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2023
Constant
Companion:
AWeekintheLifeofaYoungPerson's
SmartphoneUse
ConstantCompanion:
AWeekintheLifeofaYoungPerson'sSmartphoneUse
COMMONSENSEISGRATEFULFORTHEGENEROUSSUPPORTAND
UNDERWRITINGTHATFUNDEDTHISRESEARCHREPORT
BezosFamilyFoundationCarnegieCorporationofNewYork
JenniferCaldwellandJohnH.N.FisherMargaretandWillHearst
ALetterfromOurFounder
Smartphoneshavebecomeaconstantcompanioninourteens'lives.Fromconnection
withfamilyandfriendstoentertainmentandbackgroundnoise,youngpeoplerelyontheirsmartphonesfordifferenttypesofmentalhealthsupport,relaxation,anddistraction—athomeandatschool,andduringthedayandnight.
Thisyear,CommonSensehasfocusedourresearcheffortsonhearingdirectlyfromyoungpeopleaboutboththeroleandtheimpactofmediaandtechnologyintheirlives.This
reportfillsagapinourunderstandingofhowteensactuallyusetheirsmartphones,
combiningdatafromkids'phonesthemselveswithfeedbackfromourYouthAdvisoryCouncil.Andtheytoldusthatthedrawoftheirsmartphoneisbothcomplicatedandpowerful.Here'swhatelsewelearnedfromthisreport:
•Teensarefieldingabarrageofnotificationsfromtheappsontheirphones.Onatypicalday,participantsreceivedamedianof237notifications.Ofthose,aboutaquarterarrivedduringtheschoolday,and5%atnight.
•Schoolphoneuseiscommon,andpoliciesareinconsistent.Duringschoolhours
almostalloftheparticipantsusedtheirphonesatleastonce,foramedianof43
minutes.Buttheyalsoreportedthatpoliciesaboutphoneuseinschoolsvary—some-timesevenfromclassroomtoclassroom—andaren'talwaysenforced.
•Smartphonesbothhelpandhurtsleep.Overhalfofparticipantsusedtheirphonesonschoolnights,oftentolistentomusictowinddownorgettosleep.Butsometimes
theirdaysaresobusythattheyonlygettorelaxwiththeirphoneatbedtime,andthatpushessleeplater.
Thegoodnewsis,manyyoungpeoplereportedtheyhavegrownsavvierabouttheir
phone'sattemptstodrawthemin,andthey'retakingstepstoprotecttheirdigitalwell-being,likesettingtimelimitsandprioritizingcertaintypesofnotifications.Butthe
businessmodeloftheseappsanddeviceshingesuponyoungpeoplepickinguptheir
phonesandengagingwiththemasmuchaspossible,andit'sclearthatteensarestrugglingtosetboundaries.
Researchlikethishelpsshedlightonwhatyoungpeoplearereallydoingontheirphones,andallowsfamilies,educators,andleaderstobetterunderstandwhereandwhento
providesupport.Buttheindustrycantakestepstorecognizethatyoungpeopleneedtobeabletousetheirphonesforalloftheirimportantbenefitsbutwithoutthechallengesthatnegativecontent,persuasivedesign,andaggressivebusinessmodelsposetodigitalwell-being.
AtCommonSense,wewillcontinuetoprovideparents,caregivers,educators,industryleaders,andpolicymakerswiththetools,resources,research,andinformationtheyneedtohelpkidsbuildhealthierrelationshipswiththetechnologyintheirlives.Andit'sour
hopethatthisresearchallowsforcontinuedfocusonyouthvoicesinourmissiontomakethedigitalworldworkbetterforkidseverywhere.
