法律知识导读(英文)第十二单元-International-Law课件

法律知识导读（英文）第十二单元InternationalLaw法律知识导读（英文）第十二单元International1Lead-in国际法是指适用主权国家之间以及其它具有国际人格的实体之间的法律规则的总体。国际法又称国际公法，以区别于国际私法或法律冲突，后者处理的是不同国家的国内法之间的差异。根据《国际法院规约》第38条之规定，国际法的渊源包括以下几个方面：条约、国际习惯法、一般法律原则、司法判例及学说等。至于国际法的法律依据，早期西方社会是不承认的，但目前国际法的法律地位已经得到了确认。然而，从实证的角度来考察，名义上国际法对国家具有约束力，但事实上国际社会缺乏有效制裁违法国家的手段。Lead-in国际法是指适用主权国家之间以及其它具有国际人格2InternationalLaw

------Internationallawisthesetofrulesgenerallyregardedandacceptedasbindinginrelationsbetweenstatesandbetweennations,primarilyapplicabletocountriesratherthantoprivatecitizens.InternationalLaw3HistoryExistedsincethemid-19thcentury;TwosophisticatedlegalsystemsdevelopedintheWesternWorld:thecodifiedsystemsofcontinentalEuropeanstates(AmericanCivilLaw)andEnglishcommonlaw.Inthe20thcentury,thetwoWorldWarsandtheformationoftheLeagueofNationsacceleratethisprocessandestablishedmodernpublicinternationallaw.History4★AfterthefailureoftheTreatyofVersaillesandWorldWarII,theUNhasalsobeenthefocusforthedevelopmentofnewadvisory(non-binding)standards,suchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.Otherinternationalnormsandlawshavebeenestablishedthroughinternationalagreements,includingtheGenevaConventions,aswellasbyagreementsimplementedbyotherinternationalorganizations.★Afterthefailureofth5SourcesofinternationallawTreaties,internationalcustoms,andgeneralprinciples;

judicialdecisionsandscholarlywritingsSourcesofinternationallaw6TypesofinternationallawPublicinternationallaw:Publicinternationallaw(orinternationalpubliclaw)governstherelationshipbetweenstatesandinternationalentities.

Itincludestheselegalfields:treatylaw,lawofsea,internationalcriminallaw,thelawsofwarorinternationalhumanitarianlawandinternationalhumanrightslaw.Typesofinternationallaw7Normsofinternationallawhavetheirsources:1.custom,orcustomaryinternationallaw.(consistentstatepracticeaccompaniedbyopiniojuris)2.globallyacceptedstandardsofbehavior(peremptorynormsknownasjuscogensoriuscogens).3.codificationscontainedinconventionalagreements,generallytermedtreaties.法律知识导读(英文)第十二单元-International-Law课件8Privateinternationallaw:Conflictoflaws,oftencalled"privateinternationallaw"incivillawjurisdictions,governsconflictsbetweenprivatepersons.法律知识导读(英文)第十二单元-International-Law课件9Supranationallaw:Supranationallaworthelawofsupranationalorganizations,concernsregionalagreements.Itisdistinguishedfrompublicinternationallaw,becauseinsupranationallaw,nationsexplicitlysubmittheirrighttomakejudicialdecisionsbytreatytoasetofcommontribunal.

◆TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilandsubordinateorganizationssuchastheInternationalCourtofJusticearetheonlygloballyacceptedsupranationaltribunals.Supranationallaw:10MonismandDualisminInternationalLaw

“Monism”and“dualism”areusedtodescribetwodifferenttheoriesoftherelationshipbetweeninternationallawandnationallaw.Monistsacceptthattheinternalandinternationallegalsystemsformaunity.Dualistsemphasizethedifferencebetweennationalandinternationallaw,andrequirethetranslationofthelatterintotheformer.MonismandDualisminInternat11

ExamplesInUK,thedualistviewispredominant.InternationallawisonlypartofBritishnationallawonceitisacceptedinnationallaw.TheUnitedStatesofAmericahasa"mixed"monist-dualistsystem;internationallawappliesdirectlyinUScourts.

Examples12

Amatterofnationallegaltradition

Amoniststateislessatriskofviolatinginternationalrules,becauseitsjudgescanapplyinternationallawdirectly.Dualiststatesareintheriskofnegligenceorunwillingnesstotranslateinternationallaw,ordelaysoftranslation,ormisinterpretationofinternationallaw.★Everystatedecidesforitself,accordingtoitslegaltraditions,determinemonismordualism.

