英语中的修辞手法

Definition

Rhetoricisanancientbranchoflearning.FoundedbytheGreekPhilosopherAristotle,ithasahistoryofmorethan2000yearsinEurope.Atfirst,itdealtmainlywiththewaysofpersuadingpeopleinconversationandspeech.Latertheemphasisgraduallyshiftedfromspeechtowriting.Generallyspeaking,rhetoricistheartofeffectivecommunication;or,moresimply,itistheartofexpressing,bywords,preciselywhatwemean.RhetoricandGrammar

Grammar:themutualrelationsofwordsinasentence Rhetoric:

thechoiceofwordsandsentencestructuresincomposition.RhetoricandComposition Rhetoric:

theartofexpressingourideasinaskillfulandeffectivemanner.Itsrules

aremerelycommonsenseprinciplesderivedfromtheobservedpracticeof

goodauthors. Composition:puttingtogether.Inwriting,wemustfrom

thebeginninghaveaclearideaofthe

finishedproductandalsoofthematerialsandthemethodsofputtingthemtogether.

HowtoStudyRhetoric?

(1)learntorecognizethemostcommonly-useddevicesofexpressionandtoanalyzethedifferenteffectstheyproduce.(2)Readinggoodauthorswithgreatcareisnecessary.Classification:

I.FiguresofLikenessII.FiguresofAssociationIII.FiguresofContrastIV.MinorFigures

I.FiguresofLikeness1.Simile2.Metaphor(暗喻）3.Personification

1.SimileDefinition: Afigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedtoanother,insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Itisexplicitcomparison(asopposedtothemetaphorwherecomparisonisimplicit)recognizablebytheuseofwords“like”or“as”.1.SimileMarkers:English:as,like

Chinese:好像、如同、仿佛、一样、犹、若、如、似Pattern:Tenor（本体）＋Marker（比喻标记）＋Vehicle（喻体）1.Simile例如：1.O,myluve(=love)islikeared,red,rose, That’snewlysprunginJune.

(RobertBurns:ARed,RedRose)2.美人如花隔云端，

上有青冥之长天，

下有绿水之波澜。

（李白：《长相思》）1.SimileThechequeflutteredtothefloorlikeabirdwithabrokenwing.Praiseislikesunlighttothehumanspiritwecannotflowerandgrowwithoutit.Helookedatmewithanairofsurpriseddisappointed,asacolonelmightlookataprivatewhosebootlacewereundone.

1.SimileWitwithoutlearningislikeatreewithoutfruit.Chooseanauthorasyouchooseafriend.CreditlostislikeaVenice-glassbroke.Useabookasabeedoesflowers.Simile

1.1Characteristic明喻通常表示本体和喻体之间的相似性，从而道出两种事物之间的关联。

Lightasabreeze,softasacloud. 轻盈如微风，柔软似白云。Coolasamountainstream…coolfreshConsulate. 凉爽如山间清泉……清凉甘爽的Consulate香烟。1.Simile

1.2Classificationas+形容词+as+名词（第一个as可省略）(as)blindasabat

目光如豆(as)coolascucumber

泰然自若(as)coldasamarble

冷若冰霜(as)busyasabee

像蜜蜂一样忙(as)firmasarock

坚如磐石(as)lightasafeather

轻如鸿毛(as)muteasanoyster

噤若寒蝉(as)strongashorse

健壮如牛1.Simile

1.2Classification2.likelikeaducktowater

如鱼得水likeahenonahotgriddle

像热锅上的蚂蚁likeacatinahole

瓮中之鳖

likearatinahole瓮中之鳖likeaducktowater如鱼得水likeadrownedrat湿得像落汤鸡

1.Simile

1.2Classification3.虚拟句型——最常见的是用asif或asthough作比喻词。Myhandwritinglooksasifaswarmofants,escapingfromaninkbottle,hadwalkedoverasheetofpaperwithoutwipingtheirlegs.(SydneySmith)

我的笔迹，看来就像一大群蚂蚁从墨水里逃出来，没有把脚抹干净就在纸上四散奔跑过似的。1.Simile

1.2Classification…andthefattestwomanIhaveeverseeninmylifedozinginastraight-backedchair.Itwasasifasackofgrainwassupportedbyamatchbox. ……还有一位我生平所未曾见过最胖的女人坐在一把直背椅子上打瞌睡，那简直就像一口袋粮食放在一个火柴盒上一样。1.Simile

1.2Classification

Thedogswereinfullcry,theirnosesdown,theirtailsup,soclosetogetherthattheymighthavebeenonegreatyellowandwhitemovingcarpet.

