中考语文复习：中考题型二　阅读理解

eq\o(\s\up7(),\s\do5(中考题型二阅读理解))阅读理解是中考英语中最重要的题型，它是对初中学生英语阅读能力的一个综合检测。新的课程标准对初中学生的英语阅读能力提出了较高的要求，要求初中毕业生的阅读能力达到5级水平，共有7项指标。这些指标考查了学生多方面的阅读能力。1．能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；2．能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；3．能找出文章的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；4．能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；5．能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；6．能利用字典等工具书进行学习；7．课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。2021贵阳新中考改革无论是在题量、题目难度及所占分值比例均有增加。常规型阅读理解调整为3个语篇，每篇4小题，3选1，共12小题，总分为24分。全面要求学生从所提供的语言材料中获取信息，进而进行分析、判断、推理，以解决实际问题，锻炼学生英语知识的综合运用能力。以上这些变化对学生的应试能力及自身的英语水平均提出了更高要求。命题2021年2020年2019年2018年2017年文体A篇B篇C篇A篇B篇A篇B篇A篇B篇A篇B篇说明文说明文说明文应用文说明文说明文说明文说明文记叙文说明文说明文话题人文体育古代建筑社会现象实验报告动物才艺风俗习惯未来科技发展好书推荐生活哲理中外发明社会生活内容概要奥运赛事与举办场地大运河撒谎的原因种植马铃薯会演奏音乐的大象不同文化的风俗习惯飞车与3D打印机动物习性保持乐观与积极的重要性中国四大发明青少年成年后的权利与义务难度易中难易中中难中中中中经分析贵阳近五年阅读理解可以发现，阅读理解所选语篇有意识地探索培养学生跨学科的阅读能力，及处理信息等能力，促进学生整体素养的提高。选材除了考查学生的逻辑推理能力和学生的综合分析判断能力外，通常还传递积极向上的人生态度和不断进取的生活理念。具体考情分析如下：1．文章以说明文为主，应用文和记叙文为辅，所选语篇题材丰富，体裁多样，具有生活化、教育性、真实性、时代性的特点。2．语篇长度适中，梯度和难易度合理，命题主要涉及主旨、细节、词义、篇章结构、作者观点和态度等，考查了学生根据不同的阅读目的运用适当的阅读策略获取信息的能力。1．考查学生在阅读中准确捕获信息的能力。这就要求考生通过阅读短文，运用自己所学的语法、词组、短语等方面的语言知识，根据自己的理解，掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及通过说明主旨和大意的事实和情节，迅速找出题目后面的正确选项。2．要求学生既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念；既理解文章的表层意思，也理解文章的深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等“弦外之音”。3．要求学生既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。4．要求学生既能根据材料提供的信息去理解，也能结合自己应有的常识去理解。细节理解题：主要考查考生对阅读材料中某一特定细节的主要事实的理解能力。推理判断题：此类题要求通过文章中的文字信息、上下文逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者暗含的意思。主旨大意题：含段落大意题及标题概括题。旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。词义猜测题：其目的在于检测学生利用上下文对词、词组以及句子的理解能力。文章出处题：推断文章出处，即通过阅读材料，感知内容，从而推断材料的来源。篇章结构题：篇章结构题的考查对象是整个篇章或其中的某些段落，要求考生根据句与句、段与段之间内在的逻辑关系来判断结构。观点态度题：含目的意图题。作者写文章时，经常持有某种目的、态度或倾向，此类题考查考生对作者写作意图的整体把握和理解。1．阅读全文，捕捉信息。阅读理解的主旨是要求考生仔细阅读全文，掌握其大意，了解作者的观点和写作意图，故事的起因、时间、地点以及结局。考生必须在有限的时间内迅速抓住文章的要点，读懂全文。2．注意首句，抓住中心。考生应特别注意首段和每一自然段的首句以及结尾句，它们有可能是文章的“文眼”，这样一来就抓住了文章的中心，为正确答题打下了良好的基础。3．优选排除，确定答案。阅读理解题备选答案有两个是干扰项。我们可先排除语法、词法上明显有错误的选项，再排除与短文内容不符的选项，剩下的就是应选答案了，在这个过程中要仔细鉴别，对比各选项的区别。4．复读全文，检查答案。考生应把短文中考查的信息归纳一遍，再次阅读，检查答案，看看是否前后一致，是否符合逻辑推理，有错及时纠正。1．主旨大意题解这种题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识等推理、判断，从而获取文章中内隐的信息。此外，在统览全篇、把握文章中心思想的同时，捕捉主题句也是关键。主题句多位于篇首或篇末，每段的主题句多位于段首或段尾。捕捉到主题句对了解文章主旨大意极有帮助。2．推理判断题这种题目有一定难度，往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的态度、观点、意图、语气等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理，从作者的态度和取向中获取信息，做出正确判断。3．细节理解题首先是直接理解性题目，这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。