英语发音规则

英语发音规则字母是书写英语单词的最小单位，音素是语言中最小的发音单位。字母分为元音字母和辅音字母两种。英语单词中的字母和单词读音中的各个音素并不都存在着对应关系。有时一种字母对应一种音素，有时两个或三个字母对应一种音素。字组指的是一种或几个字母在一起，发一种音素。字组是拼读英语单词的基本单位，一种字组对应着一种音素。字组能较好地体现出单词的拼写和读音之间的对应关系，一种字组总是对应着一种因素。字组分为元字组和辅字组两类，元字组是对元音字母和元音字母组合的合称；辅音组是对辅音字母和辅音字母组合的合称。元音字母重读开音节和闭音节中的读音a①在开音节中/eɪ/：name,plane,Jane,baby,cake②在闭音节中1普通读作/æ/：bag,dad,hat,map,black,back2背面字母为背面字母为st,ss,th时读/ɑ:/e①在开音节中/i:/：he,these,me,Chinese②在闭音节中/e/：bed,let,pen,desk,yes,eggi①在开音节中/aɪ/：bike,drive,time,nice,kite②在闭音节中/ɪ/：fish,big,drink,sit,milk,swimo①在开音节中/əʊ/：those,close,go,hoe,home,no②在闭音节中/ɒ/：clock,not,box,shop,socku①在开音节中1./ju:/：student,excuse,duty,Tuesday2.元音字母u在辅音字母j、l、r或字母组合ch、sh、tr、dr背面时（辅音字母发音为[ʃ]、[ʒ]、[tʃ]、[dʒ]、[l]、[r]、[tr]、[dr]）,读/u:/,例如：June,blue,ruler,true。②在闭音节中/ʌ/：bus,cup,jump,much,lunch元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音a①在/w/音背面/ɒ/：want,what,watch,wash,quality②在f,n,sk,ph,sp,ss,st,th,lm前/α:/：after,plant,ask,grasp,glass,fast,fatheri在-nd,-ld和gh前/aɪ/：find,child,light,higho①在-st,-ld前/əʊ/：most,postcard,old,cold②在m,n,v,th前/ʌ/：come,monkey,love,mother元音字母在非重读音节中的读音a/ə/：China,another,woman,breakfast动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,作动词后缀音,a读/eɪ/音,例如：operate,a处在开音节位置,e/ə/：hundred,student,open,weekend,chicken,childreni①/ə/：holiday,beautiful,family,animal②/aɪ/：exercise,satelliteo①/ə/：second,tonight,somebody,welcome②/əʊ/：also,zero,photou①/ə/：autumn,difficult②/ju:/：popular,congratulation,January③在辅音字母j,l,r,s背面时,读/ʊ/或/u:/音,例如：July,influence,February,issue。在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a,e,i既能够读/ə/的音,也能够读/ɪ/的音。-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音ar①/α:/：car,farm,dark,sharpener②在/w/音背面/ɔ:/：warm,quarter,towardsor①/ɔ:/：fortymorningshort②/ɜ:/：wordworkerworseer,ir,ur/ɜ:/：certainlybirdThursday注：①辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如：carry,sorry,hurry。②-r音节在非重读音节中普通读/ə/音,例如：dollar,teacher,martyr,forget,Saturday。-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音are/eə/：care,dare,hareere/ɪə/：here,mereire/aɪə/：fire,hire,wireore/ɔ:/：more,score,beforeure/jʊə/：pure,cure-re/ə/：centre,fibre,titre,meagre,saltpetre注：①are,ere,ire,ore极少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读/ə/音,例如：picture,pleasure。②重读元音字母加r,再加非重读元字组时,重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母r读/r/音。例如：parent,zero,story,during,inspiring。③另外,某些惯用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。例如：orange,very,American,paragraph。