那群狗吠叫着追猎，低着头，翘着尾巴，一条挨着一条，看上去就像一块黄白交织的活动的大地毯。1.Simile

1.2ClassificationShelookedbothyoungandaging,asifshehadjustemergedfromanillnessofsomecrisis.

(Isacca

BashevisSinger:TheBriefcase) 她看上去既老又年轻，好像是新病初愈或是刚遭了一场灾难的样子。HewasabeautifulhorsethatlookedasthoughhehadcomeoutofapaintingbyVelasquez.

(ErnestHemingway:ForWhomtheBellTolls) 那匹马很漂亮，像是维拉斯凯兹油画上的马变活了。1.Simile

1.2Classification4.what型

常见的句式有两种：AistoBwhatCistoDCarlosLehderwastococainetransportationwhatHenryFordwastocars. 卡洛斯·雷德与可卡因的贩运的关系，正如亨利·福特与汽车的关系。1.Simile

1.2ClassificationJudiciouspraiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.

(Bovee) 明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用。Thepenistoawriterwhatthegunistoafighter. 作家的笔犹如战士的枪。Intellectistothemindwhatsightistothebody. 智力对思想犹如视力对于身体一样重要。1.Simile

1.2ClassificationWhatCistoD,AistoBWhattheblueprintistothebuildertheoutlineistothewriter. 提纲对于作家犹如蓝图对于建筑师一样重要。Whatbloodvesselsaretoaman’sbody,thatrailwaysaretothecountry. 铁路对于一个国家的作用正如血管对于人体的作用。Whatsculptureistoablockofmarble,educationistothesoul. 教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。Whatsaltistofood,thatwitandhumouraretoconversationandliterature. 妙语与幽默之于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。1.Simile

1.2Classificationthan型

Lear:…thatshemayfeel

Howsharperthanaserpent’stoothitis

Tohaveathanklesschild!Away,away!

(WilliamShakespeare:KingLear)

李尔：……让她也感觉到一个负心的孩子比毒蛇的牙齿还要多么使人痛入骨髓！去，去！1.Simile

1.2ClassificationAfoolcannomoreseehisownfollythanhecanseehisears.(WilliamM.Thackeray) 愚人之不知其愚，犹如其不能自视其耳。Wehavenomorerighttoconsumehappinesswithoutproducingitthantoconsumewealthwithoutproducingit.(BernardShaw) 我们不创造幸福便无权享受幸福，正如不创造财富也就无权享用财富一样。1.Simile

1.2ClassificationMancannothelpcravingforexpressionanymorethanbirdscanhelpsinging.人之不能不舒其胸襟，犹鸟之不能不啭其歌喉。Sosheshowssheseemsthebuddingrose,Yetsweeterfarthanisearthlyflower…

(RobertBurns:ARed,RedRose) 当她出现，看来犹如含苞的玫瑰， 但却远比尘世的花儿馥郁……1.Simile

1.2Classification4.And型Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.

说出的话犹如抛出的石，是收不回来的。Loveandcoughcannotbehid.

恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃他人耳目。Wordsandfeatheraretossedbythewind.

语言如羽毛，风刮到处飘。1.Simile

1.2Classification5、动词型Hetreatshisdaughterastheappleintheeye.

他把女儿当作掌上明珠。Claninhisnightshirt,hisneckpokedforward,hisbackrounded,heresembledsomelongwhitebird.

(JohnGalsworthy:TheManofProperty) 他穿了一身睡衣，脖子向前伸出来，伛着背，那样子活像一只长身白鸟。1.Simile

1.2ClassificationSustainedMetaphor(连续明喻):博喻或复喻

My

Love

IsComing

to

MeMyheartislikeasingingbird whosenestisinawateredshoot;Myheartislikeanappletree

whosebougharebentwiththickestfruit;Myheartislikearainbowshell

thatpaddlesinahalcyonsea;Myheartisgladderthanallthese

Becausemyloveiscomingtome

(C.G.Rossetti:ABirthday)1.Simile

1.2Classification我的爱将来到我身边我的心像只歌唱的鸟筑巢在细嫩多汁的枝条间;我的心像棵苹果树繁茂的果实将树干压弯;我的心像枚多彩的贝壳畅游在寂寞的海洋;我的心比这一切都快乐因为我的爱将来到我的身旁。