JamesP.Steyer,FounderandCEO
Authors:
Copyeditors:Designers:
Acknowledgments:
Credits
JennyS.Radesky,M.D.,DepartmentofPediatrics,UniversityofMichiganMedicalSchoolHeidiM.Weeks,Ph.D.,DepartmentofNutritionalSciences,UniversityofMichiganSchoolofPublicHealth
AlexandriaSchaller,B.A.,DepartmentofPediatrics,UniversityofMichiganMedicalSchoolMichaelB.Robb,Ph.D.,FormerHeadofResearch,CommonSenseMedia
SupreetMann,Ph.D.,DirectorofResearch,CommonSenseMedia
AmandaLenhart,M.A.,HeadofResearch,CommonSenseMedia
ChristopherDareandJenniferRobb
EmelyGarciaandChrisArth
ThisresearchwassupportedbyCommonSenseMedia.WethankCandiceOdgersforconsultativeassistancewithsurveymeasures.WealsothankAndyChenfor
assistancecollectingappstoredata.
Suggestedcitation:Radesky,J.,Weeks,H.M.,Schaller,A.,Robb,M.,Mann,S.,andLenhart,A.(2023).ConstantCompanion:AWeekintheLifeofaYoungPerson'sSmartphoneUse.SanFrancisco,CA:CommonSense.
TableofContents
Introduction
1
KeyFindings
3
Methodology
11
MainFindings
14
Discussion
50
References
52
SupplementalTables
54
Introduction
Smartphonesenteredthelivesofchildrenandadolescentsin2007.Comparedtoearlierdevices(flipphones),smartphonesallowedmorethanjusttextingandtakingphotos.Youngpeoplecouldnowbrowsetheinternet,choosefromthou-sandsofmobileapplications("apps")andgames,andconnectimmediatelywiththeircommunitiesthroughsocialplat-forms—fromanywhere.
Asinternetspeedsandcomputingpowerincreasedexponen-tiallyoverthepast15years,smartphoneshavebecomeevenmorepowerfulandversatile,allowinglivestreaming,multi-playergaming,andcreationanddistributionofcontent.Overarelativelyshortperiodoftime,thesehandheldcomputershavebecomeadisruptiveforceinthelivesofyoungpeople,inpositiveandnegativewaysthatadultswhogrewupwithland-linesmaynotfullygrasp.
Gettingasmartphoneisnowariteofpassageformostchil-drenandadolescentsintheUnitedStates.AccordingtoCommonSenseResearch,43%oftweens(age8to12)and88%to95%ofteens(age13to18)havetheirownsmartphone(Rideoutetal.,2022;Pew2022).AbouthalfofU.S.childrengettheirfirstsmartphonebyage11(Rideoutetal.,2022).Youngpeopledescribearangeofsupportiveandstressfulexperienceswiththeirsmartphones—somewishtheyhadn'tgottenonesoearly,whilealsodescribingitasanappendagethattheycannotlivewithout(Morenoetal.,2019).Thedeci-sionofwhentogetasmartphone,andnegotiationsaboutrulesandboundariesaroundsmartphoneuse,arefrequentsourcesofparentalstressandfamilyarguments(Mathesetal.,2021;Francisetal.,2021;Hiniker,Schoenebeck,&Kientz,2016).
Severalfactorscontributetoyoungpeople'sattachmenttotheirphones.First,itisdevelopmentallyappropriateforado-lescentstoseekconnectionandfeedbackfromtheirfriendsandcommunities,andtowanttodosoonafrequentbasis.Childrenandadolescentshavedevelopmentallyadaptivecuriosityaboutinformation,culture,entertainment,andstoriesthathelpthemmakesenseoftheirworld.
However,thedesignandmarketingchoicesmadebytechnol-ogycompaniestomeettheirbusinessobjectivesalsomakeitchallengingforyounguserstoseparatefromtheirsmart-phones.Moretimespentonmobileappstranslatestomoreadvertisingrevenueandin-apppurchases,somanyappscontainpersuasivedesignfeaturestoencourageprolongedengagement(Radeskyetal.,2022;5RightsFoundation,2021).Thesedesignfeaturesincludeencouragementofcontentcreation(sothereisalwaysmorecontenttorecom-mendtousers),reductionoffriction(e.g.,theswipe-upmovementthatallowsausertoeasilymoveontoanothervideo),timepressure(e.g.,notificationsurginguserstowatchalivestreambeforeitstops),quantifiedreinforcers(e.g.,likes,shares,virtualcurrency),oralgorithmicrecommendationsthatanalyzeauser'sdigitalbehaviortopredictwhattheymightclickonnext.
