英语学习与西方文化

西方文化与英语学习Westernculture&EnglishLearning

整理课件Language&CultureLanguageisapartofcultureOnedesignfeatureofhumanlanguageisculturaltransmission(文化传递性)(byC.Hockett）SoEnglishiscapableoftransmittingtheWesternculture.整理课件GeographiclayoutoftheWesternculture1.Europe2.NorthAmerica(theUSA&Canada)3.Oceania(i.e.Australia&NewZealand)整理课件2layersofculturePhysicalculture(eg.architecturalstyles)Non-physicalculture(eg.religion;morality)整理课件Whytherearesomanylanguages?ThestoryofbuildingBabel[巴别塔]

Bible/Genesis[创世纪]11:1-9]:Godconfusingpeople’slanguageGenesis11:1:Nowthewholeearthhadonelanguageandthesamewords.(那时，天下人的口音言语都是一样。)Genesis11:1:ThereforeitsnamewascalledBabel,becausetheretheLORD(God)confusedthelanguageofalltheearth.整理课件Babel[巴别塔]

整理课件TwoMajorFoundationsinWesternCulture1.theGreco-Romanfoundation(古希腊罗马文化基石)

Thespiritofrationality理性主义精神2.theJudeo-Christianfoundation（犹太-基督教文化基石）pursuitofGod:thesupernaturalbeing整理课件AncientGreekCultureThreemastersofthinking:Socrates（苏格拉底）Plato（柏拉图）Aristotle（亚里斯多德）focusingonpursuitoffreedom,democracyandtruthinnatureandinhumanbeing整理课件RomanLawsTheJustinianlawcode(undertheEmperorJustinian)themostsystematicandcompletesummaryoflaws.整理课件Christianity1.Birth&DevelopmentofChristianityJesusChrist：theincarnationofGod(Godinhuamfleshbody道成肉身的上帝)“SonofGod”(thesecondpersoninthe

Trinity

三位一体),hecametoprovidesalvation(救赎)forthesinners整理课件Christianity-2OtherChristianbeliefs

Jesus'virginbirth,HisCrucifixion(putonthecross)

forwashinghisbelievers’sin“crucifying”---adj.折磨的

ascensionintoHeavenHisfutureSecondComing.整理课件Christianity---3majorfestivalsconcernedwithJesusChrist1.GoodFriday:耶稣受难日

JesusChristdiedonFriday,adaybeforethePassoverDay)2.EasterDay:复活节(Resurrection)

JesusChristrosefromdeathonSunday3.ChristmasDay(Xmas)onhonoringJesus’holybirth整理课件Bible:ChristianHolyScriptureTheOldTestament:39booksTheNewTestament:27books整理课件TheMiddleAge

late5thcentury---14thcenturyTheageofChristianityTheRomanChurchandPopedominatedbothreligiousandsecularlifeScholarlistism(经院主义)---ThomasAquinas(1225-1274)Crusades:十字军东征---Knighthood(gentlemanhood)骑士精神整理课件Renaissance(文艺复兴)late13thcentury---early17thcentury（approx.400years）humanism(人文主义)prosperityinarts整理课件.ReligiousReformation宗教改革purificationofChristianity//upholdingtheBibleauthorityagainstPapalauthority教皇权威)SchismofChristianity(threebranchesofChristianity)1）Catholicism：天主教2）theEasternOrthodoxy：东正教3）Protestantism：新教3.pursuitofrationalismandscientism整理课件

Enlightenment(启蒙运动)

(17th—18thcentury)3mastersofthinking:Voltaire(1694-1778)Jean-JacquesRousseau(1712-1778)Montesquieu(1689-1755)Montesquieu’stheoryofpowerseparation.

thelegislativepower:

Congress(USA)theexecutivepower:

President(USA)thejudicialpower:

SupremeCourt(USA)整理课件Westernculturein19thcenturyThetheoryofEvolution(进化论)---CharlesDarwin---TheOriginofSpecies《物种起源》---survivalofthefittest(actingasthetheoreticguidelineforoverseasinvasionbytheWesternpowers)整理课件Westernculturein19thcentury-2---debatingonoriginofhumankind*evolutionvs.creationMarxism---CommunismanditspracticeinRussia&China---success&failure整理课件Westernculturein19thcentury-3FriedrichNietzsche(1844-1900)尼采

“homelessnessandrootlessness”resultingfromthelossoffaithinGod

“alienation”（异化）or“famelesspersons”(无名的人)——lossofindividualidentityandego；menareinstitutionalizedinthemodernsociety.整理课件Westernculturein20thcenturySigmundFreud(1856-1939)

theoryofpsychoanalysisJean-PaulSartre(1905-1980)---Existentialism(存在主义)*Freedomofchoice.(manhasindividualfreedom.Ifonedoesnotfollowhisownwillbutthatofothers,hewouldlosehisownidentityandego.Suchamandoesnothavearealexistence.)整理课件Westernculturein20thcentury-2ModernismPost-modernism:JacquesDerrida(1930-)---relativityofrationality---deconstruction整理课件Westernculturein20thcentury-3Threebooksworthyofreading:1.《寂静的春天》蕾切尔·卡逊1962TheSilentSpring2.《增长的极限》德内拉·梅多斯

