SAT历年真题：SAT真题OC-Test01

SAT备考资料

ESSAY

Time—25minutes

Turntopage2ofyouranswersheettowriteyourESSAY.

Theessaygivesyouanopportunitytoshowhoweffectivelyyoucandevelopandexpressideas.Youshould,therefore,takecaretodevelopyourpointofview,presentyourideaslogicallyandclearly,anduselanguageprecisely.

Youressaymustbewrittenonthelinesprovidedonyouranswersheet—youwillreceivenootherpaperonwhichtowrite.Youwillhaveenoughspaceifyouwriteoneveryline,avoidwidemargins,andkeepyourhandwritingtoareasonablesize.Rememberthatpeoplewhoarenotfamiliarwithyourhandwritingwillreadwhatyouwrite.Trytowriteorprintsothatwhatyouarewritingislegibletothosereaders.

Youhavetwenty-fiveminutestowriteanessayonthetopicassignedbelow.DONOTWRITEONANOTHERTOPIC.ANOFF-TOPICESSAYWILLRECEIVEASCOREOFZERO.

Thinkcarefullyabouttheissuepresentedinthefollowingexcerptandtheassignmentbelow.

Weoftenhearthatwecanlearnmuchaboutsomeoneorsomethingjustbycasualobservation.Wearenotrequiredtolookbeneaththesurfaceortoquestionhowsomethingseems.Infact,weareurgedtotrustourimpressions,oftenourfirstimpressions,ofhowapersonorasituationseemstobe.Yetappearancescanbemisleading.What“seems”isn’talwayswhatis.

Assignment:Isthewaysomethingseemstobenotalwaysthesameasitactuallyis?Planandwriteanessayinwhichyoudevelopyourpointofviewonthisissue.Supportyourpositionwithreasoningandexamplestakenfromyourreading,studies,experience,orobservations.

DONOTWRITEYOURESSAYINYOURTESTBOOK.Youwillreceivecreditonlyforwhatyouwriteonyouranswersheet.

BEGINWRITINGYOURESSAYONPAGE2OFTHEANSWERSHEET.

Ifyoufinishbeforetimeiscalled,youmaycheckyourworkonthissectiononly.

Donotturntoanyothersectioninthetest.

SECTION2

Time—25minutes24Questions

TurntoSection2(page4)ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

Directions:Foreachquestioninthissection,selectthebestanswerfromamongthechoicesgivenandfillinthecorrespondingcircleontheanswersheet.

Despite ontakingraretamarinsfromtheir

habitat,theillegaltradeinthetinymonkeysremains --.

commendations..obligatory

consultations..predominant

restrictions..local

penalties..illicit

prohibitions..active

Representingaroundworldonaflatsurfaceisimpos-siblewithoutsome:theMercatorprojectionmapshowsGreenlandasovertentimeslargerthanMexico,acountryinfactonlyslightlysmallerthanGreenland.

oversight (B)simplification

distortion (D)sophistication

superficiality

Thehighlypublicizedredesignofthecarisessentially

:theexteriorhasbeenupdated,buttheengineremainsunchanged.

intuitive (B)cosmetic (C)incoherent

(D)consequential (E)retroactive

Manyofourmemoriesare ,escapingourcon-

Eachsentencebelowhasoneortwoblanks,eachblankindicatingthatsomethinghasbeenomitted.BeneaththesentencearefivewordsorsetsofwordslabeledAthroughE.Choosethewordorsetofwordsthat,wheninsertedinthesentence,bestfitsthemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.

