【解析版】2023年高考北京卷英语试题

绝密★启用前2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语〔北京卷〕〔本试卷共14页，共120分。考试时长100分钟。〕考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一局部：知识运用第一节单项填空从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最正确选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。例：It’ssonicetohearfromheragain._________,welastmetmorethanthirtyyearsago.A.What’smoreB.That’stosayC.InotherwordsD.Believeitornot答案是D。1.—Hi,I’mPeter.Areyounewhere?Ihaven’tseenyouaround?—Hello,Peter.I’mBob.Ijust_________onMonday.A.startB.havestartedC.startedD.hadstarted【答案】C【解析】考查时态。句意：——嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。——你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一刚刚开始住在这儿。根据两人谈话内容可知，Bob现在在这儿，他开始(start)住在这儿是发生在周一的事情，周一是一个过去的时间，故该句应用一般过去时态，C选项正确。点睛：一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态或过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用，如：yesterday，lastweek，inthepast，in2023，once，afewdaysago等。2._________wedon’tstopclimatechange,manyanimalsandplantsintheworldwillbegone.A.AlthoughB.WhileC.IfD.Until【答案】C点睛：条件状语从句通常由引导词if或unless引导。条件是指某一件事情实现之后〔状语从句中的动作〕，其它事情〔主句中的动作〕才能发生，通常译作“假设〞。3._________alongtheoldSilkRoadisaninterestingandrewardingexperienceA.TravelB.TravelingC.HavingtraveledD.Traveled【答案】B【解析】考查动名词。句意：沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。“____alongtheoldSilkRoad〞做主语，要用动名词，故B选项正确。点睛：动名词是动词-ing形式的一种，兼有动词和名词特征。在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语。4.Susanhadquitherwell-paidjoband_________asavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.A.isworkingB.wasworkingC.hasworkedD.hadworked【答案】B【解析】考查时态。句意：Susan已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。Susan辞职发生在她当志愿者之前，hadquit是过去完成时态，过去完成时态通俗的说就是“过去的过去〞，且结合时间状语whenIvisitedherlastyear可知，Susan做志愿者是过去的某个时间段发生的情况，故该空应用过去进行时态。B选项正确。点睛：过去进行时表示在过去某一时间段或某一段时间内正在发生或进行的动作或状态。5.Sheandherfamilybicycletowork,_________helpsthemkeepfit.A.whichB.whoC.asD.that【答案】A点睛：非限制性定语从句即可修饰主句的一局部，也可以修饰整个主句。其引导词的选择和限制性定语从句的判断规那么一致，即：第一、找准先行词；第二、看先行词在定语从句中所作的成分。需要注意的是，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。6.DuringtheMid-AutumnFestival,familymembersoftengathertogether_________ameal,admirethemoonandenjoymooncakes.A.shareB.toshareC.havingsharedD.shared【答案】B【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在中秋节期间，家人们通常会聚在一起吃饭，赏月，品尝月饼。gather是谓语动词，“_________ameal,admirethemoonandenjoymooncakes〞是状语，家人聚在一起的目的是吃饭，赏月，品尝月饼，表目的用动词不定式，故B选项正确。点睛：动词不定式可以做主语，状语，定语，宾语，表语等。动词不定式做目的状语时，可以置于主句之前也可以置于主句之后，通常译为“为了〞。7.China’shigh-speedrailways_________from9,000to25,000kilometersinthepastfewyears.A.aregrowingB.havegrownC.willgrowD.hadgrown【答案】B【解析】考查时态。句意：在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9,000公里增长到25,000公里。