2021届高考英语阅读之说明文训练

2020-2021高考英语阅读之说明文训练

（A）

Waterbuurtisaresidential（住宅的）developmentinAmsterdam,whichconsistsofnearly

100floatinghomesonLakeEime匚

Thefloatinghomesarenotordinaryhouseboatsbutrealfloatinghouses.Theyonlymove

withthechangingtide。朝水）.DesignedbyDutcharchitectMarliesRohmer,thehouseshavea

basicdesignbutarealsocomfortable.AlthoughWaterbuurtisstillaworkinprogress,thereare

someofthehouseswheretherearealreadyresidents.

TwothirdsoftheNetherlands,peoplelivebelowsea-level,andwiththeflooding（发洪水）

becomingaseriousconcern,therearemanywhobelievethatlivingonwaterintheEuropean

countryismuchsaferthanlivingonland.Thepricesoflandhomesinlargecitycenterslike

Amsterdamhasriseninrecentyears.Butwaterisnotthatexpensive.

"Moreover,housesinthecitieshavetostaytherefor50or70years,“DutcharchitectKoen

Olthuissaid."Andascitieschange,theonlychoiceistodemolishthesehousesandbuildnew

ones.Butfloatingbuildingscanbemovedandadapted?'

Thefloatinghomesarebuiltatopunderwaterplatforms,andconsistsofalightsteelframe（钢

架）andwoodenwallsandpaneling（嵌板）.Thebedroomsandbathroomarelocatedonthelower

floor,whichispartiallyflooded.Thekitchenanddiningroomarelocatedonthehigherground

floor,whilethemainlivingareaandtheoutdoortenaceareonthetoplevel.

Allfloatinghomesaredesignedwithalotofextrasthatbuyerscanchoose,likefloating

terraces,asecondentry,oraboardwalkaroundthehouse.

WaterbuurtissettobecomethelargestwatersettlementinthehistoryoftheNetherlands.

Apartfromfloatinghouses,itwillincludefloatingparksandevenfloatinghighbuildings.Itis

suretomeeteventhemostdifficultbuyersandwinmoreacceptancefromlocalpeople.

1.Whatcanweinferaboutthefloatinghouses?

A.Thepricesareslightlylower.B.Theyarefreefromflooding.

C.Theyareeasytotakedown.D.Thetotalcompletionisdone.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“demolish“inParagraph4probablymean?

A.Build.B.Destroy.C.Design.D.Buy.

3.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?

A.Waterbuurtcanexistfor50to70yearsintotal.

B.WaterbuurtisverycommoninAmsterdamnow.

C.Peopleareunwillingtoacceptthisnewkindofhouse.

D.Floatinghouseshaveasmanyfunctionsastraditionalhouses.

4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsWaterbuurt?

A.Curious.B.Optimistic.C.IndifferentD.Pessimistic.

(B)

Accordingtoasurvey,thewasteoffoodonthediningtableoccupies10%ofthetotalgrain

output.LastweekMeituanco-publishedaproposalwithanumberofbusinessorganizations,

callingonrestaurantstostopfoodwasteandhelpdevelopneweatinghabitsforcustomers.

"Restaurantsshoulduseofficialaccountsonsocialmediaandlive-streamingtopromoteand

advocatefood-savingactions,theproposalsaid.

Meituanandtheorganizationsareadvocatingthatmerchantsofferguidanceforconsumers,

includingremindingthemduringtheorderingprocessaboutthetasteoftheingredients,portion

sizesandotherinformationaboutthedishes,tohelpthemavoidfoodwasteduetomisleading

information.

Cateringassociationsinmorethan18provinceshavealsojoinedthecampaigntoremove

foodwaste.TheWuhanCateringAssociationproposedan"N・l"orderingcodefbrrestaurantsin

whichagroupof10dinerswouldonlyorderenoughforninepeople.Morefoodisonlybroughtto

thetableifrequired.Ithasinspiredpeopletorethinktheirrelationshipwithfoodandwaste.

OnFriday,theChinaCuisineAssociationannouncedthatithadteamedupwithEle.me,a

fooddeliveryplatform,tolauncha"half^dishplan",encouragingrestaurantstoprovidecustomers

withtheoptiontoordersmallerportions.Besides,customersareencouragedtotaketheirleftovers

home.