Example:

Hopingto thedispute,negotiatorsproposed

acompromisethattheyfeltwouldbe toboth

laborandmanagement.

enforce..useful

end..divisive

overcome..unattractive

extend..satisfactory

resolve..acceptable

sciousnessjustaswestraintorecallafaceoraname.

elusive (B)pervasive(C)unvaried

(D)insensitive (E)impractical

AlthoughCarolineGordonwasrigorouslyobjectiveinherjournalisticwriting,herlivelyand private

correspondence adelightfulcapacityforbiting

commentaryonthesocialscene.

incisive..disguised

eloquent..derided

dispassionate..demonstrated

exuberant..minimized

entertaining..exhibited

Aneffectivememberofadebatingteammustfocusclearlyontheissueandavoid arguments.

equivocal..obstreperous

designated..pertinent

comprehensive..general

principal..peripheral

subtle..significant

The withwhichmerchantsandlandownersin

early-nineteenth-centuryMarylandandVirginia

JoshuaJohnston’sprofessionalservicesatteststohisartisticskillasaportraitpainter.

avidness..sought

diffidence..purchased

patience..replaced

elegance..regarded

zealousness..overlooked

Theman’scolleaguescharacterizedhimas

becausehehadanirritable,quarrelsomedisposition.

tyrannical (B)disingenuous

sanctimonious (D)cantankerous

morose

Thepassagesbelowarefollowedbyquestionsbasedontheircontent;questionsfollowingapairofrelatedpassagesmayalsobebasedontherelationshipbetweenthepairedpassages.Answerthequestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassagesandinanyintroductorymaterialthatmaybeprovided.

Line5

10

15

20

Questions9-12arebasedonthefollowingpassages.

Passage1isbyDorothySayers;Passage2isadaptedfromaworkbyRaymondChandler.

Passage1

Thedetectivestorydoesnotandcannotattaintheloftiestlevelofliteraryachievement.Thoughitdealswiththemostdesperateeffectsofrage,jealousy,andrevenge,itrarelytouchestheheightsanddepthsofhumanpassion.Itpresentsuswithanaccomplishedfact,andlooksupondeathwithadispassionateeye.Itdoesnotshowustheinnerworkingsofthemurderer’smind—itmustnot,fortheidentityofthecriminalishiddenuntiltheendofthebook.Themostsuccessfulwritersarethosewhocontrivetokeepthestoryrunningfrombeginningtoenduponthesameemotionallevel,anditisbettertoerrinthedirectionoftoolittlefeelingthantoomuch.

Passage2

IthinkwhatwasreallygnawingatDorothySayersinhercritiqueofthedetectivestorywastherealizationthatherkindofdetectivestorywasanaridformulaunabletosatisfyitsownimplications.Ifthestorystartedtobeaboutrealpeople,theysoonhadtodounrealthingstoconformtotheartificialpatternrequiredbytheplot.Whentheydidunrealthings,theyceasedtoberealthemselves.Sayers’ownstoriesshowthatshewasannoyedbythistriteness.

Yetshewouldnotgivehercharacterstheirheadsandletthemmaketheirownmystery.

Whichbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthetwopassages?

Passage1explainstheevolutionofagenre,whilePassage2challengesthenotionofadistinctgenre.

Passage1discussestheconstraintsofagenre,whilePassage2contendsthatmanyoftheseconstraintsareself-imposed.

Passage1celebratesagenre,whilePassage2pointsoutitsdeficiencies.

Passage1explainsthepopularityofagenre,whilePassage2questionsitscommercialsuccess.

Passage1comparesagenreunfavorablytoothertypesofwriting,whilePassage2arguesthatthegenrehasuniquefeatures.

TheauthorofPassage2wouldmostlikelyrespondtothestatementinlines4-5,Passage1(“itrarely...passion”),by

arguingthatthisapproachlimitsthecharacters’development

denyingthatmostwritersofdetectivestoriesrelyonformulas

agreeingthatstrongemotionsareoutofplaceindetectivestories

concedingthatgreatliteratureisseldomcommerciallysuccessful

concurringthatreadersareprimarilyinterestedinplot

WhichofthefollowingcharacteristicsofdetectivestoriespresentedinPassage1wouldbeLEASTlikelytobeattributedtothe“pattern”mentionedinline19,Passage2?