Underlyingthesedesignfeaturesaremarketingincentivestokeepyoungpeopleontheirphones—andideallywintheirbrandalliance.Smartphonesareanunprecedentedmarketingvehiclebecausetheyaretakeneverywhereandprovideinsightintousers'dailybehavior,preferences,andsocialnet-works.Thedatatracesrecordedbysmartphones(suchaslocation,purchases,likes,andshares)allowbusinessestocreateuserprofiles,whichcanthenbesoldorusedtoearnrevenuethroughtargetedadvertising.
Consideringthecompetinginterestsof1)abusinessmodelthatprioritizesengagementand2)adevelopingadolescenthumanuserwithvariouspassions,drives,andobligations,itisnotsurprisingthatbothyoungpeopleandtheirparentscom-plainoffeelingliketheyspendmoretimeontheirphonesthantheyintend(Pew2022;James&Weinstein,2022).
SmartphonesarenearlyubiquitousinthelifeofU.S.adoles-cents,butresearchonhowtheyareusedhasbeenelusive.Thisresearchtypicallyreliesonself-reportingofdailyusagehabits,momentaryreports(e.g.,pingingparticipantsthrough-outtheirdaytoassessmoment-to-momentchangesinmediause),oraskingyounguserswhattheyexperiencethroughtheirphones(e.g.,socialsupportorbullying;toxicorinspira-tionalcontent).However,ifwewanttointerrogatetheroleof
1CONSTANTCOMPANION:AWEEKINTHELIFEOFAYOUNGPERSON'SSMARTPHONEUSE©COMMONSENSEMEDIA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.
smartphones—andalloftheircomplexusesinthedailylivesofyoungpeople,fromcommunicationtoentertainment,creativ-ity,marketing,andproductivity—thenweneedresearchmethodsthatmeasurethebehaviorofphones.Thisispossiblethroughtheharnessingofdatathatisalreadycollectedbytechnologycompaniesandmarketingfirmstomonitorsmart-phoneusers,butthatisnottypicallysharedwithresearchersonanindividual-userbasis.
Forthisstudy,weusedsoftwaretocollectdatafromthesmartphonesofadiversesampleofabout20011-to17-year-olds.Wetheninterpretedthisdatawithassistancefromanadvisorycouncilofyoungpeopletounderstandthenuancedrelationshipsthatyoungpeopledevelopwiththeirsmartphones.
Ourresearchaimedtoaddressthefollowingquestions:
•Howmuchtimearepreadolescentsandadolescentsspendingontheirsmartphones?
•Whichtypesofappsdotheyusemostfrequentlyandforthelongestperiodsoftime,andwhy?
•Aretheyaccessingappsintendedforolderaudiences?
•Howmanynotificationsaretheyreceivingperday,andfromwhichapps?
•Howmuchsmartphoneuseoccursduringschoolhours,andwhy?
•Howmuchsmartphoneuseoccursatnight,andwhy?
•Howmuchtensionorfrustrationarepreadolescentsandadolescentsexperiencingabouttheirsmartphones,andhowdotheymanagethis?
•Aretherenewinsightsaboutyouthexperiencesandpracticeswithsmartphonesthatcouldleadtobetterdesigntoimproveyoungpeople'swell-being?
Tothatend,weenrolled20311-to17-year-oldsintheUnitedStatestoletustracktheirsmartphoneuseforoneweekbyinstallingChronicle,astudyapp(Radeskyetal.,2020).Thisapprunsunobtrusivelyinthebackgroundandprovidescon-tinuousdataaboutwhichappswereusedandwhen,howmanypickupsandnotificationsoccurred,andhowmuchsmartphoneswereusedduringtheschooldayandovernighthours.ThestudywasconductedwithAndroidphoneusersonly,becauseAppledevicetrackingdoesnotsharewiththeresearchcommunitythenamesofspecificnon-Appleappsthatyoungpeoplecommonlyuse(e.g.,socialmediaapps,mobilegames).