2、Metaphor（隐喻）Definition:Afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother”ADictionaryofLiteraryTerms: “Metaphor:Afigureofspeechinwhichonethingisdescribedintermsofanother.Thebasicfigureinpoetry.Acomparisonisusuallyimplicit;whereasinsimileitisexplicit.”2、Metaphor（隐喻）

Alltheworld’sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.(Shakespeare)Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.(FrancisBacon:OfStudies)

书有可浅尝着，有可吞噬者，少数则须咀嚼消化。（Tr.

WangZuoliang

王佐良)

2、Metaphor（隐喻）1a.Lifeislikeanisthmusbetweentwoeternities.

(simile)

生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。（明喻）1b.Lifeisanisthmusbetweentwoeternities.

(metaphor)

生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。（隐喻）2a.Happinessislikesunshine:itismadeupofverylittlebeams.

(simile)

幸福像阳光，它由非常细小的光速构成。（明喻）2b.Thesunshineoflifeismadeupofverylittlebeams.

(metaphor)

幸福的阳光由非常细小的光速构成。（隐喻）2、Metaphor（隐喻）PoliceworkoninnercitystreetsisadomesticVietnam,adangerousno-winstrugglefoughtbyconfused,misdirectedandunappreciatedtroops.(GordonWitkin) 市中心贫民区的治安工作是一场国内的越南战争，有一支思想混乱、指挥失灵、无人赏识的部队进行的一场危险的，只输不赢的斗争。2、Metaphor（隐喻）Foryearshercriesof“fishforsale”wereinvain.Shehadnohome,nofamily,nofriends—andherlifewasabasketofunsoldfish.

(HumphreyHawksley)多年来，她“卖鱼啦”的叫喊声全然白费。她无家可归，无夫无子，无亲无友——她的生活就是一篮没卖出去的鱼。2、Metaphor（隐喻）Thiscentury…manhasstartedtolookintotheworkingofthatotheruniversewhichisinsidehimself——thehumanbrain.

(IsaacAsimov:WhatIsIntelligence,Anyway)

本世纪……人类已经开始研究自身内部的的另外一个宇宙的活动了，这另外一个宇宙就是人脑。2、Metaphor（隐喻）Whilemostofusareonlytooreadytoapplytoothersthecoldwindofcriticism,wearesomewhatreluctanttogiveourfellowthewarmsunshineofpraise.

（JanetGrham:TheProfitsofPraise）我们大多数人动不动就对别人刮起批评的寒风，不知为什么却不愿意把表扬的温暖阳光给予我们的同伴。

2、Metaphor（隐喻）Benedick:

Wouldyoubuyher,thatyouinquireafterher?Claudio:

Cantheworldbuysuchajewel?

(WilliamShakespeare:MuchAdoaboutNothing)培尼狄克：您这样问起她，是不是要把她买下来？克劳狄奥：全世界所有的财富，可以买得到这样一块美玉吗？2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphor1）用tobe连接本体（thetenor）和喻体（thevehicle），喻体一般体现在句子的表语部分。metaphor最基本的结构形式。Tomethepageantofseasonsisathrillingandunendingdrama. (HelenKeller:ThreeDays

toSee) 对我来说,四季的奇丽变幼犹如一出动人心弦永无完结的戏剧。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphorMacbeth：…Out,out,briefcandle！

Lifeisbutawalkingshadow,…(WilliamShakespeare:Macbeth)麦克白：……熄灭了吧，熄灭了吧，短促的烛光！

人生不过是一个行走的影子，……2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphorMoneyisabottomlesssea,inwhichhonour,conscience,andtruthmaybedrowned.金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。Habitisacable;everydayweweavethread,andsoonwecannotbreakit. 习惯是缆索，每天我们都编上一条线，不久我们便扯不断了。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphor2）用of连接喻体和本体,这是metaphor另一结构,其中的介词of表示同位关系。Ifalluponthethornsoflife!Ibleed!

我落入生活的荆棘中,我淌血!Hiseyescameoutofhisheadlikeaprawn’s,andoncemorehismoustachefoamedupagainsthisbreakwaterofanose.