“cannotattaintheloftiestlevelofliteraryachievement”(lines1-2)

“dealswiththemostdesperateeffectsofrage,jealousy,andrevenge”(lines2-4)

“presentsuswithanaccomplishedfact”(lines5-6)

“looksupondeathwithadispassionateeye”(line6)

“doesnotshowustheinnerworkingsofthemurderer’smind”(lines7-8)

Passage1suggeststhatSayerswouldmostlikelyrespondtolines17-20,Passage2(“Ifthestorystarted

...themselves”),bypointingoutthat

greatwritersseldomexploretherangeofhumanemotions

detectivestoriesdonotaddresstheconsequencesofpeople’semotions

detectivestoriesaredrivenbytheplot,notbythecharacters

readersofdetectivestoriespreferunrealisticsituations

realpeopleoftenactinwaysthatareunexpected

Line5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Questions13-24arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thispassageisadaptedfromaseriesinwhichacollegeprofessordramatizesthelecturesoffamousscientistsfromthepast.HerehespeaksasLouisPasteur(1822-1895).

Inthispartofthelecture,Pasteurhasjustdescribedhisdiscoveryoftheeffectofheatingcertainmicrobesthatinfectbottledbeverages(theprocesslaternamedpasteurization).

Buttheseundesirablemicrobes!Whereandhowdidtheyarise?Byspontaneousgeneration,*assomebelieve?WhenIbegantoaskthesequestionsofmyselfandofmystudentsandcolleagues,myclosefriendssaid:“Oh,no,donotwasteyourtimeonsuchworthlessphilosophicalproblems.Manyascientisthasflounderedandperishedinthequagmireofspontaneousgeneration.”Ireplied:“Buttheoriginoflifeisaprofoundproblem.”Withfewexcep-tions,pastdiscoursesonspontaneousgenerationhavebeenmetaphysicalexercisesconductedwithgreatpassion,butwithoutaddingtoourscientificknowledge.

Icouldnotsetasidemyburningdesiretobringalittlestone,Godwilling,tothefrailedificeofourknowledgeofthedeepmysteriesoflifeanddeath,whereallourintellectshavesolamentablyfailed.IndefenseofnonappliedscienceIhaverepeatedlytoldmystudentsthatwithouttheory,practiceisbutroutine.Onlytheoryisabletocausethespiritofinventiontoariseanddevelop.Itisimportantthatstudentsshouldnotsharetheopinionofthosewhodisdaineverythinginsciencethathasnoimmediateapplication.Inscience,chancefavorsonlythemindthatisprepared.

Irepeat:inscience,chancefavorsonlythemindthatisprepared.

IfirstconfirmedtheexperimentsoftheItalianabbé,LazzaroSpallanzani,knownalsoforhisstudiesingastricdigestion.Imadeanutritiousbroth,putitinaflasksuchasthis[Pasteurholdsupalargeflaskcontainingabrownsolution],heatedittoviolentboiling,andthensealedtheneckoftheflaskinaflame.MyresultsagreedwiththoseofSpallanzani:thebrothremainedpure.Butiftheneckbebrokentoadmitair,thebrothsoonbecameputrid.Mycriticssaidthattheheatingmadetheairintheflaskunfit

forspontaneousgeneration.Onlywhenfreshairisadmittedcanlifebeginanew.Iarguedinvain—evenbeforeourAcademyofSciences—thattheputrefactionwascausedbyadmissionofbacteria.Moreconvincingexperimentswereneeded.

IopenedflasksofsterilizedbrothinthecellaroftheParisobservatory,wheretheairwasstill.Onlyoneflaskoutoftenbecameputrid,whereaselevenflasksoutofelevenopenedinthecourtyardquicklyacquiredarichgrowthofbacteria.IjourneyedtoMt.MontanvertintheAlps,whereIopenedtwentyflasksofsterilizedbroth.Onlyonebecameputrid.Iconcludedthattheairinthecellarandtheairabovetheglacierwerefreerofbacteriathantheair

inthecitystreets.Butmyadversariesperformedsimilarexperimentswithdifferentresults.Perhapstheywerenotcarefultofollowmyprocedures.Theneckoftheflaskmustbeheatedfirsttokillthebacteriaontheglass;thenaheated

50instrumentmustbeusedtobreakthetipoftheflaskasitisheldhighabovethehead.Immediatelythereaftertheflaskmustbesealedagaininaflame[Pasteurdemonstratestheprocedure].Inthesedifficultresearches,whileIsternlyobjecttofrivolouscontradictions,Ifeelnothingbutgrat-

55itudetowardthosewhowarnmeifIshouldbeinerror.