Afteranalyzingresults,wereviewedthemwith15membersofthe2023CommonSenseYouthAdvisoryCouncil,agroupof14-to18-year-oldsofvariousraces/ethnicitiesandgenderswholiveincommunitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.TheseyouthadvisorsworkedwithCommonSensefromJanuarytoMay2023,buttheirphoneswerenottrackedaspartofthestudy.Throughtheseconversations,wegainedinsightsintothepushandpullthatadolescentsfeelwiththeirphones,withtheulti-mategoalofimagininghowsmartphonescouldbedesignedtosupporttheagencyofyoungerusers.
Alongwithourmainfindings,thisreportincludesrelevantandactionabletakeawaysforparentsandpolicymakers,aswellasdiscussionpromptsfortalkingwithkidsabouttheirsome-timescomplicatedrelationshipswithsmartphones.
©COMMONSENSEMEDIA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.CONSTANTCOMPANION:AWEEKINTHELIFEOFAYOUNGPERSON'SSMARTPHONEUSE2
KeyFindings
Thekeyfindingsinthisreportcombinegranulardataaboutyoungpeople'ssmart-phoneusewithteens'owninterpretationoftherolethatthesedevicesplayintheirlives.Thisuniqueperspectivegivesusaglimpseintoteens'relationshipswiththeirdevices,includingtheattractionthatsmartphonesandappsholdforteens,thecorrespondingpressures,andthestrategiestheyuse(whetherbarriers,rules,orfriction)tomanagesmartphoneuseintheirday-to-dayexperiences.
1.Thesmartphoneisaconstantcompanion,bothprovidingbackgroundbuzzandencouragingregularpickupsoverthemorethanfourhoursofteensmartphoneuseonanaverageday.
Smartphonesareintegratedintoyoungpeople'slivesinwaysthathelpthemconnectwithfriends,givetheirbrainarest,orhelpthemlaughandcalmdownduringtheirbusydays.Onatypicalday,theparticipantsinourstudyusedtheirsmart-phonesforamedianofalmostfourandahalfhours.However,simplyshowingaveragedailysmartphonedurationacrossoursampledoesn'ttellthewholestory.Someparticipantsusedtheirphonesforonlyafewminutesperday,whileothersaver-agedover16hoursaday(Figure1).
Adolescents'smartphoneusedoesn'talwaysmatchadults'narrativeof"teensalwaysstaringattheirscreens."Inadditiontomoreactiveuse,someteensinourfocusgroupstalkedabouthowtheyalsousetheirsmartphonestoprovideaback-ground"buzz"byplayingmovies,videos,ormusicwhiletheydohomeworkorlaundry.
Andformostoftheteensinoursample,theirsmartphoneswerecloseathandandpickedupandcheckedfrequentlythroughouttheday—amedianof51timesperday,rangingfromtwoto498timesperday.Youngerparticipants(11-to12-year-olds)tendedtopickuptheirphoneslessfrequentlyeachday,whileadolescents(age13andolder)weremorelikelytochecktheirphoneover100timesperday(Figure2).Teensinourfocusgroupstoldusthatyoungersmartphoneusersusuallyhavemorerulesorrestrictionsplacedontheiruse,whileolderteensaregivenmoreindependenceastheylearntheappropriatetimeandplacetousetheirphone.Youngerteensmaybelesslikelytohavepeerswithsmart-phones,andfewerfriendstocontact.
3CONSTANTCOMPANION:AWEEKINTHELIFEOFAYOUNGPERSON'SSMARTPHONEUSE©COMMONSENSEMEDIA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.
FIGURE1.Distributionofaveragedailydurationof
smartphoneuse
0-30min
2%
30-60min
5%
1-2hours
9%
2-3hours
12%
3-4hours
16%
4-5hours
15%
5-6hours
9%
6-7hours
8%
7-8hours
7%
8-9hours
4%
9-10hours
4%
>10hours
9%
FIGURE2.Averagedailysmartphonepickups,byparticipantage
0−25
28%
25%
16%
26−50
36%
15%
12%
51−100
29%
27%
28%
101−150
5%
16%
24%
151−200
0%
8%
20%
>200
2%
8%
0%
11−12
13−15
16−17
©COMMONSENSEMEDIA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.CONSTANTCOMPANION:AWEEKINTHELIFEOFAYOUNGPERSON'SSMARTPHONEUSE4
2.Phoneuseduringschoolhoursisnearlyuniversalbutvarieswidely,reflectingapatchworkofdifferentschoolpolicies.