另外还有一些题目要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释或需要对有关的上下文提供的语境和信息、甚至对整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解和判断。4．词义猜测题解决此类问题时，需要考生利用平时所熟悉的词或短语和上下文中的已知部分进行逻辑上的推理，有时还需依靠常识和经验。①注意一些过渡词语，如thatis、thisis、inotherwords等，它们直接引出了同义解释；②注意连接词及被猜测的词前后的因果、让步、递进、转折、列举及承上启下等各种连接上下文的特殊功能；③注意同义词、近义词、反义词、同位语、定语从句、相似或相反的结构等。(2021·贵阳C篇)Mostchildrenaretaughtthevirtue(美德)ofhonestyfromstories.Thewell­knownstoryofPinocchioteachestheimportanceoftellingthetruth.EverytimePinocchiolies，hisnosegrowslongerandlonger.Anotherstoryisabouttheboywho“criedwolf”.Intheend，helosesallhissheepandthetrustofhisfellowvillagersbecausehetellsliesmanytimes.Thesetypesofstoriesshowchildrenthat“honestyisthebestpolicy.”Still，ifthisisthecase，thenwhydosomanypeoplelie？Thefactisthatpeoplelieformanyreasons.Onereasonpeoplelieistominimize(减少)amistake.Whileitistruethateveryonedoessomethingwrongfromtimetotime，somepeopledonothavethecouragetoadmittheirerrors(错误)becausetheyareafraidtheywillbeblamed.Forexample，studentsmightlietotheirteachersaboutunfinishedhomework.Theymightsaythattheylefttheworkathomewhen，infact，theydidnotdotheworkatall.Thesestudentsdonotwanttogetintroubleorseemirresponsible，sotheymakeupanexcuse—alie—tosaveface.Anotherreasonforlyinghastodowithself­protection.Parents，particularlythosewithyoungchildren，mayteachtheirchildrentousethistypeof“protective”lieincertaincircumstances(状况).Whatshouldchildrendoifastrangercallswhiletheparentsareout？Manyparentsteachtheirchildrentoexplainthattheirmotherandfatheraretoobusytocometothephoneatthattime.Inthissituation，protectivelyingcanmeangreatersafety.Peoplelieformanyreasons，bothgoodandbad.Lyingtokeepthepeaceortostaysafecanhavepositiveresults.However，lyingtostayoutoftroublecanleadtomoretroubleintheend.Understandingthemotivesbehindtheimpulse(冲动)toliemightminimizethishabitoflying.()1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”refertointhepassage?A．Honestyisthebestpolicy.B．Thewell­knownstoryofPinocchio.C．Thestoryoftheboywho“criedwolf”．()2.Howdoesthewriterexplainwhypeopletelllies?A．Byaskingquestions.B．Bygivingexamples.C．Byshowingtheresults.()3.Whatisthecorrectstructureofthepassage?(P1＝Paragraph1)A．B．C．()4.What'sthebesttitleforthepassage?A．TheTruthbehindLyingB．TheTypesofLiesC．TheHabitofLying【主旨大意】本文主要介绍了人们撒谎的原因。【答案精析】1．A词义猜测题根据第一段Thesetypesofstoriesshowchildrenthat“honestyisthebestpolicy.”可知这些类型的故事为孩子们展示了“诚实才是上策”，因此猜测this代指“honestyisthebestpolicy.”故选A。2．B细节理解题根据第二段Forexample，studentsmightlietotheirteachersaboutunfinishedhomework.可知学生可能因为没有完成作业而对老师撒谎，这是作者通过举例子来说明人们撒谎的原因，故选B。3．A文章结构题纵观全文，可知第一段主要讲了人们撒谎的事实，而第二段和第三段主要分说了人们撒谎的理由，第四段主要是总结的话语，因此判断本文最好的结构如A选项所示，故选A。4．A文章标题题根据第一段Thefactisthatpeoplelieformanyreasons.可知事实是，人们有很多原因撒谎，因此判断本文最好的标题为撒谎背后的真相，故选A。