元音字组在重读音节中的读音ai,ay/eɪ/：afraid,rain,wait,day,playair/eə/：air,hair,chair,pair,repairal①在l,k前/ɔ:/：small,ball,talk,wall,all,talk,②/ɔ:l/：always,also,salt,almost③在f,m前/α:/：half,calmau,aw/ɔ:/：autumn,daughter,drawea①/i:/：teach,easy,cheap,please②/e/：heavy,bread,sweater,weather③/eɪ/：break,greatear①/ɪə/：hear,dear,near,clear,year②/eə/：bear,pear,wear,swear③/ɜ:/：earth,learn,earlyee/i:/：jeep,week,green,threeeer/ɪə/：pioneer,deer,beerei,ey①/eɪ/：eight,neighbour,they②/i:/：seize,keyeu,ew①在j,l,r,s后/u:/：flew,brew,jewelry,jewel②/ju:/：new,few,newspaperie,ei/s/音之后/i:/：piece,field,receiveoa/əʊ/：coat,Joan,boat,goaloar,oor/ɔ:/：roar,board,door,flooroi,oy/ɔɪ/：noise,point,boy,toiletoo/u:/：broom,food,tooth,school,zoo/ʊ/：book,look,cook,foot,good,footballou,ow①/aʊ/：flower,house,count,down②/əʊ/：know,row,throw,though③/ʌ/：young,country,enough④/u:/：group,soupour①/ɔ:/：course,your,four②/aʊə/：our,hour,sour③/ɜ:/：journeyoul/ʊ/：would,should,could(重要是情态动词、助动词）ui①在j,l,r,s后/u:ɪ/：fluid,suicide,tuition②/u:/：juice,fruit,suit非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音ai,ay,ei,ey/ɪ/：foreign,monkeyow/əʊ/：yellow,sparrow,tomorrow注：元音字组在非重读音节中普通读/ə/音或/ɪ/音。例如：serious,famous,biscuit,coffee,neighbour-sion,-tion①/ʃən/：impression,nation②在元音字母后/ʒən/：vision,decision,occasion③在s后/tʃən/：question,suggestion-isle/aɪl/：aisle,Carlisle-sten/sən/：listen-stle/sl/：whistle-sure/ʒə/：pleasure,measure-ture/tʃə/：picture,culture元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音复合词中的第二部分不标重视音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读。例如：everyday/eɪ/,handbag/æ/,blackboard/ɔ:/。有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成为一种词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。例如：holy（神圣）+day/eɪ/（日子）=holiday/ɪ/（假日）：break（中断）+fast/α:/（斋戒）=breakfast/ə/（早餐）；cup（茶杯）+board/ɔ:/（木板）=cupboard/ə/（碗柜）。辅字组的读音b①/b/：bike,bus,bag②/不发/：bomb,tombc①在e前或在i,y前/s/：face,decide,cinema,bicycle②其它状况/k/：cake,picture,coat,music③/tʃ/：cello,concertoch①/tʃ/：much,chick,rich,teacher②/k/：school,headache,chemistry（重要为希腊外来词）③/ʃ/：machine,moustache（重要是法语外来词）-ck/cq[k]：cock,pocket,black,knock,checque,cz[tʃ]：Czechd/d/：doctor,bread,hand,day-dg(e)/dʒ/：bridge,fridgedr-/dr/：children,driver,drinkds/dz/：hands（重要用于可数名词复数）f/f/：five,four,breakfast/v/：ofg①/g/：bag,garden,go②在e,i,y之前普通读作/dʒ/,少数例外,orange,large,German,apology,giant③e,i,y之前少数状况下读/ʒ/：genre,massagegh①/f/：cough,enough②/不发/：light,daughter,highgu-,-gue①/g/：guess,league,dialogue(-gue在非重读音节中)②/gw/：language,anguishh①/h/：hot,head,house,hand②/不发/：hour,honestj①/dʒ/：jeep,jar,joke,join,June②/ʒ/：Jacques（用于法国人名）③/h/：Juanita（用于西班牙人名）k/k/：kind,bike,skate,make,weekkn-/n/：knife,know,knockl①/l/：life,lead,lot（出现在元音前面）②/ɫ/：milk,school,tall[出现在元音背面。能够出现在辅音前,也可出现在辅音后（词尾）]m/m/：monkey,come-mn/m/：autumn,column,solemnn①/n/：not,shine,ten,note②在/k/、/g/音前/ŋ/：uncle,thank,hungry-ng/ŋ/：morning,young,wrongp/p/：paper,plane,pig,ship,penph/f/：elephant,photo,telephone,graphq/k/：Iraqqu-/kw/：quality,quiter/r/：red,rubber,rulerrz/ʒ/：Zabrze（扎布热）s①在词首、清辅音前/s/：sit,sleep,desk②元音字母间或浊辅音前/z/：music,husband③sure构造或s+i/e+元音字母时读作/ʃ/或/ʒ/。/ʃ/：ensure,Asian./ʒ/：pleasure,conclusion.sc-①/sk/：scarlet②在i,e和y之前/s/：scenery,sciencesch-/ʃ/：schedule英/′ʃedju:l/,美/′skedʒul/sh/ʃ/：she,fish,shirt,washt①/t/ten,letter,mee