Ithendevisedaconclusiveexperiment.Iboiledanutri-tiousinfusioninaflaskwithalongcurvednecklikethisone.Thetipoftheneckwasnotsealedbutleftopentotheoutsideair.Thus,therewasnohindrancetotheentranceof

60freshairwithits“vitalforce”asclaimedbytheadvocatesofspontaneousgeneration.Butbacteriaintheenteringairwouldbetrappedbythewallsofthelongglasstube.Thefluidremainedsterilesolongastheflaskwasmaintainedintheverticalposition.If,however,Icontaminatedthe

65brothbyallowingsomeofittoflowintotheneckandthenbackintotheflask,putrefactionpromptlyfollowed.Soweseethatlifedoesnotarisespontaneously.Lifecomesonlyfromlife.

*Thesupposedoriginationoflivingmatterdirectlyfromlifelessmatter

ThefocusofthelectureisonhowPasteur

disprovedanerroneoustheory

documentedandpublishedhisexperiments

developedaprocessforkillingmicrobes

appliedhisfindingsonspontaneousgenerationtonewproblems

contributedtotheimprovementoflaboratoryresearchstandards

Inthelecture,Pasteurconcludesthattheanswertothequestion“Whereandhowdidtheyarise?”(lines1-2)is

spontaneously

fromairbornebacteria

fromimpuritiesintheoriginalbroth

fromthecurvedneckofaflask

fromabrokenflask

Inthefirsttwoparagraphs(lines1-23),Pasteurisprimarilyconcernedwith

summarizingtheresultsofhisexperimentsaboutspontaneousgeneration

criticizingthosewhohavetakenthepassionoutofscience

establishinghismotivationforstudyingtheoriginofmicrobes

attackingcriticsofhisexperiments

correctingtheimpressionthatheisconcernedonlywithexperimentsthathaveimmediateapplication

Theword“quagmire”(line7)isusedprimarilytoemphasizethe

stateofscientificignoranceinthe1800’s

futilityofaparticularlineofresearch

moraldilemmafacedbyscientistslikePasteur

failureofsometodistinguishbetweenpureandappliedscience

tendencyofunsuccessfulscientiststolookforsimplesolutions

Pasteurcharacterizes“pastdiscoursesonspontaneousgeneration”(line9)ashaving

demonstratedthefutilityofpracticalscientificstudies

failedbecauseofincompleteknowledgeaboutsterilizationofapparatus

enabledhimtounderstandinconsistenciesinhisearlyexperiments

failedtoincreasescientificknowledge

resolvedmuchofthecontroversysurroundingtheissue

The“littlestone”(lines12-13)referstothe

slightadditionthatPasteurhopedtomaketotheexistingbodyoffacts

smalleffectthatPasteurwantedtohaveononeperson’slearning

minordisappointmentPasteurfeltatbeingrebuffedbyhiscolleagues

narrow-mindednessofthosewhoclingtoscientificfallacies

imperceptibleprogressthatPasteurhadmadeinunderstandingspontaneousgeneration

Pasteur’spronouncementaboutpreparationandchanceinlines20-23impliesthat

onlyprojectsthathaveanimmediateapplicationareimportant

practiceimprovesascientist’schancesofmakingasignificantdiscovery

fewscientistsareluckyenoughtodeviseusefultheories

workonprojectsthathavenoimmediateappli-cationpreparesscientiststoexploitchancediscoveries

mostscientificdiscoveriesthathavenoimmediateapplicationaretheresultofgoodluckandtiming

Incontext,thereferencetotheAcademyofSciences(line35)servestosuggestwhy

Pasteurwassodeterminedtomakeasignificantcontributiontoscientificknowledge

PasteurfeltcompelledtoreplicateSpallanzani’sexperiments

spontaneousgenerationhadalreadybeguntobediscreditedwhenPasteurbeganhisexperimentation