A(2021·贵阳)汈汈汈汈汈TheOlympicGamesbeganinOlympia，inancientGreece.Theyweremadeupofmanysports.Theystillexisttoday.TheserunnersaretakingpartinthemodernOlympics.AttheancientOlympicstherewerewrestlingmatches.Someathleteshurledadiscusasfarastheycould.AnotherpopularOlympicsportwasthelongjump.Menracedaroundatrackinchariotspulledbyhorses.ThemodernOlympicsareheldallovertheworld.Onlythebestathletestakepart.ATHENSAthensisthecapitalofGreece.ItwasthehostcityofthefirstmodernOlympicGamesin1896.ThegamestookplaceinthePanathenaicStadium.BEIJINGBeijingisthecapitalofChina.Ithostedthe2008OlympicGames.TheopeningceremonywasintheNationalStadium.Itisalsocalled“theBird'sNest”．LONDONLondonisthecapitalofGreatBritain.IthashostedtheOlympicGamesthreetimes(in1908，1948and2012)，morethananyothercity.ThegamestookplaceintheWimbledonStadium.(C)1.Howmanysportsarementionedinthismaterial?A．Three.B．Four.C．Five.(A)2.WhichcityheldthefirstmodernOlympicGames?A．Athens.B．Beijing.C．London.(A)3.Theopeningceremonyofthe2008OlympicGameswasin________．A．theNationalStadiumB．thePanathenaicStadiumC．theWimbledonStadium(B)4.Thismaterialismostprobablytakenfrom________.A．astorybookB．amagazineC．anadvertisementB(2021·齐齐哈尔)Yoursummervacationiscoming.Thefollowingactivitiesinyourcitycanhelpyoutohaveacolorfulvacation.Paintings&Calligraphy(书法)GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinainthepast100years.ToshowlovefortheCommunistPartyofChina，100studentsfromdifferentschoolswillusetheirpensandbrushestoshowyouthegreatchanges.Time：10：00－15：00July1st—July15th，2021ClosedonMondaysPlace：AchievementHallInventionsTomemorizeYuanLongping，FatherofHybridRice，peopleinourcitywillshowyoutheirgreatestinventionsonsavingfood.Intheshow，youcanseealotofnewinventionsfrompeopleatdifferentages.Guideswillstaywithyoufromthebeginningtotheend.Time：13：30－16：00August10th—August11th，2021Place：SunshineHallAbookonembroidery(刺绣)ThebookXunXiuJihasbeennamedChina'smostbeautifulbook.ZhangShulinisthewriterofit.WehaveinvitedFanDengtointroduceittous.Formoreinformation，callLindaat679­8871，please.Time：14：00－15：30June30th，2021Place：SchoolHallVolunteersTokeepawayfromCOVID­19，we'dbettergetvaccinated(接种疫苗).Butmanypeopleinourcommunityareafraidofit.Pleaseworkforourcommunitytotellthemtheimportanceofgettingvaccinatedandhelptoreduce(减少)theworries.Time：13：30－15：00July15th—July24th，2021Place：CommunityOffice(B)1.InAchievementHall，youwillsee________．A．abookB．apaintingandcalligraphyshowC．manyinventions(C)2.WhowillintroducethebookXunXiuJitoyouonJune30th，2021?A．ZhangShulin.B．Linda.C．FanDeng.(A)3.IfZhangWeiisavolunteerinthecommunity，whatshouldhedo?A．Heshouldhelppeopletoreducetheworries.B．Heshouldlayoutthepaintingsfrom10students.C．Heshouldinventsomethingnewtosavefood.(C)4.TheGreenswillcometoyourcityonAugust10th，2021.Whatcantheysee?A．Embroideryworks.B．