（G..H.Vallins:BestEnglish） 他的眼睛像对虾一样鼓出来，胡子再一次泡沫似地向上翘起，抵住他那防波堤般的鼻子。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphorTheDutchmanwassix-foot,agreatred-faced,hot-temperedtreckoxofaman.

(DorisLessing:InPursuitoftheEnglish) 那荷兰人身高六尺，大块头，红脸膛,急脾气，简直是一条拉车的公牛。Henoddedtowardthecornertowherethegiantstood,histhickarmscrossedonhishogsheadofachest.

（RichardConnell:TheMostDangerousGame） 他朝那彪形大汉站着的墙点了点头。大汉那粗壮的胳膊交叉在他那大桶似的胸前。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphor3）用动词或形容词表示比喻。…noone,leastofallI,anticipatedthatmycasewouldsnowballintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.(JohnScopes:

TheTrialThatRockedtheWorld)谁也没有料想到,尤其是我,更没有想到我的案子会越搞越大,以至成了美国历史上最闻名的审判之一。

Thestreetaroundthethree-storeyredbricklawcourtsproutedwithricketystandssellinghotdogs.

(Ibid.)在红砖砌成的三层楼法院周围的街道上，突然摆满东倒西歪的摊位，出售热狗。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.1ClassificationofMetaphorHehasthemicrowavesmilethatwarmsanotherpersonwithoutheat.

(Time,October29,1979) 他又一种微波式的微笑，能不加热就能使别人温暖。IhavegotoneofmySaharathirstsontonight.

(O.Henry:TheClarionCall) 今晚我又觉得像撒哈拉沙漠那样干渴。Bythishourthevolcanicfiresofhisnaturehadburntdown,andhavingdrunknogreatquantityasyethewasinclinedtoacquiesce.

(ThomasHardy) 到这时候，他天性中那种暴烈的火焰已经燃烧殆尽，酒还喝得不多，他就打算加以默认了。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.2Metaphor的设喻方法

以一种形象具体的事物去比喻另一形象具体的事物。Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriotsandtyrants.Itisitsnaturalmanure.(ThomasJefferson) 自由之树常以爱国志士和暴君的血来浇灌,这些鲜血是自由之树的天然肥料。Booksaretheever-burninglampsandaccumulatedwisdom.

(StephenButlerLeacock)好书乃积累智慧的长明灯。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.2Metaphor的设喻方法

2.以一种具体概念去比喻另一种抽象概念。It’sthesamewithNegroinAmerica.Thatshoe...thewhiteman’ssystem...haspinchedandrubbedandsqueezedhissouluntilithasalmostdestroyedhim. 美国黑人的情况也是这样。白人制度这只鞋夹紧了他的灵魂，使之受磨难,几乎要把他毁掉了。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.2Metaphor的设喻方法

Historyisallthesethings——waves,tidesandcurrents——andlikethesea,nomatterhowtranquilthesurface,itisneverstill.Asequenceofeventsisaseriesofwaves,onecrestfollowingupontheother;andthetrickforstatesmenandreporteralike,istotellwhichcrestissurgeofthetideandwhichamereaccidentofthewind. 历史总是这些东西——波浪,潮汐和水流——像海洋一样,无论表面多么平静,它从未静止过,一系列的事件是一层层的波浪,一个波峰接着一个波峰,政治家与记者的技能一样,是告诉人们哪一个是潮汐的作用,哪一个不过是因风而起。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.2Metaphor的设喻方法

3)以一种抽象概念去比喻另一种抽象概念。

...Itwastheageofwisdom;itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief;itwastheepochofdoubtfulness,itwastheseasonoflight;itwastheseasonofdarkness;itwasthespringofHope,itwasthewinterofDespair.（CharlesDickens:ATaleofTwoCities） ……这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代；这是信仰的时期，这是怀疑的时期；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是希望之春，这是失望之冬。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.3Metaphor与汉语隐喻的区别

1.与英语metaphor类似的汉语修辞格是“暗喻（隐喻）”。汉语的“暗喻”是一种不用比喻词的比喻，何等动人的一页又一页的篇章！这是人类思维的花朵。（徐迟《哥德巴赫猜想》）她是夜明珠，暗夜里，发射出灿烂的光芒；她是太阳，离开了地平线，却闪烁在天上！

