2024届高三英语一轮语法复习名词课件

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名词是英语高考必考点之一。高考中主要考查点有：动词、形容词等转换成名词的构词法、名词作定语、名词所有格、名词的单复数、名词的词义辨析等。情况构成方法单数变复数例词一般情况加-smap-maps,bag-bags,car-cars以-s,-sh,-ch,-x等结尾的词加-esbus-buses,watch-watches,fox-foxes,brush-brushes以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加esbaby-babies,lady-ladiesstory-stories,cherry-cherries以元音字母＋y结尾词尾加-skey-keys,boy-boys以-f或-fe结尾变f或fe为v后加-esleaf-leaves,life-lives,knife-knives,thief,wife,loaf,half,leaf,knife,wolf,life,shelf词尾加-schief-chiefs,roof-roofs,belief-beliefs,giraffe-giraffes以字母-o结尾词尾加-eshero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes口诀：英雄爱吃土豆西红柿词尾加-sphoto-photos,kilo-kilos,piano-pianos,zoo-zoos以-sis结尾的外来词变sis为sesbasis-bases,analysis-analyses,crisis-crises名词的数名词的单复数规则变化变化规则示例单复数同形deer,sheep,means,series,Chinese,aircraft,spacecraft,species变元音foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,man-men,woman-women,mouse-mice外来名词medium-media媒体,bacterium-bacteria细菌phenomenon-phenomena现象,词尾加-(r)enchild---children孩子,ox-oxen公牛名词的单复数不规则变化复合名词变复数复合名词变复数时，通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数。looker-on→lookers-on旁观者passer-by→passers-by过路人editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief总编daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law儿媳妇如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数。go-between→go-betweens中间人look-out→look-outs守望者grown-up→grown-ups成年人易错点：man/woman+名词变复数时，作定语的man/woman和后面的名词都要变成复数形式，如amandoctor→twomendoctors集体名词，以单数形式出现，表达复数含义如：people;police;cattle等本身就是复数，不能说apeople，apolice，acattle，但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle.theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwiss等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如：TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。易错点：有些集体名词通常只用作单数，视为不可数名词，如：clothing衣服，furniture家具，baggage/luggage行李，equipment设备，poetry诗歌，jewelry珠宝，mankind人类，scenery风景表示由两部分构成的名词，如剪刀、裤子、钳子、袜子等常见的有：pants,scissors,sneakers,jackets,shorts,jeans,clothes,slippers,trousers,stockings,scandals,tongs（夹钳）,glasses,compasses等若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双），suit（套），apairofglasses，twopairsoftrousers复数形式表达特定意义的名词good→goods货物；water→waters水域；fish鱼肉→fishes（各种）鱼；possession拥有→possessions(财产)；manners(礼貌)；work工作→works(作品，著作)；authority官方→authorities(当局)；paper纸→papers报纸，论文；content内容→contents目录；custom习俗→customs关税；wood木材→woods树林；arm胳膊→arms武器用作抽象名词（不可数）具体化（为个体名词，可数）difficulty困难adifficulty一件困难的事success成功asuccess一个（件）成功的人（事）winhonor赢得荣誉anhonor一件光荣的事情failure失败Thepartywasafailure.这个晚会很失败。withpleasure愉快地apleasure乐事抽象名词具体化抽象名词一般为不可数名词，表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词。当抽象名词表示具体的一个人或特定的某一件事或东西时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。这种语言现象叫抽象名词的具体化。后缀示例­ence某些动词或形容词后面加后缀-ence构成相应的抽象名词exist-existenceenter-entrance­ance,-ence,-ancy,-ency某些动词或形容词后面加后缀-ance构成相应的抽象名词，表示性质或状态accept-acceptanceexist-existence存在tend-tendencyimportant-importance­tion表示行为的过程或状态produce-productionattract-attraction­sion表示行为的过程express-expression­ment表示行为结果或具体工具develop-developmentequip-equipment形容词后加后缀-nessblind-blindnesscold-coldness构成名词的后缀后缀示例­age表示状态、总称或场所，物品；费用marry-marriagevilla-villagepost-postageshort-shortage­th表示状态、性质或动作warm-warmthlong-lengthgrow-growth­ure表示状态、情况或行为的结果please-pleasuredepart-departureexpose-exposurepress-pressure­dom表示总称、集体、身份、状态wise-wisdombore-boredom构成名词的后缀后缀示例y,-ty,-ity某些形容词后面加-y,-ty,-ity等表示性质状态的后缀，构成抽象名词difficult-difficultyelectric-electricity-al表示行为、过程或状态approve-approvalsurvive-survival-ship表示状态或地位member-membership-er,-or,-ant表示.....的人或物employ-employlaugh-laughterassist-assistant-ist表示......专家，从事......的人science-scientistspecial-specialist-cy表示状态或性质accurate-accuracyfluent-fluency构成名词的后缀功能示例主语Thenursecleanedandbandagedhiswound.宾语Thefloodcauseddamagetoproperty.定语shoeshop鞋店；streetlamps路灯；coffeecup咖啡杯表语Sheisagooddoctor.补足语Thiskindoffloweriscalledlily.同位语Westudentsshouldstudyhard.状语ShewillgotoShanghaithismorning.称呼语Openthedoor,Jane.名词在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、补足语、同位语、状语、定语、称呼语等。（2023届江苏省苏州八校联盟二模试题）Therefore,China’s

(achieve)inbiodiversityconservationandwildernessprotectionareimportanttothefutureofglobalbiodiversityconservation.（2023届湖北省十一校第二次联考试题)Netizenswereleftamazedbyboththebeautyofthedancerandthe

(create)involvedinputtingonthedanceunderwater.（2023届江苏南京市盐城市第二次调研试题）However,onlywhentheyareenjoyedbygeneral

(consume)cantheybenefitfrombeingpartofpeople'swidermodernartistictaste.（2023全国·高三专题练习）Itisbelievedthat

(today)childrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthemat

higherriskofthedisease.Weshouldrememberthese(hero)namesforever.（2023全国·高三专题练习）Itiscalculatedbydividinga

(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared.（2023届福建省厦门一中高三二模）URUMQI-Asmorningsunlightshinesbrightlyoverthesnowymountain,Daliu,anexperiencedski

(instruct),getshisequipmentandsetsoffforwork.（2023届湖北省华中师范大学附中4月押题）Thezonewillachievezero-carbon

(operate)inallaspects.（2022年新高考I卷)TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate______(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.（2022年全国甲卷）CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental______(protect).（2021年新高考II卷）Acompany________(represent)wrotebackandtoldmetheairlinewasswitchingoverfromplastictopapercupsonallofits1,200da