Paintingandcalligraphyworks.C．Newinventionsonsavingfood.C(2021·毕节)Naomiwasthinkingabouthervacationreport.Shevisitedherfriend，Graceandgotsomeideas.“WhatshouldIwriteabout？”shethoughtagainonherwayhome.Nearashrine(圣地)，shefoundabeautifulbirdsingingonabigstone.Shelookedatthestoneandsawsomelettersonit.“Whatisthisstonefor？”shewondered.Naomitalkedaboutthestonetohergrandpa.“Thatisastonemonumentwhichhasalonghistory，”hergrandpasaid.Naomialsotoldhergrandpaaboutherreport.“Ithinkitisagoodideatowriteaboutit.GoandvisitmyfriendSam，”saidNaomi'sgrandpa.Thenextday，NaomiwenttoseeSam.“________Wehavemorestonemonumentsaroundhere.Theoneyousawwasbuiltabouttwohundredyearsago.Peoplearoundherethoughtthattreeshadsouls(灵魂)．Buttheyhadtocutandusethetreesfortheirownlives.Theymadethestonemonumentstothankthetrees，”Samsaid.“Weshouldlivewithnature.However，wesometimesforgetthatimportantthing.Whenweseethestonemonuments，wecanrememberthat，”Samsaid.“Thisisapartofourlocalculture，andyoungpeoplelikemehavetolearnaboutthis，”Naomithought.Thenewtermstarted.“Yourreportisgreat.Youworkedhardtowriteit，”Naomi'steachersaid.Theteacher'swordsmadeNaomisohappy.Passingthestoneagain，Naomisaidtothebird，“Thankyoufortellingme.”(D)1.WhatwasNaomiworryingaboutduringthesummervacation?A．Hergrandpa.B．Hertrip.C．Herhealth.D．Herreport.(D)2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“monument”meaninChinese?A．时刻B．运动C．礼物D．纪念碑(C)3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeputin“________”？A．I'msorryyoudon'tlikethemonument.B．Idon'tthinkyouwanttoknowaboutit.C．Iamgladyouareinterestedinthemonument.D．I'msureyou'llinvitemetodinner.(D)4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A．Peopletherethoughtthattreeshadsouls.B．Theymadethemonumentstothankthetrees.C．Theybuiltthemonumentsforpeopletorememberthetrees.D．Theybuiltthemonumentsforthebirdstosingon.(A)5.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.IttellsushowNaomiworkedforherreport.B．IttellsushowNaomifoundthemonument.C．IttellsushowNaomivisitedSam.D．IttellsushowNaomifoundthebird.D(2021·通辽)Whetherfromnewsreportsorsocialmediaarticles，youmayknowthat5Giscoming.5Gisthe5thgenerationnetwork.Itisanewnetworkafter1G，2G，3Gand4G.Itcanconnecteveryoneandeverythingtogether.5GnetworkswillcovermanycitiesinChinasoon.5Gmeanssuper­fastdataspeed.Onecandownloadatwo­hourmovieforfewerthan10seconds，anditismakingourlivesmoreandmoreconvenient.5Gwillmakeself­drivingcarspossible.Forsafety，self­drivingcarsneedsuper­fastdatatransmission(传输)tocommunicatewiththeirnearbyenvironment.5Gisjustwhatmakesself­drivingcarsachievethis.Evenairplaneswillbecome“smart”inthenearfuture.Passengerswillbeabletouse5GnetworksintheairtoconnecttotheInternetandcanorderforfoodanddrinks.5Gwillbeabighelpforstudentswhotakeonlineclasses.Manypeopleliveinpoorareasintheworldwheretherearenoschools.Butwith5G，thiswillchange.StudentsallovertheworldwillbeabletoseeplacesliketheGreatWallwithoutleavingtheirrooms.Itwillbealsoeasierfordoctorstotreatpatientsremotelyby5G.Itmeanscaringforpatientsfromfaraway.Thefactslistedaboveareonlyapartofwhat5Gwillmakepossibleandpopular.JustasintheearlydaysoftheInternetinthe1990s，fewcouldseehowitcouldchangeourlifeandtheworld.Thesamewillsurelybetrueof5G.With5G，manythingsdonotseemlikedreamsanymore.Nowlet'sgetreadytosaygoodbyeto4Gandwelcomethecomingof5G.(B)1.Howlongmayittaketodownloadatwo­hourmoviewith5G?A．15seconds.B．8seconds.C．10minutes.(C)2.Theunderlinedword“remotely”means“________”inChinese.A．快速地B．高效地C．远程地(A)3.About5G,________isNOTmentionedinthepassage.A．tobeusedfreelyB．super­fastdataspeedC．toconnecteveryoneandeverythingtogether(C)4.Fromthelastparagraph，wecanknowthat________.A．4GisnomoreusedinourdailylifenowB．thewriterisworriedaboutthecomingof5GC．with5G，someofourdreamswillcometrueforsureonedayE(2021·重庆A卷改编)2021istheyearoftheox(牛).InMarch，asetofstampsaboutthefamousTangDynastypainting，FiveOxen，cameout.ItallowsmorepeopletoknowbetterthegreatartofancientChina，aswellastheimportanceofagriculture(农业)inhistory.HanHuang(723－787)wasthepainterofFiveOxen.HeworkedasagovernmentofficialintheTangDynasty.Hispaintingswerelovedbymanybecausetheanimalshepaintedweresoalive.Unluckily，FiveOxenisprobablyhisonlypaintingleft.FiveOxenisoneofthebestanimalpaintingsinChina'sarthistory.Inthepainting，thefiveoxenareinaline.Theyareofdifferentcolorsandshapes.Andeachhasadifferentappearance(形态)，walkingorstanding，holdingtheirheadshighorlow.Withlivelyexpressionsandbrighteyes，theoxenshowthespiritofdoinghardworkwithoutcomplaints(抱怨).Asthenamesuggests,__▲__．Itmakespeoplefocus(关注)ontheoxenthemselves.Thepaintingwasmissingin1900.Luckily，itreturnedtoChinaduringtheearly1950s.However，itwasterriblybrokenwithmanyholesinit.Greateffortsweremadetosaveit.NowFiveOxen，probablytheoldestChinesepaintingonpaper，iskeptwithcareinthePalaceMuseuminBeijing.(B)1.Theunderlinedword“It”inParagraph1refersto“________”．A．TheyearoftheoxB．ThesetofstampsC．ThepaintingFiveOxen(A)2.HanHuang'spaintingswerelovedbymanybecausetheanimalshepaintedwereso________．A．aliveB．brightC．colorful(C)3.Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbeputinthe__▲__?A．theoxisverypopularintheTangDynastyB．theoxisasymboloftraditionalChinesecultureC．thepaintingisofthefiveoxenwithnospecialbackground(C)4.Thispassagemainlywantstotellusthat________.A．FiveOxenisHan'sonlypaintingleftB．oxenhavedifferentcolorsandshapesC．FiveOxenisvaluableandmeaningfulF(2021·黄石改编)Oneday，afarmerwaswalkingalongaroadwithhissonThomas.Thefathersaid，“Look！Thereisahorseshoe.Pickitupandputitinyourbag.”Thomassaid，“Itisn'tw