（雷抒雁《小草在歌唱》）要问白洋淀有多少苇地，不知道；每年出多少苇子，也不知道；只晓得每年芦花飘飞苇叶黄的时候，全淀的芦苇收割了，垛起垛来，在白洋淀周围的广场上，就成了一条苇子的长城。(孙犁：《荷花淀》）2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.3Metaphor与汉语隐喻的区别

2.英语metaphor并不完全或者仅仅等于汉语的隐喻。

IsTsingtaowinningthecoldwar?TsingtaohastakentheoffensiveandinvadedRussianvodkastrong-holdspreviouslyregardedassecure

(AdforTsingtaovodkainNewYorkTimesMagazine,March23,1980)青岛能打赢这场冷战吗?青岛已攻下以前被认为是安全的俄国伏特加阵地。2、Metaphor（隐喻）

2.3Metaphor与汉语隐喻的区别3.当英语metaphor格式在句子中构成谓语或是一个主谓结构的时候,它既不和汉语的隐喻和也不和借喻相同,再请看一下前面已引证过的两个例句：...noone,leastofallI,anticipatedthatmycasewouldsnowballintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.

（JohnScopes：ATrialthatRockedtheWorld） 谁也没有料想到,尤其是我,更没有想到我的案子会越搞越大,以至成了美国历史上最闻名的审判之一。

Thestreetaroundthethree-storeyredbricklawcourtsproutedwithricketystandssellinghotdogs.

(ibid.) 在红砖砌成的三层楼法院周围的街道上，突然摆满东倒西歪的摊位，出售热狗。3.Personification

Definition:A

figureofspeechwhichrepresentsaninanimateobject,ananimal,oran

abstractideaasapersonascapableofthought,feelingandspeechThisfigureaddsdignity,animation,andforcetostyle.从以上可以看出，拟人就是把人的思想，人的感情，人的行为方式赋予无灵的事物，作为人来描写。

3.Personification“Help,letmein,pleaseletmein!”Butthehouseswerecold,closed,unfriendly… “救命啊，让我进去，请让我进去！”可是那些房子冷漠无情，门窗紧闭，一点也不友好……Thefrontgardenwasagravelsquare;fourevergreenshrubsstoodateachcorner,wheretheystruggledtosurvivethedust,andfumefromabusymainroad. 前庭是一个铺着沙粒的正方形；四个角各有一丛常青灌木，他们经常受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟，挣扎着活下去。3.Personification

3.1ClassificationProducedbytheuseofadjectivesorpronouns.Australiaissokind,justtickleherwithahoe,andshelaughswithaharvest.

（D.Jerrold） 澳大利亚是这么可亲，只要用锄头逗她发痒，她就会带着收获笑逐颜开。3.Personification

3.1ClassificationEdelweiss,edelweiss,Everymorningyougreetme,SmallandwhiteCleanandbrightYoulookhappytomeetme.雪绒花，雪绒花，每天清晨你向我问早，你白皙又娇小高高兴兴把我拥抱。3.Personification

3.1Classification2.Producedbytheuseofverbs.Theinanimatethingsorabstractideasarerepresentedas

havinglife.

Beautyisassummer,whichareeasytocorrupt,andcannotlast;…butyetcertainlyagain,ifitlightwell,itmakethvirtuesshine,andvicesblush.(FrancisBacon:Of

Beauty)

美貌如夏日果疏，易腐难存；不过，倘若美貌属于圣贤之士，它又定能叫德行习习发光，恶习脸红。（Tr.

WangZuoliang

王佐良)

3.Personification

3.1ClassificationCordellHull,intheageofprint,observedthataliegoeshalfwayaroundtheworldbeforetruthhastimetogetitstrouserson.Withtelevisiontoday,truthnevercatchesupwithhalf-truth. (MortimerB.Zuckerman) 康代尔·赫尔在印刷品时代曾经指出，真理还来不及穿上裤子，谎言已经走遍了半个世界。今天，在电视机的威力下，真相更难赶上半真半假的说词。3.Personification

3.1ClassificationTimeislikeafashionablehost,thatslightlyshakeshispassingguestbythehand;andwithhisarmsstretched,ashewouldfly,graspsinthecomer.Thewelcomeseversmile,andfarewellgoesoutsighing.