Pasteurbelievedheneededtodesignexperimentsthatweremorepersuasive

spontaneousgenerationwasviewedbyPasteur’scolleaguesasatopicthatwasunfitforscientificstudy

Inline41,“rich”mostnearlymeans

precious

vital

abundant

meaningful

productive

The“conclusiveexperiment”(line56)performedbyPasteurwasdesignedtoanswercriticswhoarguedthat

theapparatususedinPasteur’searlierexperi-mentshadnotbeenadequatelysterilized

Pasteur’sexperimentsrelatedtospontaneousgenerationhadnoimmediateapplication

theresultsofPasteur’sexperimentsintheAlpsandinthecellarcouldnotbereplicated

thebrothintheflasksofPasteur’searlierexperi-mentswasnotnutritiousenough

heatingmadetheairintheflasksoftheearlierexperimentsunfitforspontaneousgeneration

Inthecontextofthepassageasawhole,the“vitalforce”(line60)isbestdescribedas

whatPasteurcalledthebasicunitoflife

atermthatwasoutdatedinPasteur’stime

nutrientsnecessaryforsustaininglife

thatwhichhasthepowertodestroylife

whatopponentsofPasteurbelievedtobeasourceoflife

Inhisconclusiveexperiment,Pasteurkepttheflasksvertical(line64)inorderto

preventfreshairfromenteringthem

retaintheboilingliquidinsidetheflasks

preventthefluidfromtouchingtrappedbacteria

avoiddisturbingthesolutioninside

replicatehispreviousexperimentsexactly

STOP

Ifyoufinishbeforetimeiscalled,youmaycheckyourworkonthissectiononly.

Donotturntoanyothersectioninthetest.

SECTION3

Time—25minutes20Questions

TurntoSection3(page4)ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

Directions:Forthissection,solveeachproblemanddecidewhichisthebestofthechoicesgiven.Fillinthecorrespondingcircleontheanswersheet.Youmayuseanyavailablespaceforscratchwork.

Whichofthefollowingrepresentsthetotalcost,indollars,ofkcompactdiscsat$15eachandpcompactdisccasesat$25each?(Disregardsalestax.)

(A)15k25p

(B)25k15p

40akpf

(D)0.40(kp)

(E)

a15kfa25pf

Iftheareasofthetworectanglesinthefigureaboveareequal,whichofthefollowingcouldbethecoordinatesofpointR?

(A)a2,4f

a2,2f

a2,4f

a2,4f

a2,4f

Aboxcontains2,900solid-coloredmarblesthat

5.If1

11

111,thenxcouldbewhich

areeitherorange,blue,orgreen.If29percentof

themarblesareorangeand29percentofthemarblesareblue,whatpercentaregreen?

(A)

29%

(B)

42%

(C)

52%

(D)

58%

(E)

71%

P={1,3,5,6}

Q={2,4,6,7,9}

SetsPandQareshownabove.IfxisamemberofsetPandyisamemberofsetQ,whichofthefollowingCANNOTbeequaltotheproductxy?

16

18

20

21

24

6 7 8 x 7 8

ofthefollowing?

3

4

5

6

7

Iftx5t1x,whichofthefollowingmustbetrue?

x4

x5

t4

t5

t5x

Questions7-9refertothefollowingdefinition.

Let#bedefinedbya#b=ab+a+bforallnumbers

aandb.

7. 2#5=

7

10

17

20

32

3(x-7)(x-2)=k

Intheequationabove,kisaconstant.Iftherootsoftheequationare7and2,whatisthevalueofk?

0

2

3

7

14

If10#h=98,thenh=

8

9

10

11

12

Whichofthefollowingrepresentsthearea,circleasafunctionofitsdiameter,d?

A,ofa

A(d)=pd

A(d)=2pd

pd

A(d)=pd2

2

A(d)= 2

2

pd

9.Forwhatvalueofxisthestatementx#y=x

alwaystrue?

A(d)= 4

-2

-1

0

1

2

x

f(x)

z

g(z)

4

5

5

4

8

a

10

b

12

9

20

7

Thetableaboveshowssomevaluesforthefunctions

fandg.Iffandgarelinearfunctions,whatisthevalueofa-b?