该句时间状语为inthepastfewyears。中国高速铁路的增长是从过去一直到现在几年里的情况，故该句应用现在完成时态。B选项正确。点睛：现在完成时可以表示过去的事情对现在的影响，也可以表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的。常见的时间状语有：since+时间点/从句，fortwomonths，sofar，recently，inthepast/lastfewdays等。8.Inanyunsafesituation,simply_________thebuttonandahighly-trainedagentwillgetyouthehelpyouneed.A.pressB.topressC.pressingD.pressed【答案】A【解析】考查祈使句。句意：在任何不平安的情况下，仅仅摁一下这个按钮，一个训练有素的特工就会使你得到你需要的帮助。and是连词，连接并列结构，and后面是一个句子，那么，前面也应是句子，选项中只有动词原形可以构成祈使句，其余的都是非谓语动词，无法构成句子。故A选项正确。点睛：祈使句+and/or+陈述句是一种常见结构。当前后两局部间为承接关系时，用and；前后意思为相反关系时，用or。该句式中的陈述句局部常用一般将来时态。9.Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswho_________inthemountainsfortwodays.A.aretrappingB.havebeentrappedC.weretrappingD.hadbeentrapped【答案】D【解析】考查语态和时态。句意：一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。“who___inthemountainsfortwodays〞是定语从句，修饰twotourists，twotourists和trap之间是被动关系，该空应用被动语态。由risked可知，营救人员救游客是过去的事情，被困两天发生在营救人员救了他们之前，即“过去的过去〞，该空应用过去完成时态。综上，D选项正确。点睛：过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去〞，其表达形式为haddone，被动语态的表达形式为hadbeendone。10.Ordinarysoap,_________correctly,candealwithbacteriaeffectively.A.usedB.touseC.usingD.use【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：如果正确使用的话，普通的肥皂可以有效地处理细菌。Ordinarysoapcandealwithbacterialeffectively是主句，_________correctly是条件状语，修饰ordinarysoap，ordinarysoap和use之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词，A选项正确。点睛：过去分词所表示的一个含义就是“被动〞。11.Withouthissupport,wewouldn’tbe_________wearenow.A.howB.whenC.whereD.why【答案】C【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：没有他的支持，我们是不会在现在这个位置的。how表方式，when表时间，where表地点，why表原因。“_________wearenow〞是表语从句，结合句子的意思可知，该处指我们所处的位置，故该从句应用where引导。C选项正确。点睛：表语从句是指一个句子充当表语，通俗的说就是系动词be后面接一个句子。连接表语从句的连接词有that，what，who，when，where，which，why，whether，how等。12.Intoday’sinformationage,thelossofdata_________causeseriousproblemsforacompany.A.needB.shouldC.canD.must【答案】C【解析】考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丧失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丧失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性〞，故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。其余情态动词均没有该用法。need需要；should应该，竟然；must必须，肯定。点睛：can的根本用法：1.(表示能力、功能)能，会；2.(表示推测)可能，可能会；3.〔表示允许，请求〕可以；4.〔表示客观可能性〕有时会。13.Theymighthavefoundabetterhotelifthey_________afewmorekilometers.A.droveB.woulddriveC.weretodriveD.haddriven【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“theymighthavefoundabetterhotel〞可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。if____afewmorekilometers是条件句局部，表示对过去的虚拟，条件句局部要用过去完成时态，故D选项正确。点睛：1.表示对现在的虚拟：if条件句用一般过去时，主句用would/might/could/should+do；2.表示对过去的虚拟：if条件句用过去完成时，主句用would/might/could/should+havedone；3.