（WilliamShakespeare） 时间正像一个趋炎附势的主人，对于一个要离去的客人不过和他略微握一握手，对于一个新来的客人，却伸开了双臂，飞也似地过去抱住他。欢迎是永远含笑的，告别总是带着叹息。3.Personification

3.1Classification3.Producedbytheuseofnouns.Personalnounsareusedinconnectionwithimpersonalones.InNovemberacold,unseenstranger,whomthedoctorcalledPneumonia,stalkedaboutthecolony,touchingonehereandtherewithhisicyfingers.Overontheeastsidetheravagerstrodeboldly,smitinghisvictimsbyscores.

（O.Henry:TheLastLeaf） 十一月间，一个冷酷无情，肉眼看不见，医生管他叫“肺炎”的不速之客，在艺术区里徘徊，用他的冰冷的手指这儿碰碰那儿摸摸。在广场的东面，这个坏家伙明目张胆地走动着，每闯一次祸，受害的人总有几十个。3.Personification

3.1ClassificationItwouldbewonderfulifeverychildhadthewarm,comfortingreligiousexperienceIhadinmySundayschool,withitssongs,itsstories,itsbagsofcandyattheholiday,butmanyaredeniedthat.Andwhilereligionisanadmirableteacherforthoseconnectedtoit,itisasilentvoiceforthosewhoarenot.

(Fortune,March25,1991)

如果每个孩子都能像我一样在主日学校得到温暖和慰藉的宗教体验，唱歌、听故事、分发成袋的糖度过假日，那该多好呵。但许多孩子没有得到这种体验。宗教对于与之有联系的孩子是可佩服的教师，对于与之没有联系的却是默默无言。3.Personification

3.3英语personificationVS汉语“拟人”去年今日此门中，人面桃花相映红。人面不知何处去，桃花依旧笑春风。

（崔护：《题都城南庄》）单是周围的短短的泥墙根一带，就有无限的趣味。油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。

（鲁迅《从百草园到三味书屋》）FiguresofAssociation

1.Synecdoche（提喻法）2.Metonymy3.Hyperbole（OverstatementandUnderstatement)4.TransferredEpithet

1.SynecdocheDefinitionAfigureofspeechbywhichapartisputforthewhole,thewholeforthepart,speciesforgenus,thegenusforthespeciesorthenameofthematerialforthethingmade.

（Webster’sThirdInternationalDictionary）1.Synecdoche

1.1

ClassificationThewesternwavewasalla-flame;Thedaywaswellnighdone!AlmostuponthewesternwaveRestedthebroadbrightSun;WhenthatstrangeshapedrovesuddenlyBetwixtusandtheSun.SamuelTaylorColeridge:

TheRimeoftheancientMariner

1.Apart

forthewhole白天即将过去，在西方波浪燃起红光。就像在西方的波浪之上，坐落着光辉的太阳。突然在太阳和我们之间，驶来那奇怪的形状。1.Synecdoche

1.1

ClassificationStill,ifallhandshadbeengottogether,theywouldnothavemorethanhalffilledtheroom.(CharlesDickens:TheUncommercial

Traveller) 即使全体人员集合起来，也装不满半个房间。ThenJudas,whichhadbetrayedhim,whenhesawthathewascondemned,repentedhimself,andbroughtagainthethirtypiecesofsilvertothechiefpriestsandelders,saying,IhavesinnedinthatIhavebetrayedtheinnocentblood.

(OldTestament:Matt.27:3) 时候，出卖耶稣的犹大看见耶稣已经定了罪，就后悔，把那三十个银币拿后来给祭司长和长老，说：我出卖了无辜之人是有罪的。

1.Synecdoche

1.1

Classification2.ThewholeforthepartEnglandwonthefootballgame.英格兰队赢了足球赛。Thenthesurgeoncutmeopenandtakeouttheappendixandstitchedmeupagain.医生切开我的腹部，割除了阑尾，又把我腹部缝好。Alltheplantsinthiscoldcountrybecomegreeninthesmilingyear.在这个寒冷的国家，植物都在温暖的季节变绿了。1.Synecdoche

1.1

ClassificationHetoldthedistance,“Iamarmedforwar.”Thenextmachinethathasthepowertopass.Willgetthisplasmainitsgoggleglass.”(RobertFrost:TheEggandtheMachine)他向远处喊着：“我已全副武装准备打仗。下次机车再胆敢过来，血浆就将在它车窗玻璃上溅开。”1.Synecdoche