0

1

2

3

4

Thedepthofalakeisthedifferencebetweenthealtitudeatthesurfaceandatthelowestpointofthelake.Ifthefivelakesinthegraphabovewerelistedinorderfromthegreatestdepthtotheleastdepth,whichlakewouldbethirdinthelist?

Erie

Huron

Michigan

Ontario

Superior

Inthefigureabove,x90andyz1.Ifzisan

Ifanumberischosenatrandomfromthesetk12,6,0,6,12p,whatistheprobabilitythatitisamemberofthesolutionsetofboth2x37andx56?

0

15

2

integer,whatisthegreatestpossiblevalueofy?

30

45

60

61

89

Mollyis64inchestall.At10:00A.M.oneday,hershadowis16incheslong,andtheshadowofanearbytreeissincheslong.Intermsofs,whatistheheight,ininches,ofthetree?

s48

s

2

s

4

4s

(C)

5

35

45

IfthelengthofABis5andthelengthofBCis6,whichofthefollowingcouldbethelengthofAC?

10

12

13

15

16

(E)

FsI2

H2K

IntriangleABCabove,ifAD6,DC3,and

BC4,whatistheareaoftriangleABD?

36

18

12

6

3

Ifxandyaretwodifferentintegersandtheproduct35xyisthesquareofaninteger,whichofthefollowingcouldbeequaltoxy?

5

70

(C)105

(D)140

(E)350

Onthenumberlineabove,thetickmarksareequallyspaced.Whichoftheletteredpointsrepresentsy?

A

B

C

D

E

STOP

Ifyoufinishbeforetimeiscalled,youmaycheckyourworkonthissectiononly.

Donotturntoanyothersectioninthetest.

SECTION5

Time—25minutes24Questions

TurntoSection5(page5)ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

Directions:Foreachquestioninthissection,selectthebestanswerfromamongthechoicesgivenandfillinthecorrespondingcircleontheanswersheet.

Afterwinningthelottery,Johnboughtsportscars,builtamansion,andworedesignersuits;however,bythus-

his ,healienatedhisfriends.

enduring..hardship

flaunting..prosperity

undermining..image

calculating..successes

moderating..consumption

Thestudyofbiology,onceconsideredthekeytosolvingnature’smysteries,hasinsteadservedtoemphasizenature’sincredible--.

tranquillity (B)immobility (C)consistency

(D)desirability (E)complexity

In1575Venetiansinstitutedanannualcelebrationto

Eachsentencebelowhasoneortwoblanks,eachblankindicatingthatsomethinghasbeenomitted.BeneaththesentencearefivewordsorsetsofwordslabeledAthroughE.Choosethewordorsetofwordsthat,wheninsertedinthesentence,bestfitsthemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.

Example:

Hopingto thedispute,negotiatorsproposed

acompromisethattheyfeltwouldbe toboth

laborandmanagement.

enforce..useful

end..divisive

overcome..unattractive

extend..satisfactory

resolve..acceptable

theendofthe thathadstruckthecity.

lament..turmoil

commemorate..plague

eulogize..pestilence

hail..prosperity

solemnize..fame

LenaHorne’ssingingstyleissuchthatshecaninvesteventhemost lyricswithdramaticmeaning.

harmonious (B)sensational

(C)impeccable (D)vapid

(E)esteemed

Along-standingtheoryaboutthemigrationofgreenturtleswas byaninnovativemarinebiologist

whograciouslydefusedpotential bydedicating

herworktotheoriginalresearcher.

instigated..rancor

renounced..approval

displaced..attribution

enhanced..alteration

repudiated..acrimony

Eachpassagebelowisfollowedbyquestionsbasedonitscontent.Answerthequestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedineachpassageandinanyintroductorymaterialthatmaybeprovided.