表示对将来的虚拟：if条件句用weretodo/shoulddo/一般过去时，主句用would/might/could/should+do。14.—Goodmorning,Mr.Lee’soffice.—Goodmorning.I’dliketomakeanappointment_________nextWednesdayafternoon.A.forB.onC.inD.at【答案】A【解析】考查介词。句意：——早上好，Lee先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午〔和Mr.Lee见面〕。makeanappointmentfor意为“为……预约〞，是固定搭配，故A选项正确。点睛：makeanappointmentwithsb.和某人预约；makeanappointmentfor为……预约。15.Thisis_________myfatherhastaughtme—toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest.A.howB.whichC.thatD.what【答案】D【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：这是我父亲教我的——总是要面对困难，抱最大的希望。“_________myfatherhastaughtme〞是表语从句，该空在从句中做teach的宾语，且表示“父亲教我的道理〞，故该从句应用what引导。D选项正确。引导名词性从句时，how表方式，意为“如何〞；which意为“哪一个〞，that在只起引导从句的作用，不做成分。点睛：what是常见的名词性从句引导词之一，它除了引导从句作用之外，还在从句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语。根据不同的语境，what可以表示不同的意思，例如“……的东西或事情〞，“……的人或样子〞等。第二节完形填空阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最正确选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。TheHomelessHeroFormany,findinganunattendedwalletfilledwith£400incashwouldbeasource〔来源〕oftemptation〔诱惑〕.Butthe___16___wouldnodoubtbegreaterifyouwerelivingonthestreetswithlittlefoodandmoney.AllofthismakestheactionsofthehomelessTomSmith____17____moreremarkable.Afterspottinga___18___onthefrontseatinsideaparkedcarwithitswindowdown,hestoodguardintherainforabouttwohourswaitingforthe____19____toreturn.Afterhoursinthecoldandwet,he____20____insideandpulledthewalletouthopingtofindsomeIDsohecouldcontact〔联系〕thedriver,onlyto____21____itcontained£400innotes,withanother£50insparechangebesideit.Hethentookthewallettoanearbypolicestationafter____22____anotebehindtolettheownerknowitwassafe.Whenthecar’sownerJohnAndersonandhiscolleagueCarolLawrencereturnedtothecar—whichwasitselfworth£35,000—inGlasgowcitycentre,theywere____23____tofindtwopolicemenstandingnexttoit.ThepolicementoldthemwhatMr.Smithdidandthatthewalletwas____24____.ThepairwerelaterabletothankMr.Smithforhis____25____.Mr.Andersonsaid：＂Icouldn’tbelievethattheguynevertookapenny.Tothinkheissleepingonthestreetstonight____26____hecouldhavestolenthemoneyandpaidforaplacetostayin.Thisguyhasnothingand____27____hedidn’ttakethewalletforhimself；hethoughtaboutothers____28____.It’sunbelievable.Itjustprovesthereare___29___guysoutthere.＂Mr.Smith’sact____30____muchofthepublic’sattention.HealsowonpraisefromsocialmediausersafterMr.Anderson____31____abouttheactofkindnessonFacebook.NowMr.Andersonhassetupanonlinecampaignto____32____moneyforMr.Smithandotherhomelesspeopleinthearea,whichbyyesterdayhadreceived￡8,000.