一直为人们所广泛接受。主语从句提前，符合汉语习惯。②宾语从句宾语从句译为汉语时，通常不需要改变语序。Manypeoplebelievethatmanisnotsolvingtheseproblemsofpollutionquicklyenoughandthathisselfishpursuitofpossessionstakehimpastthepointofnoreturnbeforehefullyappreciatesthedamage.译文：许多人认为，人类没有尽快的解决这些污染问题而只顾谋求私利，以至于错过了悔改的机会，以后才充分认识到这种损害。原文中有两个由that引导的宾语从句，从句由and连接，翻译时根据其逻辑关系，添加“而”。③表语从句表语从句翻译时通常也不用改变原文语序。Whathecaresishowmuchprofithecangetfromtheproject.译文：他关心的是他从该项目中能获得多少利润。句中表语从句仍按原文顺序，主语从句译为名词词组。④同位语从句同位语从句的翻译主要按照该从句与主句的逻辑关系来确定，在汉语中译为宾语、定语或补语等，通常不改变原句顺序。Thebeliefthatfailureisthemotherofsuccesshaskepthimgoonexperimenting.译文：失败是成功之母的信念使他继续进行实验。同位语从句说明主语内容，译做定语从句。TheyjumpedtotheconclusionthatallourflightsoutofChinahadbeenmadefromBeijing.译文：他们匆忙作出了结论：我们从中国飞出的飞机都是从北京起飞。同位语从句前用冒号，原句顺序不变。Therewereindicationsthattheenemyhadretreated.译文：有种种迹象表明敌军已经撤退。根据逻辑关系同位语从句译为宾语从句，原句顺序不变。 2)定语从句的译法定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。由于二者在翻译时无大差异，所以讨论时不加严格区分。定语从句的译法一般有三种：(1)译成含“的”字结构的定语，放在先行词之前。由于定语从句的作用相当于定语，所以这种译法是最普遍的。不过，条件是定语不可过长。(2)采用“分译法”，将较长的定语从句独立出去，并将先行词重复一次。(3)译成状语从句。如：Walkingtogether,myfatherandIusedtohavealotofconversationsthroughwhichIlearnedlessonsfromhisexperiences.Doctorsandotherscientistswhostudythehumanmindandtrytoexplainwhypeoplebehaveinthewaythattheydo,calledpsychologists,arestartingtobelieveit.Hecalledhimself“thefirstclowninspace”whoenter-tainedthecrewoftheISSandhostedashowfromspace.3)状语从句的译法由于在句中用来表示时间、原因、条件、目的、让步、比较等等，这类从句往往用在主句后面，而汉语的习惯则要求将状语的内容先于主句表达，即要用逆译法。结果状语从句例外。BecauseIwantstudentstofullystudythematerialanddiscusswitheachotherintheclassroom,Ihavearule–nocomputers,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyrule,someofthemwerenothappy.Heoftendrewpicturesonthefloorwithchalkandwhenhismothersawwhathehaddone,shewouldquicklycleanthemwithamop.六、实战训练1)从真题中选取有代表性的长难句，每篇文章找出2—3个。2)将这些长难句收集到一起，打印或者抄下下来。3)反复阅读，最好能够达到熟能成诵的境界，注意在此过程中不进行任何语法分析。在头脑中把英语句子中各成分拆分，然后把这些概念组合成可以理解的汉语句子就可以了。4)将真题中的长难句都如此练习一番，长难句就基本攻破了，之后，我们将会进入到一个阅读的新境界!中考英语常见长难句子分析Theworlditselfisbecomingmuchsmallerbyusingmodemtrafficandmoderncommunicationmeans(通讯设备).Lifetodayismucheasierthanitwashundredsofyearsago,butithasbroughtnewproblems.Theystoppeoplefromburningcoal(煤)inhousesandfactoriesinthecity,andfromputtingdirtysmokeintotheair.Third，compareprices:thatis,youshouldexaminethepricesofbothdifferentbrands(品牌)anddifferentsizesofthesamebrand.Althoughthesestoresaren’tveryattractive,andtheyusuallydonothaveindividualdressingrooms,notonlyarethepriceslow,butyoucanoftenfindthesamefamousbrandsthatyoufindinhigh-priceddepartmentstores.WiseshoppersreadmagazineadsandwatchTVcommercials(商业广告)，buttheydothiswithoneadvantage:knowledgeofthepsychologybehindtheads.Today,though,agrowingnumberofmentalhealthexpertsthinkthatangerisaseriousproblemthatneedsitsowntreatment.Anexample:Whilemostpeoplewouldgetupsetifadrivercutthemoff,someonewithdisorderedangermighttrytochasedownthecarandforceitofftheroad.Butpeoplewithangerproblemsoftenstayangryfordays,weeksorevenyears;theirfeelingsofangerdon’tdisappearovertime.Theprogramssometimesincludelife-skillstrainingaswell:increasingsomeone’slevelofcompetence(竞争)–whetheronthejoborasaparentorpartner–helpsbringdownstressandcutangryfeelings.Notonlycanthewholefamilygetinvolved,buteveryonecanbenefitfromtheharvest.Takingpartinnatureclean-upsorvolunteeringtodopathmaintenance(维护)teacheskidsthattheyhavetheabilitytodosomethingpositivefortheenvironmentandcommunities.Whenparentsgetinvolved,theycansetagoodexamplefortheirchildrentofollow,whichwillhelpchildrenrealizetheirresponsibilitytoprotecttheenvironment.Justremember:beprepared，knowyoursubjectandyouraudience，saywhatyouhavetosayandbeyourselfsothatyourideaswillbringyouandyouraudiencetogether.TwentyChinesestudentstalkeddirectlytoanastronaut(spaceman)intheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)onradioinNanjing,capitalofeastChina'sJiangsuProvinceonSunday,2007.The20students,aged10to19fromShanghai,GuangzhouandNanjing,begantalkingtoClaytonC.Anderson,a48-year-oldAmericanastronautat18:50p.m.atNanjingNo.3MiddleSchoolwhentheISSwaspassingoverNanjing.Keepthisspace,whichmaybeadeskorsimplyacornerofyourroom,freeofeverythingbutstudymaterials.Youhavenoticed—andyet,notbeingblind,perhapsyouwon't—howthesunshinesintothetowerthroughthewindowshereandthere,sothatonecanfeelthecoolstepssuddenlybecomequitewarm,eveninwinter.Then,inMarch,heenteredafree-throwcompetitionattheschool,andthetownsawjusthowbigateamplayerGueireallyis—bothonandoffthecourt(球场).Sincethattime,agrowingnumberofprivatecompanieshavecomeonthemarketmostlythroughtheInternet,offeringtoscan(扫描)yourpersonalDNAandcompareittosomediseasemarkersoftheblueprint,calledDTCgenetictests.ButoverthelastfiveyearsthemedicalworldhasbeendiscussingexcitedlyaboutwhethertheseDTCtestsarehelpfulorharmful,scientificallybelievableorcompletelyuseless.“Atpresenttheylargelyremainintheperiodofresearchstudies,”notesDrGregFeero,specialadvisortothedirectorofgenomicmedicineattheUSNationalHumanGenomeResearchInstitute.Otherworriesincludetheprivacyoftheresultsandhowyourpersonalgeneticinformationmightbeusedbyinsurance(保险)companiestorefuseyourinsuranceoryourbosstodismissyou.ItwasProfessorAlbertMehrabianwhodiscoveredthatweexpressourfeelingsandattitudeswith55percentbodylanguage,38percenttoneofvoiceandonly7percentactualwords.Apersontouchinghisnose,pullingathisearorrubbinghiseyewithhislefthandmightbelyingtoyou.Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketousethesetoolstocontrolorlietopeople,butweneedtorealizethesignalswearegivingsowecanshowpeoplethattheyreallydomattertous.Weallknowthatitisdifficulttolearneverythingintheclassroom,forexample,thewaysEnglishpeoplearelivingandworkingtodaycanbelearntbyreading.BecauseIwantstudentstofullystudythematerialanddiscusswitheachotherintheclassroom,Ihavearule–nocomputers,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyrule,someofthemwerenothappy.I’veseldomhadstudentsmakewronguseoftechnologyinmyclasses;however,Ihavebeene-mailedbystudentswhiletheywereinotherteachers’classrooms.TherealreasonwhyIaskstudentstoleavetechnologyatthedoorisIthinkthereareveryfewplacesinwhichwecanhavedeepconversations.Iwantthemtopusheachothertothinkdifferentlyandtomakeconnectionsbetweenthecoursematerialandtheclassdiscussion.Ihavebeenteachingmyhistoryclassinthiswayformanyyearsandtheevaluations(评价)showstudentsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentthatIcreate.Studentsrealizewithdeepconversationanddifficulttasks,theylearnatadeeperlevel–alevelthathelpsthemkeepthecoursematerialbeyondtheclassroom.IamnotsayingthatIwon’teverchangemymindabouttechnologyuseinmyhistoryclass,butuntilIhearareallygoodreasonforthechange,Iwillcontinuemyplan.Toerr,ortomakemistakes,isindeedapartofbeinghuman,butitseemsthatmostpeopledon’twanttoaccepttheresponsibilityfortheproblem.Commonsensetellsyouthatyoutakeanumbrellaoutintoarainstorm,butyouleavetheumbrellahomewhenyouhearaweatherforecastforsunshine.Oneofthecommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatit’sokaynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Whenstudentsandparentsareaskedtogradesubjectsaccordingtotheirimportance,theartsareusuallyatthebottomofthelist.Musicisnice,peopleseemtosay,butnotimportant.Becausemusicisanexpressionofthebeingswhocreateit,itshowstheirthinkingandvalues,aswellasthesocialenvironmentitcamefrom.ThejazzinfluencethatGeorgeGershwinandothermusiciansintroducedintotheirmusicisobviouslyAmericanbecauseitcamefromAmericanmusicaltraditions.Whenwedonotgivechildrenanimportantwayofexpressingthemselvessuchasmusic,wetakeawayfromthemthemeaningsthatmusicexpresses.Onceinsidethelobby,shehadtostandattheelevatorsandwaitseveralminutesbeforeshecouldgetononegoingtothesixthfloor．Forthosesecretarieswhosebossesaskthemtoprintoutalltheire-mailsandleavethemintheirin-trays,thismeansusingupagreatdealofpapereverymonth,"Metcalfsays．Butifthebrotherhoodbundleisbroken,itwillhappentoyoujustasithastothesesticks,whichlietherebrokenontheground.”Thirtyyearsago,hetellsFriedman,ifyouhadtochoosebetweenbeingbornagiftedpersoninShanghaiandacommonpersoninPoughkeepsie(AcityinsoutheastNewYork),youwouldhavechosenPoughkeepsiebecauseyourchancesoflivingasuccessfullifeweremuchgreaterthere.Globalization(全球化),ashecallsit,isdrivenbythosepersons:freewritersandtotallynewbusinessesallov