1972LimitstoGrowth3.《文明的冲突》1993

ConflictsofCivilizations

BySamuelHuntingdon整理课件AspectsofEnglishLearningInContextofCulture整理课件ParadoxicalthinkingpatternoftheWesterners反合性思维Socrates:TheonlythingIknowisthatIknownothingHegel:历史给人最大的教训就是人从来不从历史吸取教训。Jesus:Ifyousayyoucansee,youarereallyblind.整理课件英语词语的隐喻性ThemetaphoricalpropertyinEnglishwordsOriginalmeaningassociativemeaningForexample:Crane:鹤起重机（similarinform）mouse:老鼠鼠标Fall:落下秋天Heart:心爱情Back:背部支持（backup）整理课件英语词语的隐喻性-2Backbone:脊椎骨支柱/骨干Eg.Theyarethebackboneofthefootballteam.Crucifixion:钉十字架---痛苦的折磨Grind:磨磨---苦差Mushroom:蘑菇迅速增长Springuplikemushrooms雨后春笋般涌现整理课件I.ThreeMajorOriginsofEnglishWords1.Nativewords(ofAnglo-Saxonorigin)2.Latinwords3.Frenchwords整理课件Examplesask[1]---interrogate[2]---question[3]belly[1]---abdomen[2]---stomach[3]rise[1]---ascend[2]---mount[3]holy[1]---consecrated[2]---sacred[3]：神圣的fire---flame—conflagrationeat---dine---ingest整理课件I.ThreeoriginsofEnglishwords-2buy[1]---purchase[3]house[1]---mansion[3]answer[1]---reply[3]friendly[1]---amicable[3](friend=ami/amie)might[1]---power[3](mighty=powerful)brotherly[1]---fraternal[2]bodily[1]---corporal[2]身体的；生理的整理课件I.ThreeoriginsofEnglishwords-355BC

Caesar’s(凯撒大帝JuliusCaesar约前100-前44,罗马将军,皇帝,政治家,历史学家)invasionintoBritainbroughtLatinlanguageintoEnglish1066ADNorman’sConquestintroducedFrenchintoEnglish整理课件Greekmythology&Romanmythologyvs.EnglishwordsHomer:IliadOdyssey(1)Zeus:thechiefgod宙斯(=JupiterinRM)Cf.玉皇大帝(2)Hera:Zeus’swife赫拉(=JunoinRM)Cf..王母娘娘整理课件Greekmythology&Romanmythologyvs.Englishwords3)Eros:爱神（=Cupid[丘比特]inRM）Eg.Cupid’sbowCf.月下老人(4)Artemis:thegoddessofthemoonandhunting(=DianainRM)月亮与狩猎女神。Cf.嫦娥整理课件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythologyGM--------RM*Apollo---Apollo:阿波罗；太阳神；美男子Zeus’son,thegodofthesun,inchargeoftruth,lightandmedicine*Artemis---Diana*Ares---Mars(awarringgod)*Aphrodite---Venus(维纳斯)整理课件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythology-2Aphrodite阿佛洛狄特:thegoddessofloveandbeauty,Zeus’daughter整理课件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythology-3Venus整理课件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythology-4*Hephaestus---VulcanHephaestus:thehusbandofAphrodite;thegodofmetal-workingtechnology*Hermes---MercuryHermes

thesonofZeus;Zeus’messenger;thegodlookingaftermerchants,touists& thieves.整理课件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythology-4*Poseidon---NeptunePoseidon

Zeus’sbrother;inchargeoftheseas波塞冬；海神Cf海龙王/龙王爷*Hestia---VestaZeus’sister,thegoddessforkitchenandhome.Cf.灶神

整理课件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythology-5*Hades---Pluto(cf.阎王inChineseculture)*Persephone---ProserpinathewifeofHades.冥后*Dionysus---Bacchusthegodofwine&drama酒神

整理课件CupidCupidCupidisthelovechildofVenusandMars整理课件OriginsofCulturallyloadedwords