Toreducefoodwasteonsocialmediaplatforms,somepopularvideoplatformshavestepped

upcontentreviewsoffood-relatedlivestreamsandimplementedregulationofonlineeating

shows.Now,ifuserssearchcertainkeywords,suchas"eatingshow**or"competitiveeaters**,a

cautionarymessagepopsuptoremindthemtocherishfoodandkeepareasonablediet.

1.Whatisthepurposeoftheproposalmentionedinthepassage?

A.Tomonitorfoodsalesonsocialmediaandlive-streaming.

B.lbexpandthebusinessandcompetitiveabilityofMeituan.

C.Toencouragerestaurantstotakemeasurestoreducefoodwaste.

D.TopromotecooperationbetweenMeituanandotherorganizations.

2.HowisParagraph3developed?

A.Bydoingasurvey.B.Byofferinganalysis.

C.Bymakingcomparisons.D.Bygivinganexample.

3.Whatisthesuggestionfbrconsumersinthepassage?

A.Purchasingtheirfavoritefood.B.Buyingproperamountsoffood.

C.Followingsomecompetitiveeaters.D.Leavingtheirleftoversintherestaurant.

4.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“popsup“inthelastparagraphmean?

A.Appearsunexpectedly.B.Spreadswidely.

C.Movesquickly.D.Fadesslowly.

（C）

Singaporeresearcherssaytheyhavedevelopedaformofelectronicskinthatcancreatea

senseoftouch.Theyhopetheirinventionwillgivepeoplewithprosthetichands（假肢）theability

toidentifydifferentobjects.

Theskindevicemeasures1squarecentimeter.Thesystemcontains100smallsensorsthat

attempttorecreatethingsliketexlure（质地），temperatureandevenpain.Theresearcherscallthe

deviceAsynchronousCodedElectronicSkin（ACES）,whichcanprocessinformationfasterthan

thehuman'snervoussystem.Machinelearningmethodstrainedthedevicetorecognize20to30

differenttextures.ItcanevencorrectlyreadBrailleletters（布莱什卜盲文）mostofthetime.

Thesystemdoesnotrequiretheusers'movementtowork.Theyjustneedtoslidetofeel

texture.Butinthiscasetheskin,withjustasingletouch,isabletodetecttexturesofdifferent

roughness.

Ademonstrationshowedthatthedevicecouldidentifythedifferencebetweenasoftbailand

asolidplasticone."Whenyouloseyoursenseoftouch,youessentiallybecomenumband

prostheticusersfacethatproblem,"saidBenjaminTee,leaderoftheresearchteam."Soby

recreatinganartificialversionoftheskinfbrtheirprostheticdevices,theycanholdahandand

feelthewarmthandfeelthatitissoft.”

TeesaidhisideaforthedevicecamefromthemovieStarWars,whencharacterLuke

Skywalkerloseshisrighthandanditisreplacedwitharoboticone.Inthefilm,thenewhandis

abletoexperiencetouchsensationsjustliketherealone.

Theartificialskintechnologyisstillgoingthroughexperimentsanddevelopment.ButTee

saidtherehadalreadybeenalotofinterestinthesystem,especiallyfromthemedicalcommunity.

Teesaidsimilarinventionsthathisteamhasdevelopedincludesee-throughskinthatcanrepair

itselfwhentornandamaterialforwearableelectronicdevicesthatgivesofflight.

1.WhatcanwelearnabouttheartificialskininParagraph2?

A.Itissensitivetohightemperature.B.Itreactsfasterthanournervoussystem.

C.Itcanrecognizedifferentobjects.D.IthelpstheusersmemorizeBrailleletters.

2.WhatcanbeinferredfromBenjaminTee'swords?

A.Theartificialskinfeelslikearealthing.

B.Peoplewiththeartificialskinfeelwarm.

C.Peopledon'twanttolosethesenseoftouch.

D.Heissympathetictowardstheprostheticusers.

3.WhatinspiredBenjaminTeetocreatetheartificialskin?

A.Thedesiretohelpthoseinneed.B.Thelifeofthedisabled.

C.Adreamofearningmoremoney.D.Ascenefromafamousmovie.

4.Whichwordcanbestdescribetheartificialskintechnology?

A.Profitable.B.Stable.C.Promising.D.Challenging.

（D）

Therearenearly2,800workingsatellitesinspace,whichwedependonfortechnologywe

useeveryday,suchasvideocalls,onlinemaps,satelliteTV,andweathertracking.Scientistsuse

themtostudyspaceandlearnmoreaboutourplanet.