＂Ithinkthefaiththateveryonehasshown____33____himhastouchedhim.Peoplehavebeenapproachinghiminthestreet;he’shadjob____34____andallsorts,＂Mr.Andersoncommented.ForMr.Smith,thisisapossiblelife-changing____35____.Thestoryonceagaintellsusthatonegoodturndeservesanother.16.A.hopeB.aimC.urgeD.effort17.A.stillB.evenC.everD.once18.A.walletB.bagC.boxD.parcel19.A.partnerB.colleagueC.ownerD.policeman20.A.turnedB.hidC.steppedD.reached21.A.discoverB.collectC.checkD.believe22.A.takingB.leavingC.readingD.writing23.A.satisfiedB.excitedC.amusedD.shocked24.A.safeB.missingC.foundD.seen25.A.serviceB.supportC.kindnessD.encouragement26.A.whenB.ifC.whereD.because27.A.ratherB.yetC.alreadyD.just28.A.tooB.thoughC.againD.instead29.A.honestB.politeC.richD.generous30.A.gaveB.paidC.castD.drew31.A.learnedB.postedC.caredD.heard32.A.borrowB.raiseC.saveD.earn33.A.ofB.atC.forD.in34.A.detailsB.changesC.offersD.applications35.A.lessonB.adventureC.chanceD.challenge【答案】16.C17.B18.A19.C20.D21.A22.B23.D24.A25.C26.A27.B28.D29.A30.D31.B32.B33.D34.C35.C【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议类文章。文章讲述了流浪汉Tom发现一辆车窗开着的汽车前座上有一个钱包。Tom冒雨等了数个小时，在查找不到车主身份的情况下将钱包交到了警察局。钱包的主人Mr.Anderson在得知一切后，将Tom的善举发布到了Facebook上。Tom的行为引发了人们的好评和帮助。这件事印证了一句俗语：善有善报。16.考查名词词义辨析。A.hope希望；B.aim目标；C.urge强烈的欲望，冲动；D.effort努力。上一句提到，对很多人来说，一个装有£400无人看管的钱包是一种诱惑〔它诱惑着人们将其据为己有〕。结合该句中的比拟级greater可知，对于一个无家可归的人来说，这样的一个钱包是一个更大的诱惑，将其据为己有的欲望会更大。该空对应上一句中的“asource〔来源〕oftemptation〔诱惑〕〞，C选项正确。17.考查副词词义辨析。A.still仍然；B.even更加，愈发，甚至；C.ever曾经；D.once曾经，一度。所有这一切使得流浪汉TomSmith的行为更加的不同寻常。even在该句中修饰比拟级moreremarkable。B选项正确。18.考查名词词义辨析。A.wallet钱包；B.bag包；C.box盒子，箱子；D.parcel包裹，包袱。由第三段中的Afterhoursinthecoldandwet,he20insideandpulledthewalletouthopingtofindsomeID可知，TomSmith发现一辆汽车的前排座上有一个钱包。当时这辆车停在那儿，窗户摇了下来。A选项正确。19.考查名词词义辨析。A.partner同伴，伙伴；B.colleague同事；C.owner主人；D.policeman警察。Tom冒雨等待车主回来。C选项正确。20.考查动词词义辨析。A.turned转动；B.hid藏，隐藏；C.stepped迈步，举步；D.reached伸手去拿，到达。由后面的pulledthewalletout可知，在雨里等了数个小时后，Tom将手伸进车窗，将钱包拿了出来。D选项正确。21.考查动词词义辨析。A.discover发现；B.collect搜集；C.check核对，检查；D.believe相信。Tom将钱包拿出来企图找到一些身份证明，这样他就能联系司机了，结果他却发现钱包里装着£400的纸币和£50的零钱。A选项正确。22.考查动词词义辨析。A.taking带走；B.leaving留下，落下，离开；C.reading读；D.writing写。他拿着钱包去了附近的警察局，在车上留下了一张便条，其目的是让车主知道他的钱包是平安的。B选项正确。23.考查形容词词义辨析。A.satisfied满意的；B.excited兴奋的；C.amused被逗乐的；D.shocked震惊的。当车主返回时，发现自己的车边有警察，应该感到很惊讶。故D选项正确。24.考查形容词/动词词义辨析。A.safe平安的；B.missing不见的，丧失的；C.found发现，找到；D.seen看见。由该段开头可知，Tom将钱包带去了警察局，因此该处警察告诉John他的钱包是平安的。A选项正确。25.考查名词词义辨析。A.service效劳；B.support支持；C.kindness善意，善良；D.encouragement鼓励。Tom将钱包交给警察，没有据为己有，这是一种善举。故C选项正确。26.考查状语从句引导词。A.when在……情况下，既然；B.if如果；C.where表地点；D.because因为。在Tom本来可以偷了钱去支付一个可以睡觉的地方的情况下，他仍然选择了露宿街头〔没有偷钱〕。所以Mr.Anderson对Tom的行为感到很惊讶。A选项正确。27.考查副词词义辨析。A.rather相当；B.yet但是；C.already已经；D.just仅仅。Tom什么都没有，但是他没有拿走钱包。