Smartphoneuseatschoolsisfairlywidespread,anditvariesbasedonschoolrules,teacherandstaffenforce-ment,andstudentcompliance.Duringschoolhours(MondaythroughFriday,8a.m.to3p.m.,excludingholi-days),97%ofparticipantsusedtheirphones,foramedianof43minutes(rangingfromlessthanoneminutetosixandahalfhours).Themediannumberofpickupswas13perschoolday,rangingfromlessthanoneto229.Theappcat-egoriesthattookupthehighestproportionoftimeduringschoolhoursweresocialmedia(32%ofsmartphoneuseduringschoolhours),gaming(17%),andYouTube(26%),amongparticipantswhousedthoseappcategories(Figure3).
Youthadvisorstoldusthatschoolshaveawidevarietyofpoli-cies,andvariableenforcementwithinthosepolicies,whichstudentsmayormaynotfollow:
Formyschool,wedohaveaphonepolicyand
we'renottechnicallyallowedtohaveitoutduringclass,butalotofpeopledoinspiteofthat.And
definitely,Ithinkifyoutrackkidsatmyschool,
theirphoneusage,youwoulddefinitelyseethemcheckingtheirphones,andthenchecking
Snapchatduringclass.
—10thgrader
It'skindofuptoteacherdiscretion.Soatthe
beginningoftheyear,theysaidit'snotallowed,butit'sreallyuptoeachteacherwhethertheyallowitintheroomornot.Alotofthemdo.
—11thgrader
FIGURE3.Median*durationofuseofdifferentsmartphoneappcategoriesduringschoolhours**
SocialMedia(n=126)
YouTube(n=111
)
Gaming(n=119)
Browser(n=150
)
Messaging(n=1
46)
StreamingVideo
(n=30)
ArtandPhotos(
n=133)
MusicandAudio
(n=81)
Reading(n=23)
Calls(n=132)
Shopping(n=37)
Education(n=51
)
Email(n=69)
ParentControls
(n=19)
0
20
10
AverageSchoolDayMinutes(Median)
*Medianisthevaluethat50%oftheusersareunderand50%areover.
**Includesonlyparticipantswhousedthatcategoryofappsduringspecifiedtimeframe.
5CONSTANTCOMPANION:AWEEKINTHELIFEOFAYOUNGPERSON'SSMARTPHONEUSE©COMMONSENSEMEDIA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.
3.Notificationsareplentiful,withhalfofourparticipantsreceiving237ormoreperday.Theseinterruptionsarebothdelightfulanddistracting,
leadingmanyyounguserstofeeltheneedtomanagewhattheygetnotifiedof,andwhen.
Whilephonepickupssignifyhowoftenauserisengagingwiththeirphone,notificationsshowushowoftenaphonetriestoengageitsuser.Onatypicalday,participantsreceivedamedianof237notifications.Ofthenotificationsdeliveredtotheirphone,participantssaworengagedwithaboutaquarter(median46perday).Notificationfrequencyvariedwidely,withmaximumsofover4,500deliveredandover1,200seen(Figures4and5).
Aboutaquarter(23%)ofnotificationsarrivedduringschoolhours,andabout5%duringschoolnighthours,suggestingthatphonesandappscoulddoabetterjobofeliminatingunnecessarynotificationsattimesofdaythataremoredis-ruptivetoyoungpeople.Veryfewparticipantsreceivednonotificationsatallduringschoolhoursorschoolnighthours.
Becausenotificationsaresonumerousandoccurdayandnight,theyrequiremanagementbyyoungusers.Ouryouthadvisorsdescribeddifferentapproachestomanagingtheseinterruptions.Theysaiditwasessentialtofilterorblocknoti-fications,particularlyfrom"spam"content,favoringnotificationsofdirectmessages(DMs)frompeople.