1.1

Classification3.AnindividualforaclassShanghaiistheNewYorkofChina.Oh,thespringshouldvanishwiththerose!ThatYouth’ssweet-scentedmanuscriptshouldclose!(EdwardFitzgerald:TheBubaiyatofOmarKhayyamofNaishapur)哦，春天随着花儿的调零而消逝！青年芬芳的书卷也要关闭。1.Synecdoche

1.1

ClassificationButthehorsedidn’twantit——theyswervedapart;theearthdidn’twantit,sendinguprocksthroughwhichridersmustpasssinglefile;thetemples,thetank,thejail,thepalace,thebirds,thecarrion,theGuestHouse…:theydidn’twantit,theysaidintheirhundredvoices,“No,notyet,”andtheskysaid,“No,notthere.”(EdwardMorganForster:APassagetoIndia) 但是马不要，它们逸出驿道；大地不要，它喷出岩石，骑者只能单行通过；庙宇，水槽，监狱，宫殿，飞鸟，腐肉，宾馆……它们不要，它们千呼万喊，“不，还不是时候”，苍穹也说，“不，不是地方。”1.Synecdoche

1.1

Classification4.AclassforanindividualOnseeinghim,themiserablecreaturefelluponhisshoulder,sobbingandcrying,andpointingtothefountain,wheresomewomenwerestoopingoverthemotionlessbundleandmovinggentlyaboutit.

(CharlesDickens:ATaleofTwoCities) 一看见这男人，那悲惨的生物旧靠在他的肩上，呜咽，哭泣，而且指着那水潭，水潭旁边有几个妇人正在低头察看那一包寂然不动的东西，缓缓地在它周围移动着。1.Synecdoche

1.1

ClassificationThesmilingseasonhascome.春天已经到了。Nearly4.8millionvehiclesrolledofftheassemblylines,20000morethanin1988. 有近480万汽车开下生产线，比1988年多两万辆。1.Synecdoche

1.1

Classification5.ThematerialforthethingmadeHewalkedtheboardsforaliving. 他为谋生当演员。Theprisonerwasboundinironsfortenyears. 那个囚徒戴着手铐脚镣被关了十年。Heisanenemyworthyyoursteel;thereisnocowardiceinhim. 他是一个值得你与之搏斗的劲敌，他决不是懦夫。1.Synecdoche

1.1

Classification6.Theabstractfortheconcrete

Hehasdonememanykindnesses.2.Metonymy

Definition:Figuresofspeechwhichsubstitutesthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.

借代：‘借‘同要说的人和事物有密切关系的其他事物来‘代’的一种修辞手法。 （倪宝元1980：228）

2.Metonymy

2.1MetaphorVS

MetonymyMetaphor:foundedonalikeness:thethingspokenofandthethingmeantarealikeinsomeaspect.

Metonymy:foundeduponrelation:thethingspokenofandthethingmeantmaybewhollyunlike,buttherelationbetweenthemissuchthatthementionofonesuggeststheother.

Classification:

2.Metonymy

2.2Classification

1.

ThecontainerforthethingcontainedThemotherdidherbesttotakecareofthecradle.

Thekettleisboiling.壶开了。Thehallapplauded. 整个大厅热烈鼓掌。2.Metonymy

2.2Classification2.ThesymbolforthepersonorthingsymbolizedHesucceededtothecrownin1848.“我们这些人也可怜。”老魏断断续续地说，“说来归其，我们太爱惜乌纱帽了。……“

（王蒙：《不扎》）2.Metonymy

2.2ClassificationMy15studentsreadEmerson,Torean,andHuxley. 我教的15名学生读了爱默生、梭洛和赫胥黎的著作。Theyoungmenshouldrespectgreyhair.青年人应当尊敬老年人。2.Metonymy

2.2Classification3.TheInstrumentororganfortheagentThepenhasmoreinfluencethanthesword.“手术刀不如剃头刀“绝不是无稽之谈。我们有多少本末倒置的怪事（霍达：《国殇》）Thepenismightierthanthesword. 笔杆子比刀剑更有力。Heisnotthemanwholetshisheartrulehishead.他不是那种让感情控制理智的人。2.Metonymy

2.3英语SynecdocheVS汉语“借代”与英语Synecdoche类似的汉语修辞格是“借代”，但汉语的借代比Synecdoche的内涵要广，它不但涵盖Synecdoche，还涵盖metonymy。吟罢低眉无写处， 月光如水照缁衣。宋人多数不懂诗是要用形象思维的，一反唐人规律，所以味同嚼蜡。（毛泽东：《给陈毅同志谈诗的一封信》）2.Metonymy