Questions6-7arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Questions8-9arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Line5

10

OnthemorningofJune13,1998,a4.6-billion-year-oldextraterrestrialobjectstreakedintoEarth’satmosphereandblewtopiecesintheskysomewhereintheneighborhoodofNeldaWallace’sbackyard.Adarkbasketball-sizeobjectdroppedwithaloudssshhhtintoWallace’sgarden,andfragmentspeltedotherproperties—onlythefirstofmanystrangethingssoontooccurintown.Formeteoritesaremorethanjuststarsofscience-fictionmovies.Scientistscovetthem,privatedealersscoopthemupforresaleatspiralingprices,andprofessionalsearcherstraveltheworldtohuntthemdown.NeldaWallace’stownwasabouttobeinvadedbymeteoritedealers,meteorite

fans,meteoritepoachers,andotheralienlife-forms.

Thesentenceinlines1-4(“Onthemorning...backyard”)isbestcharacterizedas

ironic

dramatic

comical

nostalgic

celebratory

Thereferencetothe“alienlife-forms”(line13)primarilyservesto

hintatthedangersposedbysomeunexpectedvisitors

mockthepublic’sfascinationwithextraterrestrialbeings

indicatethedearthofreliableinformationaboutasubject

acknowledgealackoffamiliaritywithascientificphenomenon

provideahumorouslabelforacertainkindofzealotry

Line5

10

Apesraisedbyhumansseemtopretendmorefrequentlythandoapesinthewild.Animalhandlersseebehaviorstheyinterpretaspretendingpracticallyeveryday.ButAnneRusson,apsychologist,saysshehasfoundonlyabout20recordedcasesofpossiblepretendinginfree-rangingorangutans,culledfromthousandsofhoursofobservation.Onepossiblereason,shenotedinane-mailinterviewfromherfieldstationinBorneo,isthatresearchershavenotbeenlookingforsuchbehavior.Butmanyresearchersbelievethatinteractionwithhumans—andtheencouragementtopretendthatcomeswithit—mayplayamajorroleinwhydomesticatedapesplayactmore.

Russon’shypothesiswouldbemostfullytestedbywhichpossibleresearchproject?

Examiningdatafromobservationsofpretendingbehaviorinapesotherthanorangutans

Expandingongoingobservationsoforangutanstoincludepretendingbehavior

Documentingpretendingbehavioramongorangutansraisedbyhumans

Comparingspecificpretendingbehaviorsinfree-ranginganddomesticatedorangutans

Reviewingexistingdataonfree-rangingorangutanstodeterminetheearliestrecordofpretendingbehavior

Whichtheoreticalstatementaboutpretendingbehaviorinapeswouldbesupportedmostfullybythe“manyresearchers”mentionedinline9?

Havingtheabilitytopretendhasenabledapes,suchaschimpanzees,tobetrainedasperformers.

Alltypesofapes,bothwildanddomesticated,canpretendwithhumancompanions.

Pretendingbehaviorforwildapesmayvaryconsiderablybyregionandpopulation.

Handlersofdomesticatedapesdonotalwayshavetherigorousobservationaltrainingofscientists.

Wildapeslivingapartfromhumanspretendonlyrarely.

Line5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Questions10-18arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThisexcerptisfromashortstorybyaJapaneseAmericanwriter.Thenarratorreflectsonherfamily’spastasshehelpshermotherpreparetomovefromherhome.

There’saphotographofmymotherstandingonthepierinHonoluluin1932,theyearsheleftHawaiitoattendtheUniversityofCalifornia.She’sloadedtotheearswithleis.She’swearingafedora1pulledsmartlytotheside.Sheisnotsmiling.Ofmymother’stwoyearsattheuniversity,mygrandmotherrecalledthatshereceivedgoodgradesandneverworeakimonoagain.Mysecondcousin,withwhommymotherstayedwhenshefirstarrived,saidshewassurprisinglysophisticated—shelikedhats.Mymothersaidthatshewashomesick.Herfavoriteclasswasbiologyandsheentertainedthoughtsofbecomingascientist.Herfather,however,wantedhertobecomeateacher,andhiswishesprevailed,eventhoughhewouldnothaveforcedthemuponher.Shewasadutifuldaughter.

Duringhersecondyear,shelived