前后两句话之间是转折关系，故B选项正确。28.考查副词词义辨析。A.too也；B.though但是；C.again再，又；D.instead代替。Tom没有拿走钱包，他考虑的是别人，没有考虑自己。D选项正确。29.考查形容词词义辨析。A.honest老实的；B.polite礼貌的；C.rich富有的；D.generous慷慨的。Tom没有拿走钱包，而是把它交到了警察局，这是一种老实的行为。A选项正确。30.考查动词词义辨析。A.gave给；B.paid支付；C.cast投掷，投射；D.drew吸引。Tom的行为吸引了公众的关注。D选项正确。31.考查动词词义辨析。A.learned学习，学会；B.posted发布，张贴；C.cared关心，在意；D.heard听到。由后面的Facebook(一个社交网站)可知，在Mr.Anderson将Tom的善举发布到Facebook上之后，Tom赢得了社交媒体使用者的赞扬。B选项正确。32.考查动词词义辨析。A.borrow借；B.raise筹集；C.save挽救，节省；D.earn挣〔钱〕。Mr.Anderson在网上发起一个运动来为Tom和其他无家可归的人筹钱。B选项正确。33.考查介词。大家向Tom表示出的信任触动了Tom。faith意为“信任，相信〞，常和介词in搭配，意为“对……的信任，相信……〞，故D选项正确。34.考查名词词义辨析。A.details细节；B.changes改变；C.offers提供〔物〕，给予〔物〕，提议；D.applications应用，申请。该句应指Tom得到了人们的帮助，人们为他提供工作和其他的东西。C选项正确。35.考查名词词义辨析。A.lesson课；B.adventure冒险；C.chance时机；D.challenge挑战。这件事对于流浪汉Tom来说是一个可以改变终生的时机。C选项正确。点睛：1.完形填空解题技巧之一：上下联系—寻信息。完形填空中经常会出现前面的信息为后面的空白提供暗示，而后面的信息有可能是前面空白的答案的情况。这时，要联系上下文，寻求信息以确定答案。第18小题，考生可以根据前两句中的“wallet〞和第三段中的“wallet〞来确定答案。2.完形填空解题技巧二：左顾右盼—找搭配。英语中，有些单词词义相近，而句型结构及跟其他词的搭配却截然不同。考生不能单从词义上去辨析，而应审查空白前后的名词、动词、介词或非谓语动词等，比拟与各选项的搭配关系，然后确定答案。在33题中，考生可以根据该空前的faith确定搭配关系。如果考生从show来入手，那么就很困难了。第二局部：阅读理解第一节阅读以下短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最正确选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AMyFirstMarathon〔马拉松〕Amonthbeforemyfirstmarathon,oneofmyankleswasinjuredandthismeantnotrunningfortwoweeks,leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain.Yet,Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.Irememberbacktomy7thyearinschool.InmyfirstP.E.class,theteacherrequiredustorunlapsandthenhitasoftball.Ididn’tdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwas＂notathletic＂.TheideathatIwas＂notathletic＂stuckwithmeforyears.WhenIstartedrunninginmy30s,Irealizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself,notaboutcompetitionorwhetherornotIwasathletic.Itwasallaboutthebattleagainstmyownbodyandmind.Atestofwills!Thenightbeforemymarathon,IdreamtthatIcouldn’tevenfindthefinishline.Iwokeupsweatingandnervous,butreadytoprovesomethingtomyself.Shortlyaftercrossingthestartline,myshoelaces(鞋带)becameuntied.SoIstoppedtoreadjust.NotthestartIwanted!Atmile3,Ipassedasign:＂GOFORIT,RUNNERS!＂Bymile17,Ibecameoutofbreathandtheonceinjuredanklehurtbadly.Despitethepain,Istayedthecoursewalkingabitandthenrunningagain.Bymile21,Iwasstarving!AsIapproachedmile23,Icouldseemywifewavingasign.Sheismybiggestfan.Shenevermindedthealarmclocksoundingat4a.m.orquestionedmyexpensesonrunning.Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotamedal.Infact,Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.Determinedtobemyself,moveforward,freeofshameandworldlylabels(世俗标签),Icannowcallmyselfa＂marathonwinner＂.36.A