SnapchatandDiscordrankedhighestinthenumberofnotifi-cationssenttoparticipantsinatypicalday,withsomeparticipantsreceivinghundredsofmessagesfromtheseplat-forms.Butouryouthcouncilmembersnotedthatthey'vebecomesavvytothewaysinwhichsomeappstrytopulltheminwithfrivolousnotifications.
Yeah,forme,Ihavenotificationsonfortheappsthataremessagingapps,butthenfortheother
ones,Idon'thavenotificationsonforYouTubeorInstagram…Forme,Idon'tlikethenotificationsthatjusttellyoutogobackontheapporjust
somethingrandomlikethat,likeanupdateor
something.Idon'treallycareaboutthoseones.
ButtheonesIdolikegettingaretheonesthatarefromthemessagingapps,likeifsomeonesends
meatext,Iwannaknowwhatitsays.
—10thgrader
FIGURE4.Averagedailynotificationsreceivedbysmartphones
0-100
20%
101-200
20%
201-300
23%
301-400
9%
401-500
9%
>500
20%
FIGURE5.Averagedailynotificationsseenbytheuser
0-25
28%
26-50
24%
51-100
21%
101-150
12%
151-200
7%
>200
8%
©COMMONSENSEMEDIA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.CONSTANTCOMPANION:AWEEKINTHELIFEOFAYOUNGPERSON'SSMARTPHONEUSE6
4.TikTokisirresistible,offeringbite-sizepleasureandlow-frictioninteractionthatquicklyadaptstotheuser'sinterestsormood.
TikTokwasoneofthemostpopularandlongest-durationappsusedinthesampleof11-to17-year-oldswhosephoneswetracked.TikTokwasusedby50%ofourparticipants,foramedianofonehourand52minutesperday.Comparedtoothersocialmediaapps,TikTokusersweremorelikelytospendseveralhoursperdayusingit(upwardsofsevenhoursaday),oftenduringschoolhoursandovernight.Incontrast,thelongestamountoftimespentonSnapchatandInstagramwasaroundthreehoursperday.
YouthadvisorsexplainedtousthatTikTokprovidesanexperi-encethatothersocialorvideo-sharingplatformsdon't.TikTokwasdescribedas"easy"becausevideossimplystarttoplay—theuserdoesn'thavetomakeanydecisions,sothere'snofriction.AdolescentswetalkedtosaidthattheTikTokalgo-rithm"knows"themsowell,theycanexpectthattheywilllikelyfindsomethingfuntowatch.Iftheuserisn'tinterestedinthevideothatstartstoplay,theappquicklyadaptstosome-thingmoreengagingorthatfitstheirmoodordesires.Finally,thevideosareshort,sotheyprovidesmalldosesofpleasurewhenyoungpeopleneedabreakbutdon'thavealotoftime.
ThenTikTok,Ihonestlyfeeljustbecauseit'ssoeasytofeel,'Oh,Ionlyhave10minutes.LetmegetontoTikTokrightnow'causeIdon'treally
havetimeforanythingelse.'Becauseitprovideskindofinstantentertainment,youdon'treally
havetogoin,likeonYouTubeyouhavetogoin,youhavetosearchforsomething,youhaveto
findavideothatyouwannawatch.Andon
TikTokit'sreallyjustthere.Youcanopenitkindofwheneveryouwant.Andevenonashort
amountoftime,youcanstillwatchatleasttwoorthreevideos.
—11thgrader
IalsothinktheTikTokalgorithmisjustwaybetterthananyoftheothers.EvenInstagramreelsand
thenYouTubeShortsislikethesamethingas
TikTok,butthealgorithmforTikTokisjustway
moreaddicting,Ifeellike[it]…drawsyouinmore,anditalsoadaptsreallyquickly.SoifIskipafewofthesametypeofvideo,it'llstopplayingthat
prettyquickly…Ithinkitjusthappensnaturally.Youjustscrollwithoutreallylookingatacertaintypeofvideoafewtimesandthenyou'llseeit
adaptsandgivesyousomeothertype.
—11thgrader
7CONSTANTCOMPANION:AWEEKINTHELIFEOFAYOUNGPERSON'SSMARTPHONEUSE©COMMONSENSEMEDIA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.