Buttherearemanyothersatellitesinorbit（9L道）thatarenolongerworking.They'reamong

theobjectscluttering（使杂舌L）upspace.SomeoftheseeventuallyfallbacktowardEarth,either

landingorburningupintheatmosphere.Butmuchofthisspacejunk（垃圾）circlesEarthfbr

years.Spacejunkisaproblem.Debris（残骸）floatingaroundEarthputstechnologyandfuture

spacetasksatrisk.Expertsareworkingonwaystosolveit.

Orbitaldebris,atypeofspacejunk,isanyhuman-madeobjectthathassloppedworkingbut

continuestofloataroundtheEarth.Thisincludessatellitesthatarenolongerusedandpiecesof

spacecraft,suchasrocketstages.Ithasbeenalargeproblemsincethe1960s.

Spacejunkalsoincludesbrokenpiecesofobjects.Theseoccurwhensatelliteshitagainst

things.Theyalsoresultfromanobjectcrashingintoanoldrocketstagethatstillcontainsfuel,

causinganexplosion（爆炸）.Therehavebeenmorethan250spaceexplosionssincethe1960s.

Thesetinybrokenpiecescandamageworkingsatellites,whichcanaffectresearchinspace.

Companiesallovertheworldareworkingtocleanuptheareasurroundingourplanet.A

companybasedinJapanwilltestthemethodofusingmagnets（磁石）tocollectspacedebris.

AnothermissionisledbyacompanybasedinSwitzerland.Itplanstocarryoutadebris-removal

spacecraftin2025.Thecraftwillgetholdofapieceofanoldrocket,slowitdown,andmoveit

backtoEarth.Eventually,thedebriswillburnoutlikeashootingstar.

Governmentsaretryingtohelptoo.Someareupdatingtheircountry'sspaceguidelinesto

limittheamountofdebriscreated.Spaceissolargethattheproblemwon'tbesolvedbyasingle

organizationorasinglecountry.Wehavetoworkonthistogether.

1.Whatisthebiggestharmthatspacejunkdoestohumanbeings?

A.ItwillfallbacktowardtheEarth.

B.ItcirclestheEarthforyears.

C.Itputsotherspaceobjectsindanger.

D.Itwillbumupintheatmosphere.

2.HowwilltheSwisscompanycleanuptheEarthorbit?

A.BymakingtheorbitaldebrisfallbacktoEarth.

B.Byputtingthepiecesalltogether.

C.Bycollectingspacejunkwithmagnets.

D.Bysendingspacejunkintodeepspace.

3.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestoncleaningupspacejunk?

A.Strictlaws.

B.Globalefforts.

C.Stoppinginspaceexploration.

D.Settingupprofessionalorganizations.

4.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.Earthanditssatellites.

B.Theproblemofspacejunk.

C.Waysofcleaningupspacejunk.

D.Thevarioususesofman-madesatellites.

（E）

Theworld'selderlypopulationisincreasing.Thenumberofolderpeople---thoseage60

yearsorolder-isexpectedtodoubleby2050andisgrowingfasterthanallyoungeragegroups

acrosstheglobe.Thatcomeswithanincreasingneedforcaregiverswhichcanprovide24-hour

care,notonlyathospitalsornursinghomes,butalsoatprivatehomes.

Already,caregivingrobotsareprogrammedtoaskquestionsanursewouldaskandcankeep

aneyeonpatientsforfalls.Theseroboticassistantsareexpectedtobecomeincreasingly

marketableandreach450,000by2045becauseoftheexpectedcaregivershortageintheUSA.

*'Unluckily,thehardstructureofpresentcaregivingrobotspreventsthemfromasafe

human-robotinteraction（互动），limitingtheirassistancetoonlysocialinteractionandnotphysical

interaction,'1saidRamsesMartinez,anassistantprofessorinPurdue'sCollegeofEngineering.

uAfterall,wouldyouleavebabiesoroldpeopleinthehandsofarobot?',

Recentadvancesinmaterialsciencehaveenabledtheproductionofsoftrobotswith

deformable（可变形的）bodiesortheabilitytoreshapewhentouched,buttodaythecomplex（复

杂的）designpreventstheuseofthistechnologyathome.

However,Martinezandotherresearchershavedevelopedanewdesignmethodwhichshows

promiseinenablingtheproductionofsoftrobotsusinga3Dprinter.

"Thesoftmachinesmovelikehumans.Theirabilitytochangetheirbodystructureand

movementtoadapt（适应）toawidevarietyofenvironmentswillimprovecaregivinggreatly/

saysMartinez.