2.3MetonymyVSsynecdoche在英语中synecdoche（提喻）这个修辞格，常常和另一类与之相似的修辞格metonymy（转喻）相混淆。有些讲英语修辞的书籍将两者归为一类，加上有些专家学者对这两种修辞格看法也不一致，这就使初学者更加无可适从。2.Metonymy

2.3MetonymyVSsynecdocheWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionary（《韦氏第三国际新辞典》Metonymy：Afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofoneforthatofsomethingelsewithitisassociated. 即用一个事物的名称去代替与它相关的另一个事物的名称。2.Metonymy

2.3MetonymyVSsynecdocheHeisnotthemanwholetshisheartrulehishead. 他不是那种让感情控制理智的人。8.Hyperbole(Overstatementandunderstatement)Definition:Afigureofspeechthatdeliberatelyusesexaggerationinordertogiveemphasis.(Ruseetal1992:143)Inoverstatementthedictionexaggeratethesubject,andinunderstatementthewordsplaydownthemagnitudeorvalueofthesubject.Bothaimatthesameeffect:tomakethestatementordescriptionimpressiveorinteresting.Hyperbole(Overstatementand understatement)

Vingosatstunned,lookingattheoaktree.Itwascoveredwithyellowhandkerchiefs—20ofthem,30ofthem,maybehundreds. 文戈坐在那儿望着橡树惊呆了。树上挂满了黄手绢——二十条，三十条，或许几百条。Shegavemetheimpressionofhavingmoreteeth,whiteandlargeandeven,thanwerenecessaryforanypracticalpurpose. 她给我的印象是：她有一口洁白整齐的大牙，为数之多已超过任何实际需要。3.Hyperbole(Overstatementandunderstatement)She’sdyingtoknowwhatjobhasbeenassignedher.Ittookafewdollarstobuildthisindoorswimmingpool.MybloodfrozeWhenItoldourfatheraboutthis,hisheartburst.MyheartalmoststoppedbeatingwhenIheardmydaughter’svoiceonthephone.3.Hyperbole(Overstatementandunderstatement)Thesunhasroastedhim,thecoldfrozenhim,andhungerfamishedhimontheforcedmarchesoftwentymilesadayintheheatandcoldandtherainandtheshine.我笑得那石头裂开了嘴，我笑得那大树折断了腰，我笑得那刘三爷门前的旗杆咔喳一声栽倒了！（贺敬之：《笑》）4.TransferredEpithet

Definition: aqualifyingadjectivetransferredfromapersontoathingorfromonethingtoanother.Thisfigureisaweakformofpersonification.4.TransferredEpithet

Thedoctor‘sfaceexpressedakindofdoubtingadmiration. 医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情。Oneteacherwritesthatinsteadofdrowningstudents’compositionsincriticalredink,theteacherwillgetfarmoreconstructiveresultsbyfindingoneortwothingswhichhavebeendonebetterthanlasttime,andcommentingfavourablyonthem.有一位教师写到，如果教师不用挑剔的红墨水把学生们的作文改得一塌糊涂，而是找出一两处比上一次做的好的地方并给予好评，他就会得到颇富有建设性的结果。4.TransferredEpithet

Theindefatigablebellnowsoundedforthefourthtime:theclassesweremarchalledandmarchedintoanotherroomtobreakfast:howgladIwastobeholdaprospectofgettingsomethingtoeat!(CharlotteBronte:JaneEyre) 那不知疲倦的钟声如今敲第四遍了；各个班级列队到另一间房子去吃早饭。看到有东西可吃，我多么高兴啊！4.TransferredEpithet

TheGrapeofWrath 《愤怒的葡萄》AllthatsleeplessnightIreplayedthemomentthoseblackglovescameuptothecarwindow.(RuthReichl:There’sOnlyLuck) 当晚我彻夜无眠，那幅黑手套伸向车窗的情景不时地在我眼前浮现。4.TransferredEpithet

4.1Classification1、在形式上修饰甲名词的修饰语，在语义上转移修饰乙名词。Shehasexpensivetastesinclothes. 她喜欢穿高档衣服。Iwassurprisedtofindhimlivinginsuchdrabandcheerlesssurroundings. 我意外地发现他住在如此单调而阴郁的环境中。...theskyatenderpalle