5.Overhalfofteensusedtheirphonesovernightonschoolnights,primarilyforsocialmedia,gaming,orYouTube.
WedefinedschoolnightusageasanyuseMondaythroughFridayduringthehoursofmidnightto5a.m.(excludingholi-days).Overhalfofparticipants(59%)usedtheirphonesonschoolnights,withamedianofabout20minutespernight,althoughuserangedfromlessthanaminutetofivehours.Similarly,67%ofparticipantshadpickupsonschoolnights,withamedianofonepernight,thoughatleastoneparticipantpickeduptheirphone18timesonatypicalschoolnight.
AppcategoriesthattookupthehighestproportionofschoolnightuseincludedYouTube(47%ofsmartphoneusageonschoolnights),socialmedia(39%),gaming(29%),andreading(18%),amongparticipantswhousedthoseappcategories.YouTubeappearedtobethelongest-runningappduetoseveralparticipantsrunningitovernight,likelywithmusicorwhitenoiseplaying.TikTokwasalsocommonlyusedintheovernighthoursonschoolnights,butyouthadvisorsreportedthatTikTokcanbeoverstimulatingandleadtodifficultiesinfallingasleep.
Imightsaythatforcertainapps,likeTikTok,
it'sreallyhardtofallasleeponceyouuseitclosetowhenyou'regonnagotosleep.Ican'tuseit
withinanhour,orelseI'dstruggle…andthen
I'lljustgetbackontheapp'causeI'mnot
sleepinganyway.
—10thgrader
FIGURE6.Median*durationofuseofdifferentsmartphone
appcategoriesduringschoolnights**
SocialMedia(n=60)
YouTube(n=54)
Gaming(n=32)
Browser(n=49)
Messaging(n=27)
StreamingVideo(n=14)
ArtandPhotos(n=24)
MusicandAudio(n=18)
Reading(n=6)
Calls(n=9)
Shopping(n=11)
Education(n=5)
Email(n=11)
ParentControls
(n=3)
0
20
10
AverageSchoolNightMinutes(Median)
*Medianisthevaluethat50%oftheusersareunderand50%areover.
**Includesonlyparticipantswhousedthatcategoryofappsduringspecifiedtimeframe.
©COMMONSENSEMEDIA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.CONSTANTCOMPANION:AWEEKINTHELIFEOFAYOUNGPERSON'SSMARTPHONEUSE8
6.Smartphonescanallowaccess
toage-inappropriateexperiences,
includingsocialmediaforkidsunder13andappswithmature/adult-onlyratings.
Of85participantswhowereunderage13,68%usedsocialmediaapps,andtheyallusedatleastoneapprated"Teen"orhigher.Themostpopularsocialplatformsamong11-to12-year-oldswereTikTok(usedby47%),Snapchat(31%),Discord(25%),Instagram(16%),Facebook(16%),andPinterest(14%).
Inaddition,almosthalf(45%)ofourparticipantsusedappswithmature(17+)oradultonly(18+)ratings,suchasPornhub,fantasysports/bettingapps(YahooFantasySports&Daily,SleeperFantasyFootball),Telegram,Reddit,Parler,4chan,casinogames,orviolentgamessuchasCallofDuty.
Asmallnumber(14)ofparticipantsusedsocialmediaappswithriskyfeatures,likebeingabletoconnectwithstrangersformessaging,sendingphotos,orvideochat.Althoughtheseriskiersocialmediaappsdidnottakeupasmuchtimeasmoremainstreamsocialmediaapps,evenbriefusemightleadtoproblematicinteractionswithadults.
7.Youngusersadmittheyhave
challengesmanagingtheirtechnologyuse,butthroughstepslikecurationandaddingfriction,they'reworkingonit.
Inadditiontotrackingtheirphones,wesurveyedour203participantstoaskwhethertheyhadanyproblemsmanagingtheirtechnologyuse.Overtwo-thirdsofthese11-to17-year-oldssaidthey"sometimes"or"often"finditdifficulttostopusingtechnology,usetechnologyto
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