Theresearchersarelookingforpartnerstotestandbringtheirtechnologytomarket.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"That*'inParagraph1referto?

A.TheyoungeragegroupB.Thegroupofolderpeople

C.ThepopulationacrosstheglobeD.Thegrowthoftheelderlypopulation

2.Whatisthedisadvantageofthepresentcaregivingrobots?

A.Theycan'tprovidesafephysicalinteraction

B.Theycan'tcommunicatewithpatients

C.Theycan'twatchpatientsforfalls

D.Theycan'tprovide24-hourcare.

3.WhatdoweknowaboutMartinez'snewdesignmethod?

A.Itrequiresaspecialkindof3Dprinter.

B.Itmakestheproductionofsoftrobotssimpler.

C.Ithasbeenputontothemarket.

D.Itishardforuserstomaster.

4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Therobotindustryinthefuture

B.Effectsofpopulationageing

C.Robotsfortheelderlycreatedwith3Dprinters

D.Thedevelopmentofcaregivingrobots

参考答案：

A

1.Ao根据第三段中“ThepricesoflandhomesinlargecitycenterslikeAmsterdamhas

riseninrecentyears.Butwaterisnotthatexpensive.（近年来，像阿姆斯特丹这样的大城市中心

的地价已经上涨。但是水上建房并不是那么贵。）”可以推知，在水上修建住宅价格会更低

些。故选A项。

2.Bo根据第四段中划线词句的下一句"Butfloatingbuildingscanbemovedand

adapted.（但是漂浮的建筑可以移动和适应。）”可知，和陆地房子的区别是，漂浮的房子没有

固定的地皮，再根据划线词句“Andascitieschange,theonlychoiceistodemolishthesehouses

andbuildnewones.（随着城市的变化，唯一的选择就是demolish这些房子，建造新的。）”可

以推知，城市中陆地的房子随着城市的变化，只有拆掉旧房子才能建造新房子，所以demolish

应是“拆除”的意思。选项B“摧毁”与之意义最为接近，故选B项。

3.Do根据第二段中“Thefloatinghomesarenotordinaryhouseboatsbutrealfloating

houses.（这些漂浮的房子不是普通的船屋，而是真正的漂浮的房子。）”根据第五段中“The

bedroomsandbathroomarelocatedonthelowerfloor,whichispartiallyflooded.Thekitchenand

diningroomarelocatedonthehighergroundfloor,whilethemainlivingareaandtheoutdoor

terraceareonthetoplevel.（卧室和浴室位于较低的楼层，部分被淹在水中。厨房和餐厅位于

较高的一层，而主要的生活区和室外露台在顶层。）”可以推知，漂浮房屋和传统房屋有同

样多的功能。故选D项。

4.Bo根据最后一段中uWaterbuurtissettobecomethelargestwatersettlementinthe

historyoftheNetherlands.Apartfromfloatinghouses,itwillincludefloatingparksandeven

floatinghighbuildings.Itissuretomeeteventhemostdifficultbuyersandwinmoreacceptance

fromlocalpeople.（Waterbuurt将成为荷兰历史上最大的水上定居点。除了漂浮的房屋，它还

将包括漂浮的公园，甚至漂浮的高楼。它会满足最难版买家的需求，更能得到当地人的认

可。）”可以推知，作者对Waterbuurt的态度是乐观的。故选B项。

B

1.C。根据第一段中“LastweekMeituanco-publishedaproposalwithanumberofbusiness

organizations,callingonrestaurantstostopfoodwasteandhelpdevelopneweatinghabitsfor

customers.aRestaurantsshoulduseofficialaccountsonsocialmediaandlive-streamingto

promoteandadvocatefood-savingactions,vtheproposalsaid.（上周，美团网与一些商业组织

联合发布了一项提议，呼吁餐馆停止食物浪费，帮助消费者养成新的饮食习惯。该提议称：

“餐厅应利用社交媒体和直播的官方账号来推广和倡导节约食品的行动"）”可推知，文章

中提到的提议的目的是鼓励餐馆采取措施减少食物浪费。

2.Do根据第三段“Cateringassociationsinmorethan18provinceshavealsojoinedthe

campaigntoremovefoodwaste.TheWuhanCateringAssociationproposedan"N・l”ordering

codeforrestaurantsinwhichagroupof10dinerswouldonlyorderenoughforninepeople.More

foodisonlybroughttothetableifrequired.Ithasinspiredpeopletorethinktheirrelationshipwith

