fmri成像技术在针刺中枢整合机制研究中的应用

fmri成像技术在针刺中枢整合机制研究中的应用

功能蒙太奇（mri）是一个开发速度快的新马太奇恶意软件和硬件技术的包包含着对其目标、功能、图像和绩效的全面参与。它已集成三个factor、功能、图像和绩效，并将其用作人类事务的函数区域。预安装，预安装，略发现性应用程序。UnderstandingbraincentralintegrationmechanismsbyobservingresponsesofbraintoacupuncturewithfMRItechniquecanprovidedirectvisiblebasisforstudiesofeffectsandmechanismsofacupunctureandmoxibustion,richeningscientificconnotationofacupunctureandmoxibustiontheories.Ithasbeenwidelyapprovedbyacupunctureandmoxibustionresearchersathomeandabroad.Thebasisoftheacupunctureeffectsispossiblyrelatedwiththebrainandtherelativecentralnervesystemnetworks.Uptonow,mostoftheacupuncture-relatedfMRIstudiesadoptclassicalblockdesignmodel,i.e.,thetaskstimulationalternateswiththerestingstate,so,thefinaltaskeffectisthedifferencebetweenthetaskresponseandtherestingstateresponse.Forexample,thestudiesabouttheacupointspecificitymainlycompareacupunctureeffectsbetweenrealpointsandshampoints,trueneedlingandshamneedlingatacupoints,differentacupointsonasamemeridian,etc.,investigatingthedirectionalactivationofacupointspecificityindifferentbrainregions.Xiao,etalobservedthecharacteristicsoffunctionalimagingofintracerebraleffectsofacupunctureatZúsānlǐ(足三里ST36)withreinforcingmanipulationandfoundthatthetemporallobeactivatingareaintheacupointgrouphadspecificityascomparedwiththenon-acupointgroup,andtherewasastatisticallysignificantdifferenceindifferenceofactivatingreactionratesbetweentherightandlefthemispheresofthetemporallobe,soitisinferredthatacupointstreatorgandiseasesandmodulateorgandysfunctionspossiblythroughthebrainasamediator.WhenacupuncturewasgivenatTàichōng(太冲LR3),Xíngjiān(行间LR2),Nèitíng(内庭ST44)andnon-acupoints,forthebrainregionrangesandintensityactivated,therangeactivatedbynon-acupointswasthesmallestandtheintensitywastheweakest;andfortheinhibitedareas,theareasinhibitedbythenon-acupointswerethemostdiffusive.WhentrueacupunctureatXíngjiān(行间LR2)andplaceboacupunctureattheacupointsurface(shamacupuncture)wererespectivelyappliedtohealthypersons,itwasfoundbyfMRIthattrueacupunctureatleftXíngjiān(行间LR2)couldsignificantlyactivatecaudatenucleus,cerebellumandlimbicsystem,etc.,butplaceboacupuncturedidnothavethisactivatingaction.Whenacupunctureandmoxibustionstimulation,innocuouscommontactilestimulationweregivenatHégǔ(合谷LI4),andacupunctureandmoxibustionstimulationatshampointlateraltoHégǔ(合谷LI4),itwasfoundbyfMRIthatstimulationatthetruepoint,bothdeeptissuestimulationandcommonly-generatedfeelingstimulation(secondarysomatosensorystimulation)couldmodulatenervousresponse.WhenacupuncturewasappliedtoTàichōng(太冲LR3),Zhōngdū(中都LR5)oftheLiverMeridianandZúsānlǐ(足三里ST36),Xiàngǔ(陷谷ST43)oftheStomachMeridianontherightside,itwasfoundbyfMRIthatacupuncturecouldinducetheactivationofbilateralprimarysomatosensoryareaandhomolateralcerebellum,andtheacupointsofasamechannelcouldinducetheactivationofsimilaractivatedareas.DISCOVERYOFTHERESTINGSTATEPROBLEMAlongwithgraduallydeepcognitionaboutbrainnetworks,inrecentyearsstudiesfindthatthebraincanberegardedasadynamicanddistributivenetworkofmulti-layers,whichcandisconti-nuouslyorganizeandrebuildthefunctionalconnectivityforcarryingoutaseriesofcomplicatedfunctions.Eventhoughattherestingstateofawakingwitheyeclosure,thehumanbrainalsohasfunctionalactivities.Raichle,etalputforwardthatattherestingstatethehumanbrainhadadefaultfunctionalnetwork,i.e.,thecortexofposteriorcingulatedgyrus,precuneus,mediancortexofprefrontallobe.In2003,Greicius,etalprovedexistenceofthedefaultnetworkbyfMRIexperiment,andtheyincludedthenetworkcenterinposteriorcingulatedgyrusandprovedthatthenetworkwasnotsuspendedinsimplesensetask,andonlywhenacomplicatedcognitiontaskappeared,thisdefaultnetworkwaspossiblydiscontinued.Fox,etalgreatlyadvancedthepredecessor’scognitionaboutthebrainfunctionalactivitynetworkatres-tingstate,andheldthatthispositivecorrelationwithinthenetworkandthenegativecorrelationbetweenthenetworksfoundbyslowwaveoscillationatrestingstatenotonlywereareflectionofthemechanismofcompetitionorshearingeachotherbetween“attention”and“wanderingofattention”inthehumanbrainatrestingstate,butalsoreflectedaninherentorganizingmechanisminthehumanbrain.Fromthisitcanbeseenthatthebrainactivitiesatrestingstatewillinfluencetheobjectivetask-correlatedbrainfunctionalimagingresultsandexplanationoftheseresults,includingtheabove-mentionedacupuncture-relatedfMRIexperimentalresults.Inaddition,alsothereisakeyproblemworthnotice,thatis,intheabove-mentionedacupunctureandmoxibustionexperimentsonthebasisofBlockdesign,acupuncturestimulation(stimulation)andrestalternatedandreplacedwithinashortperiod,makingacupuncturelastingeffectonthebrainresponseattherestingstateaftertheendofstimulationimpossiblyreturntothepurerestingstatebeforeacupuncture,so,therestingpartafteracupuncturestimulationpracticallystillincludeacertainacupunctureeffects.Whenstimulationstateiscomparedwiththebasiclineofrestingstate,theinterestedacupunctureeffectcertainlywillbeseriouslyweakenedevencovered,leadingtoshampositiveresults.STUDIESONTHEBRAINFUNCTIONALNETWORKATACUPUNCTURERESTINGSTATEResearchmethodsofthebrainfunctionalnetworkatrestingstateAtpresent,researchersmoreandmorepayattentiontodetectionofconnectivityofbrainregionsatrestingstate,i.e.,internalconnectivityoftherestingstatenetworkcomposedofthesebrainregions.Astudyextractedthenegativelyactivatingpointsof3testtasksignals(directiondifferentiation,digitaladditionandChinesecharactercognition)torespectivelyconstructnetworksincombinationwiththecomplicatednetworktheory,fin-dingthatallthe3networkshad“smallworldcha-racteristics”.Humanbrainneedscooperativeworkofmanybrainregionstoprocessandmixinformation,soastocompletehighfunctions.Forthestudiesonbrainnetworksatrestingstate,functionalconnectivitymethodismostusedtomeasurerelationamongfunctionalbrainregions,whichisoneofeffectivewaysfordescribingthecooperativeworkingmodelamongthebrainregionsandmeasureswhethertheconnectingrelationoccursandstrengthorweaknessoftheconnectionrelationamongthebrainregions.Atpresent,thebrainfunctionalconnectivityanalysishasbeenwidelyappliedtothestudiesofhumanbrainsensation,cognitionandemotionmechanismsandfunctionalnetworktissuestructures.Themethodsfordirectlymeasuringfunctionalconnectivityamongbrainregionsincludecorrelationanalysisandpartialcorrelationanalysisundertimedomain,andcoherentanalysisandpartialcoherentanalysisunderfrequencydomain,etc.Inaddition,maincomponentanalysis,independentcomponentanalysisandrankclusteringandothermultipleanalysismethodsalsocanbeusedforindirectmeasurementofthefunctionalconnectivity.Inthefunction-associatedbrainregions,changesofBOLDsignalsaresynchronicandshowhighconsistencyintime,so,thetime-correlativityamongtimesequencesofvariousbrainregionsmeasuredbycorrelationcoefficientmaybeusedtodeterminemutualrelationshipamongdifferentbrainregionsinfunctions.StudiesoncorrelativitybetweenacupunctureandthebrainfunctionalnetworksWeholdthatthecentralintegrationmechanismsofacupunctureeffectsreflectinbrainactivities,whichnotonlyaredirectionalactivationofdifferentbrainregions,andalsoareresultsofinteractionofdifferentbrainregions,so,researchersshouldanalyzeasawholecharacteristicsoftopologywhichareshowedbythebrainasacomplicatedsysteminacupuncture.Thisneedstointroduceintoresearchandanalysismethodsofcomplicatednetworkstoprobethespecificconnectionamongfunctionalbrainregionsactivatedafteracupuncture,soastomorecomprehensivelyanalyzethedeepintensionofthecentralintegrationmechanismsofacupuncture.Someresearchersathomeprobeintothecorrespondingbrainfunctionalnetworkinvolvedinacupuncturelastingeffects:afteracupunctureisgivenatZúsānlǐ(足三里ST36),selectamygdaloidnucleusasaseedpoint,comparethedifferencesofthefunctionalconnectionnetworksoftworestingstatesbeforeandafteracupuncture,andanalyzetheregulativemechanismsofacupunctureanalgesiceffectfortherestingnetwork,andfindthatthedefaultendogenousanalgesicfunctionalnetworkexistinhumanbraininalowleveltype,whichcanreachtoahig-herlevelafteracupunctureinterference.Attherestingstateafteracupuncture,obviousconnectivityexistsinamygdaloidnucleusandthebrainregionsbelowit:middlefrontalgyrus,superiorfrontalgyrus,apicallobe,frontallobe,posteriorcortexofcingulatedgyrus(PCC),anteriorcortexcingulatedgyrus(ACC),nucleusaccumbens,hypothalamus,caudatenucleusandpartialputamennucleus,posteriorthalamus,hippocampus,thalamiccrest,vermiscerebelli,andperiaqueductalgraymatterofmidbrain.Inordertoprobeintotheeffectsofthecomplicatedsomaticsensationstimulationandacupunctureontheinternalconnectivityofboththedefaultnetworkandthesense-motornetwork,Dhond,etalobservedeffectsofcomplicatedsomaticsensationstimulationandacupuncturebeforeandaftertrueacupunctureandshamacupunctureatNèiguān(内关PC6)withfMRI,andfoundthattrueacupunctureatNèiguān(内关PC6)increasedtheconnectivityofthedefaultnetworktothepain-associatedbrainregions(ACC,periaqueductalgraymatterofmidbrain),theemotion-associatedbrainregions(amygdaloidnucleus,ACC)andmemory-associatedbrainregions(hippocampusconstruction,middlefrontalgyrus).Inaddition,trueacupuncturecouldstrengthentheconnectivityofthesense-motornetworktopain-asso-ciatedbrainregions(ACC,cerebellum).Researchersadoptedtheexperimentaldesignprogramconformedtoacupuncturepracticeandfullyconsideredlastingeffectsofacupuncture,i.e.,non-repeatedevent-relatedfMRI(NRER-fMRI)designtoanalyzefunctionalconnectivityofacupunctureeffectsonanamygdala-associatedbrainnetwork;andusedfMRIforobservationbeforeacupunctureatZúsānlǐ(足三里ST36),duringacupuncturemanipulationandafteracupuncturemanipulationwithleftamygdaloidnucleususedasfunctionalre-ferenceofconnectivityanalysis,findingthatanamygdale-associatedbrainnetworkexistsatrestingstate,whichincludedthebrainstructuresmingledwithpainsensationandpainregulation.Atthesametime,itwasfoundthatthesepain-associatednetworkscouldbemodulatedbytrueacupunctureandshamacupuncture,buttrueacupuncturecouldinduceahig-herlevelcorrelativityintheamygdale-associatedbrainnetworkascomparedwithshamacupuncture.Inabove-mentionedstudiesoftheseacupuncture-relatedbrainnetworks,researcherssuccessfullycombinedtheindependentcomponentanalysismethodwiththecorrelationanalysis.Firstly,theyadoptedspaceindependentcomponentanalysistolocatethetask-activatedbrainregions,andthenselectedanactivatedregionastheinterestedregionandfinallyusedthecorrelationcoefficienttomea-suretheconnectivitystrengthamongthebrainregionsinthenetworkwiththeassociatedregionsoftheinterestedregionusedasfunctionalconnectivityanalysismethod.THINKINGABOUTLEADINGfMRIATRESTINGSTATEANDBRAINFUNCTIONALNETWORKTOACUPUNCTURE-ASSOCIATEDSTUDIESAtpresent,fMRIandbrainfunctionalnetworksatrestingstatearehotpointsinmedicalstudies,andtheyhavebeenbetterappliedtothestudiesofrestingstatedefaultfunctionalnetworksofAlzheimer’sdisease,auditoryhallucination,attention-deficiencyTourette’ssyndrome,schizophrenia,epilepsyandotherdiseases.Researc-hersathomeandabroadhavecombinedthisresearchmethodwithstudiesoncentralintegrationmechanismofacupuncture,anddiscontinuouslyprobeintotheexperimentalprogramapproa