Amatterofnationallegaltr13WordsandExpressionssupranational超国家的，多国的supranationallaw超国家法tribunal法庭；裁决

statesovereignty国家主权theInternationalLaborOrganization国际劳工组织theWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization世界知识产权组织theInternationalTelecommunicationUnion国际电信联盟UNESCO=theUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganizaition联合国教科文组织WordsandExpressionssupranati14theWorldTradeOrganization世界贸易组织theInternationalMonetaryFund国际货币组织hierarchy等级制度publicinternationallaw国际公法humanitarian人道主义的

privateinternationallaw/conflictoflaws国际私法UNGeneralAssembly联合国大会supplychain供应链theWorldTradeOrganization15NotesEuropeanCourtofHumanRights（欧洲人权法院）：TheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightsisasupra-nationalorinternationalcourtestablishedbytheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights.NotesEuropeanCourtofHumanR16InternationalCriminalCourt（欧洲刑事法院）：TheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICCorICCt)isapermanentinternationaltribunaltoprosecuteindividualsforgenocide,crimesagainsthumanity,warcrimes,andthecrimeofaggression

(althoughjurisdictionforthecrimeofaggressionwillnotbeawakeneduntil2017attheearliest).InternationalCriminalCourt（欧17GenevaConventions（《日内瓦公约》）：TheGenevaConventionscomprisefourtreaties,andthreeadditionalprotocols,thatestablishthestandardsofinternationallawforthehumanitariantreatmentofwar.TheGenevaConventionsextensivelydefinedthebasic,wartimerightsofprisoners(civilandmilitary);establishedprotectionsforthewounded;andestablishedprotectionsfortheciviliansinandaroundawar-zone.GenevaConventions（《日内瓦公约》）：Th18customaryinternationallaw(国际惯例法):Customaryinternationallawarethoseaspectsofinternationallawthatderivefromcustom.Generalprinciplesoflawandtreaties,custom,andcustomaryinternationallawareconsideredthe

primarysourcesofinternationallaw.customaryinternationallaw(国19theLeagueofNations（国际联盟）：TheLeagueofNations(LN)wasanintergovernmentalorganizationfoundedasaresultoftheParisPeaceConferencethatendedtheFirstWorldWar.Itwasthefirstinternationalorganizationwhoseprincipalmissionwastomaintainworldpeace.theLeagueofNations（国际联盟）：Th20TreatyofVersailles（《凡尔赛和约》）：TheTreatyofVersailleswasoneofthepeacetreatiesattheendofWorldWarI.ItendedthestateofwarbetweenGermanyandtheAlliedPowers.Itwassignedon28June1919TreatyofVersailles（《凡尔赛和约》）：21UNcharter（《联合国宪章》）：TheCharteroftheUnitedNationsisthefoundationalofUN.ItwassignedattheSanFranciscoWarMemorialandPerformingArtsCenterinSanFrancisco,UnitedStates,on26June1945,by50ofthe51originalmembercountries.(Poland,theotheroriginalmember,whichwasnotrepresentedattheconference,signedittwomonthslater.)UNcharter（《联合国宪章》）：TheCharte22UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights（《世界人权宣言》）：TheDeclarationarosedirectlyfromtheexperienceoftheSecondWorldWarandrepresentsthefirstglobalexpressionofrightstowhichallhumanbeingsareinherentlyentitled.UniversalDeclarationofHuman23InternationalCourtofJustice（国际法院）：TheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ),locatedinHague,Netherlands,istheprimaryjudicialorganoftheUnitedNations.Establishedin1945,theStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice,similartothatofitspredecessor,isthemainconstitutionaldocumentconstitutingandregulatingtheCourt.InternationalCourtofJustice24StatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice（国际法院规约）：TheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeisanintegralpartoftheUnitedNationsCharter,asspecifiedbyChapterXIVoftheUnitedNationsCharter,whichestablishedtheInternationalCourtofJustice.StatuteoftheInternationalC25Legalpositivism(法律实证主义):Legalpositivismisaschoolofthoughtofphilosophyoflawandjurisprudence,largelydevelopedbyeighteenthandnineteenth-centurylegalthinkerssuchasJeremyBenthamandJohnAustin.ThemostprominentfigureinthehistoryoflegalpositivismisH.L.A.Hart,whoseworkTheConceptofLawcausedafundamentalre-thinkingofthepositivistdoctrineanditsrelationshipwiththeotherprincipaltheoriesoflaw.Legalpositivism(法律实证主义):Le26Pactasuntservanda(有约必守):Initsmostcommonsense,theprinciplereferstoprivatecontracts,stressingthatcontainedclausesarelawbetweentheparties,andimpliesthatnonfulfilmentofrespectiveobligationsisabreachofthepact.Pactasuntservanda(有约必守):In27opinionjuris(法律确信):Opiniojuris("anopinionoflaw")isthebeliefthatanactionwascarriedoutbecauseitwasalegalobligation,frequentlyusedinlegalproceedingssuchasadefenseforacase.opinionjuris(法律确信):Opinioju28juscogens(强制性规范)：Aperemptorynorm(alsocalledjuscogensoriuscogens,Latinfor"compellinglaw")isafundamentalprincipleofinternationallawacceptedbytheinternationalcommunityofstatesasanormfromwhichnoderogation<克减>ispermitted.juscogens(强制性规范)：Aperemptor29softlaw(软法):"softlaw"referstoquasi-legalinstrumentswhichdonothaveanylegallybindingforce,or"weaker"thanthebindingforceoftradition