文化负载词来源LanguageaspartofcultureNineplanetnamesanditsOrigins1.Neptune:海王星P9(=Poseidon)2.Pluto:冥王星(=Hades)3.Venus:金星(=Aphrodite)4.Mars火星(=Ares)5.Mercury水星(=Hermes)6.Jupiter:木星P5/thelargestplanet(=Zeus)7.Saturn:土星P68.Uranus:天王星整理课件KinshipwordsinEnglishandtheChineseequivalentsBrother:兄；弟?Sister:姐；妹？Aunt：伯母；婶；姨；舅母；姑妈？Uncle：叔；伯；舅；姑父；姨夫？Grandfather:祖父；外祖父Grandmother:祖母；外祖母Nephew:侄子；外甥整理课件KinshipwordsinEnglishandtheChineseequivalentsNiece:侄女；外甥女Brother-in-law:小叔子；大伯子；小舅子；大舅子？Sister-in-law?结论：英语文化中不重视长次关系以及以性别差异来划分的亲属关系：因此英语中如一定强调长次关系必须以复合词来体现。而汉语中的亲属词语特别强调“长幼有序”，因此，汉语中的亲属词特别丰富。整理课件颜色词语的文化意义1.blackEvil:ablackdeedIllegal:blackgasolineGloomy:blackmood2.whitepure:awhitesoulHonorable:itiswhiteofyou整理课件颜色词语的文化意义-23.yellowSensational:yellowpressCowardly:betooyellowtostandupandfight.4.greyMature:greywisdomDull;difficulty:greysituation;greyman4.redViolent:redhands整理课件颜色词语的文化意义-35.bluedepressed:abluemoodSexy:abluejoke6.purpleBlushed:bepurplewithangerRoyalpower:raisesb.Tothepurple7.greenInexperienced:agreenhand整理课件Taboo&EuphemisminEnglishCategoriesoftaboo(禁忌语)Whensayitdirectly,itwillbeoffensiveinnormalsocialcommunicationEuphemism:indirectandpleasantexpressionstosubstitutefordirectandunpleasantones1.sex：makelove=havesex2.somebodyorgansSheisexpecting=sheispregnant.整理课件Taboo&EuphemisminEnglish-23.physiologicalexcretion：washroom4.death:passaway5.crime:correctionalcenter=prisonelderlypeople=oldpeople整理课件Taboo&EuphemisminEnglish-3needy/underprivileged/disadvantaged=poorlovechild私生子adultfilm:色情电影privateparts:humanreproductiveorgans整理课件英语动物词的文化内涵Goat:好色；淫荡Dog:含褒义watchdog;luckydogLikeme,likemydogDragon:inChinese,anlegendaryauspiciousanimalinEnglish,anevilmonsterAleopardcan’tchangeitsspots.本性难改。整理课件3majorstylesofEnglishStyle:differentwordsandexpressionsindifferentsituations:Formalstyle：正式语体Neutralstyle：中间性语体Informalstyle：非正式语体buddy---friend(哥们---朋友)gentleman---man---chappassaway---die---popoff整理课件LoanwordsinEnglishBesidesLatin,GreekandFrench,Englishhaskeptborrowingwordswithoutceasingfromotherlanguages:1fromItalian(chieflyartterms)fresco(壁画)；sonata(奏鸣曲);operascenario(=plan)2.fromSpanishplaza(广场=square);cargo(货物);guitar整理课件LoanwordsinEnglish-23.fromGermandock(码头=wharf)plunder(抢劫=rob/loot)4.fromPortuguesecobra(眼镜蛇)；veranda(阳台=balcony)5.fromDutchbooze(酒宴)整理课件LoanwordsinEnglish-36.fromArabicsultan(苏丹)；harem(闺房);;algebra;zero;jihad;Al-Qaeda7.fromJapanesetycoon;typhoon;judo(柔道)；sushi(寿司：一种日本点心);karaoke;tatami8.fromChinesefengshui;yin;yang;kungfu9.fromIndianguru(宗教教师；领袖/头头)整理课件BritishEnglish&AmericanEnglish:

英语的地域变体（regionalvariety）1.同一个词在英美语中表示不同概念Eg.billion:十亿(AE)；万亿(BE)firstfloor:一楼（AE）;二楼(BE)2.同一个概念在英美语中用不同词表达Eg.sidewalk(AE)---pavement(BE)movie(AE)---film(BE)can(AE)---tin(BE)

整理课件BritishEnglish&AmericanEnglishmail(AE)---post(BE)muffler(AE)---silencer(BE)消声器truck---lorryfall---autumncouch(AE)---sofa(BE)biscuit---crackerring---call整理课件BritishEnglish&AmericanEnglishBlowone’sowntrumpet(BE)---blowone’sownhorn(AM)自吹自擂Sweepsth.Underthecarpet(BE)---sweepsth.Undertherug（AM）遮盖某事整理课件Englishpersonnames&theirculturaloriginsI:Christianname教名(=NomdeBapmete)=forename(BE)=firstname/givenname(AE)OriginsofChristiannames:1)Anglo-Saxonorigin:Brand;Baldwin;Harald;Herold;Barbell;Read;Reid;Reed,etc.Themeaningsofthesenamesarenowvaguebecauseoflongtime.整理课件Englishpersonnames&theirculturalorigins2)GermanicoriginRobert;Richard;William3)Latinorigin:

Celia(from“Caelum”天)Charles;Caroline;CarolCarola(fromCarolus)整理课件Englishpersonnames&theirculturalorigins4)fromcommonwords:Shakespeare:shake+spearDickens:恶魔Shelly:贝壳5）fromcelebratedpersonsAlexanderMiltonHomerFranklinJefferson整理课件Englishpersonnames&theirculturalorigins2)Biblicalorigin:EachbiblicalnamehasitsuniquestoryA.11disciplesofJesusChrist(exceptJudas)Peter;Andrew;James;John;Philip;Thomas;SimonB.4authorsofGospels:Matthew;Mark;Luke;John整理课件Englishpersonnames&theirculturaloriginsC.otherBiblicalfigures:Daniel;David;Stephen;Paul;Solomon;Timothy;Rebecca;Isaac(IsaacNewton牛顿);Christina(femaleChrist);AbrahamLincoln(16thPresidentoftheUSA):thefirstpatriarchofJewsBenjaminFranklin:theyoungestsonofJacobJacob:sonofIsaac,whoissonofAbraham整理课件Englishpersonnames&theirculturaloriginsII.Middlename(中间名or2ndChristianname):followingChristianname;itisusuallynamedafterthenameofone’smother,god-father,god-mother.Theuseofmiddlenamegrewpopularin19thcentury.Eg.GeorgeBernardShaw整理课件Englishpersonnames&theirculturaloriginsIII.Surname(=familyname/lastname[AE])a.Occupationalnames(职业的姓)Eg.JohntheBlacksmithJohnBlacksmithJohntheCookJohnCookb.Patronymicnames(从父名的姓)：即在父亲的教名后加上“son”(儿子)。Eg.Peterson;Wilson;Thomson,etc.整理课件Englishpersonnames&theirculturaloriginsC.localnames:namedafterlocalplace/landscape/terrain/plant/colorShore/Pool/Brook/Forest//Stone/Hill/Marsh/Cliff/Wood/Cotton/Flower/Green/Brown/Black/WhiteIV.Fullname(registername):usedonlyinformaloccasionChristianname+Middlename+Surname整理课件Englishpersonnames&theirculturalorigins父子同名：sonandfathersharethesamenameEg.MartinLutherKingJr.(Junior)InChina,itisabsolutelyforbiddentohavesonandfathershareanidenticalname.名讳传统St.Augustine:St.=Saint圣徒SirWinstonChurchill：爵士ChristinaChristopher整理课件III.Englishidioms&itsculturaloriginsMajorsources:1.fromancientGreek&Romanmyths2.fromtheBible3.fromclassicliteratures4.fromlifestyleandotheraspects整理课件III.Englishidioms&itsculturalorigins1.Achilles’heel:afatalweaknessinspiteofoverallstrength,唯一致命的弱点AccordingtotheGreekmyth:Achilles’mother,Thetis,haddippedtheinfantAchillesintheriverStyx(冥河),holdingontohimbyhisheel,andhebecameinvulnerable（刀枪不入）wherethewaterstouchedhim--thatis,everywherebuttheareascoveredbyherthumbandforefinger--implyingthatonlyaheelwoundcouldhavebeenhisdownfall.Later,AchillesdiedfromaheelwoundastheresultofapoisonedarrowbyParis整理课件III.Englishidioms&itsculturalorigins-22.SwanSong(天鹅之歌):最后杰作；绝笔SwanSong字面译做源于希腊成语Kykneionasma.在古希腊神话中，阿波罗(Apollo)是太阳神、光明之神，由于他多才多艺，又是诗歌与音乐之神，后世奉他为文艺的保护神。天鹅是阿波罗的神鸟，故常用来比喻文艺。传说天鹅平素不唱歌，而在它死前，必引颈长鸣，高歌一曲，其歌声哀婉动听，感人肺腑。这是它一生中唯一的，也是最后的一次唱歌。因此，西方各国就用这个典故来比喻某诗人，作家，作曲家临终前的一部杰作，或者是某个演员，歌唱家的最后一次表演。即alastorfarewellappearance;thelastworkbeforedeath之意.整理课件Englishidioms&itsculturaloriginsEg1:Alltheticketshavebeensoldforthesinger'sperformanceinLondonthisweek--thepublicclearlybelievesthatthiswillbeherswansongEg2:TheTempestwasW.Shakespeare'sswansongin1612整理课件Englishidioms&itsculturalorigins-Odysseys:long-distanceadventurousjourney(fromHomer’sOdysseus)Trojanhorse:内部颠覆者Mentor:friendofOdysse