month

before

the

marathon,

the

author____________.A.was

well

trainedB.felt

scaredC.made

up

his

mind

to

runD.lost

hope37.Why

did

the

author

mention

the

P.E.

class

in

his

7th

year?A.To

acknowledge

the

support

of

his

teacher.B.To

amuse

the

readers

with

a

funny

story.C.To

show

he

was

not

talented

in

sports.D.To

share

a

precious

memory.38.How

was

the

author’s

first

marathon?A.He

made

it.B.He

quit

halfway.C.He

got

the

first

prize.D.He

walked

to

the

end.39.What

does

the

story

mainly

tell

us?A.A

man

owes

his

success

to

his

family

support.B.A

winner

is

one

with

a

great

effort

of

will.C.Failure

is

the

mother

of

success.D.One

is

never

too

old

to

learn.【答案】36.C37.C38.A39.B【解析】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了自己第一次跑马拉松，凭借自己的意志力成功跑完全程的励志故事。36.细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句Yet,Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.可知，马拉松赛前一个月尽管作者脚踝受伤使得训练时间缩短，但作者仍下定决心参赛。应选C。37.细节理解题。根据文章第二段Ididn’tdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwas＂notathletic＂可知，作者提到7年级的事情是为了证明自己真的没有运动天赋。应选C。38.细节理解题。根据文章第10段Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotamedal.Infact,Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.可知，作者坚持到了最后，而且得到了一块奖牌，虽然不是第一名，由此可见他成功地跑完了马拉松。应选A。39.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段Determinedtobemyself,moveforward,freeofshameandworldlylabels(世俗标签),Icannowcallmyselfa＂marathonwinner＂.可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的意志。应选B。点睛：文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的根底。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接识别和理解。文章细节的理解可以细化为：〔1〕一一对应型。〔2〕语言转述型。〔3〕语意理解型。〔4〕是非区分型。〔5〕事实排序型。此题中的前三题为细节理解题。细节理解题首先要根据题干准确定位信息句，其次要对信息句进行准确的理解和判断，如第一题为转述型，Iwasdeterminedtogoahead即madeuphismindtorun。第二题为语义理解题。根据文章第二段的信息InmyfirstP.E.class,theteacherrequiredustorunlapsandthenhitasoftball.Ididn’tdoeitherwell.可知，作者没有运动天赋。而第三题那么为转述型，根据信息句Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotamedal.Infact,Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.可知，作者跑完了马拉松，正好与madeit意义相同。BFindYourAdventureattheSpaceandAviation(航空)CenterIfyou’relookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.TheCenteroffersprogramsdesignedtochallengeandinspirewithhands-ontasksandlotsoffun.Morethan750,000havegraduatedfromSAC,withmanyseekingemploymentinengineering,aviation,education,medicineandawidevarietyofotherprofessions.Theycometocamp,wantingtoknowwhatitisliketobeanastronautorapilot,andtheyleavewithreal-worldapplicationsforwhatthey’restudyingintheclassroom.Forthetrainees,theprogramsalsoofferagreatwaytoearnmeritbadges(荣誉徽章).AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模拟)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.TheAviationChallengeprogramgivestraineesthechancetoearntheirAviationbadge.Theylearntheprinciplesofflightandtesttheiroperatingskillsinthecockpit(驾驶舱)ofavarietyofflightsimulators.TraineesalsogetagoodstartontheirWildernessSurvivalbadgeastheylearnaboutwater-andland-survivalthroughdesignedtasksandtheirsearchandrescueof＂downed＂pilot.Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportanceofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.Allthisfunisavailableforages9to18.Familiescanenjoytheexperiencetogether,too,withFamilyCampprogramsforfamilieswithchildrenasyoungas7.Stayanhourorstayaweek—thereissomethinghereforeveryone!Formoredetails,pleasevisitusonlineat.40.WhydopeoplecometoSAC?A.Toexperienceadventures.B.Tolookforjobsinaviation.C.Togetadegreeinengineering.D.Tolearnmoreaboutmedicine.41.ToearnaSpaceExplorationbadge,atraineeneedsto.A.flytospaceB.getanAviationbadgefirstC.studytheprinciplesofflightD.buildandfiremodelrockets42.Whatisthemostimportantfortrainees?A.Leadership.B.Teamspirit.C.Taskplanning.D.Survivalskills.【答案】40.A41.D42.B【解析】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训工程的相关信息，包括训练内容、受训者参加的条件和益处等。40.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句Ifyou’relookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.可知，人们来SAC是为了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，应选A。41.细节理解题。根据文章第三段AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模拟)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，学习空间任务，尝试与飞行员模拟太空飞行等，应选D。42.细节理解题。根据文章第四段Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportanceofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，应选B。点睛：文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的根底。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接识别和理解。文章细节的理解可以细化为：〔1〕一一对应型。〔2〕语言转述型。〔3〕语意理解型。〔4〕是非区分型。〔5〕事实排序型。此题中的三题都是细节理解题。解题关键是首先要根据题干准确定位信息句，其次要对信息句进行准确的理解和判断，此题的三小题均为一一对应型，只要找准信息句，一一对应即可得出答案。而第二小题也可以用排除法，如文章第三段AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模拟)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.提到，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，学习空间任务，尝试与飞行员模拟太空飞行等，选项ABC都是歪曲事实，所以只有D正确。CPlastic-EatingWorms

Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2023.FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.＂Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,＂sheexplains,＂Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.＂JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂43.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.44.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto.A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed45.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight.A.helptoraisewormsB.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture46.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.【答案】43.C44.B45.D46.C【解析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。43.细节理解题。根据文章第三段FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。应选C。44.细节理解题。根据文章第四段Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。应选B。45.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。应选D。46.写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂可知，Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。应选C。点睛：根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，通常作者的写作目的有以下三种：1)toentertainreaders〔娱乐读者，让人发笑〕，常见于故事类的文章。2)topersuadereaders〔说服读者接受某种观点〕，常见于广告类的文章。3)toinformreaders〔告知读者某些信息〕，多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。此题的最后一题为写作意图题。文章为说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现蠕虫可以分解塑料。因此可以推着写作意图是告知、告诉读者一种新的分解塑料的方法。DPreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫车)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(根底设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblemsB.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironmentD.makesomepeoplelosejobs48.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.Safety.B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability.D.Management.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed.B.Replaced