foodandwaste.（18个省的餐饮协会也加入了这场消除食物浪费的运动。武汉餐饮协会提出

了“N・l”订餐代码，即10人一组只订够9人用餐的量。更多的食物只有在需要的时候才

会被带到餐桌上。它启发人们重新思考他们与食物和浪费的关系）”可知，第三段中以武汉

餐饮协会提出“N-1”方案为例，可推知，第三段是通过举例而展开的。

3.Bo根据第二段uMeituanandtheorganizationsareadvocatingthatmerchantsoffer

guidancefbrconsumers,includingremindingthemduringtheorderingprocessaboutthetasteof

theingredients,portionsizesandotherinformationaboutthedishes,tohelpthemavoidfood

wasteduetomisleadinginformation.（美团和相关组织倡导商家为消费者提供指导，包括在点

餐过程中提醒消费者有关食材的味道、份量等信息，帮助消费者避免因信息误导而造成的食

物浪费）”；倒数第三段中“TheWuhanCateringAssociationproposedan"N-l”orderingcode

forrestaurantsinwhichagroupof10dinerswouldonlyorderenoughforninepeople.（武汉餐饮

协会提出了“N-l”订餐代码，即10人一组只订够9人用餐的量）”以及倒数第二段“OnFriday,

theChinaCuisineAssociationannouncedthatithadteamedupwithEle.me,afooddelivery

platform,tolauncha“half-dishplan1',encouragingrestaurantstoprovidecustomerswiththe

optiontoordersmallerportions.Besides,customersareencouragedtotaketheirleftovers

home.（周五，中国烹饪协会宣布与饿了吗合作。外卖平台饿了么将推出“半份计划”，鼓励

餐厅为顾客提供点小份的选择。此外，鼓励顾客把剩菜带回家）”可推知，文中提到的商家

在顾客点菜过程中提醒顾客食物份额的大小，武汉餐饮协会提出的N-1方案以及中国烹

饪协会与“饿了么”平台合作推出的“半份计划”，即文章中对消费者的建议是购买适量的

食物。

4.A。根据画线词上文"ifuserssearchcertainkeywords,suchas"eatingshow"or

acompetitiveeaters",acautionarymessagew以及后文“toremindthemtocherishfoodandkeep

areasonablediet.”可知，当用户搜索与食物有关的关键词时，警示信息就会“突然出现，弹

出”，提醒他们珍惜食物，保持合理饮食。故画线词意思是“突然出现，弹出”。

C

I.B。根据第二段第三句“…whichcanprocessinformationfasterthanthehuman'snervous

system."（它处理信息的速度比人类的神经系统还要快。）可知，人造皮肤的反应速度比我

们的神经系统快。

2.A。根据第四段尤其是最后一句话"Sobyrecreatinganartificialversionoftheskin,for

Iheirprostheticdevices,theycanholdahandandfeelthewarmthandfeelthatitissoft."（因此，

通过为他们的假体设备重新创造一种人造皮肤，他们可以握住一只手，感觉到温暖和柔软。）

可知，这种人造皮肤就像真的皮肤一样。

3.Do根据第五段第一句"TeesaidhisideaforthedevicecamefromthemovieStarWars,

whencharacterLukeSkywalkerloseshishandanditisreplacedwithroboticone."（Tee说他对

这个装置的想法来自电影《星球大战》，当时角色卢克•天行者失去了他的手，取而代之的

是一个机器人。）可知，这个装置的想法来自电影《星球大战》中的场景.

4.Co根据最后一段第二句"ButTeesaidtherehadalreadybeenalotofinterestinthe

system,especiallyfromthemedicalcommunity.（但是Tee说，已经有很多人对该系统感兴

趣，特别是来自医学界的。）可知，已经有很多人对该系统感兴趣，尤其是医学界。所以说

人造皮肤这项技术是很有前途的。

D

1.Co根据第二段"Spacejunkisaproblem.Debris（残骸）floatingaroundEarthputs

technologyandfuturespacetasksatrisk.（太空垃圾是个问题。漂浮在地球周围的碎片将技术和

未来的太空任务置于危险之中）”可知，太空垃圾对于人们的坏处是它将其他太空物体置于

危险之中。

2.Ao根据倒数第二段uAnothermissionisledbyacompanybasedinSwitzerland.It

planstocarryout