关键信息基础设施++要点分析

关键信息基础设施5.©

2009

by

Prentice

Hall参考资料Kenneth

C.

Laudon,

Jane

P.

Laudon.Management

Information

Systems:

managing

the

digital

firm,

9th

Edition

Pearson

-

PrentiHall,

New

Jersey,

2006肯尼斯.劳顿，简.劳顿箸.薛华成编译.管理信息系统.北京：机械工业出版社，2011.Are

students

familiar

with

any

of

the

trends

in

hardware

or

software

platforms?

Do

they

see

iPhone

for

instance

as

adevice,

acomputingplatform,

or

a

justa

telephone?

They

might

be

familiar

withdevelopments

like

Facebook’s

Application

platform,

where

developers

can

designgames

and

activities

for

use

within

Facebook

itself.

Also

recall

that

cloud

computing

has

been

mentioned

in

earlier

chapters,

so

students

should

beable

to

point

to

that

as

acontemporary

hardware

platform

trend.管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术学习目标定义信息技术基础设施并描述其组成。了解和描述信息技术基础设施发展的各阶段。评估现代计算机硬件平台的发展趋势评估现代计算机软件平台的发展趋势

评价管理信息技术基础设施的挑战以及相应的管理解决方案5.©

2009

by

Prentice

HallChallenge:

fragmented,

high-cost

IT

infrastructureslowed

down

market

and

customer

response

timesSolutions:

integrated

storage

area

network

to

enablethe

flow

of

information

among

different

types

andbrands

of

computer

serversReduce

number

of

servers

from

107

to

70Illustrates

the

importance

of

IT

infrastructure

forachieving

business

objectivesHong

Kong’s

New

World

Telecommunications

CaseCwas

using

a

collectionoftechnologies

that

had

accumulated

over

ten

years

that

made

expansion

impossible.

Standardizationacross

oneplatform

(in

this

case,

IBM)

was

necessary

to

continue

their

growth.

Are

students

familiar

with

C’s

Super

Bowl

ads,

or

have

they

at

leastheard

of

the

site?

Explain

that

without

their

updated

infrastructure,

the

companycould

not

have

handled

the

traffic

generated

by

a

Super

Bowladvertisement.

Cis

a

site

students

like

to

visit

in

class.C的IT架构促进业务增长问题：过时的技术阻碍积极发展的计划解决方案：替换整个IT基础设施，使公司保持其快速扩张的步伐。IBM的WebSphere应用服务器和Rational软件降低成本和提高生产力。展示在促进企业快速增长过程中IT的作用。说明IT基础设施对发展公司的重要性管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术The

“service

platform”

perspective

refers

to

analyzing

the

actual

services

enabled

bynew

technologytools.

For

example,

a

new

PC

might

save

anemployee

one

hour

per

day

in

wait

time

for

information,

dramatically

increasinghis

value

to

the

firm.IT基础设施定义IT基础设施企业运营所需的硬件和软件的集合公司的广义服务包括：提供计算服务的计算平台通信服务数据管理服务应用软件服务物理设备管理服务IT管理、标准化、教育、研究与开发服务“服务平台”的角度更准确地看到了投资的价值管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术The

point

of

this

slide

is

to

illustrate

the

centrality

of

IT

infrastructure

and

services

to

the

achievement

of

firm

success.

Ultimately,

what

the

firmdeliversto

customers,

its

quality,

is

a

direct

function

of

the

power

of

its

infrastructure.

For

instance,

Amazon

is

routinely

sited

as

the

most

popularonline

shopping

site

and

receives

highpraise

fromcustomers

for

the

quality

of

its

service

and

speed

of

execution.

There

is

a

reason

for

this:Amazon

has

one

of

the

world’s

largest

computing

infrastructures

numbering

several

hundred

thousand

processors

to

provide

these

services.企业、IT基础设施和商业能力之间的联系图5-1企业提供给客户、供应商和雇员的

服务是IT基础设

施的直接功能。

理想情况下，这

些基础设施应该

支持公司的商业

和信息系统战略。新信息技术对企

业和IT战略以及

提供给客户的服

务有较强的影响IT基础设施商业战略IT战略IT服务和基础设施业服务信息技术Students

may

be

unfamiliar

with

the

concept

of

mainframe

computers.

Explain

the

difference

insize

(much

larger)

and

computing

capacity

(muchsmaller)

from

today’s

computers

to

give

thema

sense

of

perspective

regarding

how

far

the

computing

industry

has

gone

in

60

years.

However,modern-day

mainframes

(IBM

z-Series),

are

extremely

powerful

servers

used

for

large

Fortune

1000

enterprise

networks

and

corporate

Websites.

The

mainframe

is

not

dead

in

other

words

and

still

represents

a

large

revenue

stream

for

IBM.IT基础设施的发展通用主机和微机阶段：1959年至今1958年，IBM首次推出大型机，最终用于支持成千上万的网上远程终端

1965年价格比较低的DEC生产的小型计算机诞生，具有集中计算的功能个人计算机阶段：1981年至今1981年IBM

PC的出现20世纪80年代蔓延，导致90年代个人软件的发展客户机/服务器阶段：1983年至今桌面客户端和服务器相连，客户端和服务器有不同的分工。网络可能是两层或多层结构（N层）各种服务器类型（

Web服务器、应用服务器、数据库服务器）管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术

IT基础设施Ensure

that

students

understand

that

the

yellow

ringconnecting

the

machines

in

the

client-server

graphic

represents

a

local

area

network.

Personalcomputers

were

stand-alone

systems

prior

to

the

development

of

local

area

networks.这里说明的是5个IT基础设施发展时代中的每一时代的典型计算配置特性。图5-2AIT基础设施IT发展的时代管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Examples

of

the

use

of

cloud

computing

are

Google

Apps,

Google’s

suite

of

software

applications

that

rivals

Microsoft’s

Office

applications

at

afraction

of

the

cost,

and

S’s

CRM

management

software,

delivered

over

the

Internet.IT基础设施IT基础设施的发展（续）企业互联网计算阶段：1992年至今

走向整合不同网络，使用互联网标准的应用程序和企业应用程序云计算阶段：2000年至今

指的是一个计算模型，使用该模型企业和个人通过互联网获得计算能力和软件应用程序增长最快的计算形式管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术The

enterprise

Internet

graphic

represents

severalindividualnetworks

linked

together

into

an

enterprise-wide

network.

The

cloud

computinggraph

represents

several

types

of

technology

that

are

capable

ofconnecting

to

the

Internet

and

accessingapplications

and

services

through

acloud.

There

is

a

Learning

Track

on

cloud

computing

where

students

can

pursue

the

topic

further.图5-2BIT基础设施IT基础设施发展的时代（续）管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术企业今云计算Explain

that

the

distribution

of

computing

power

across

smaller,

less

expensive

machines

enabled

by

client/server

computing

is

in

large

partresponsible

for

the

drastic

increase

in

computing

power

and

applications

throughout

the

firm.在一个多层次的客户机/服务器网络中，客户端请求服务是由不同级别的服务器来处理。图5-3管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术IT基础设施(N-Tier)多层客户端/服务器网（N层）销售系统生产系统力资源系统数据Variants

of

Moore’s

Law

include:

the

number

of

transistors

on

a

chip

doubles

ever

18

months;

computing

power

doubles

every

18

months;

andthe

price

of

computingfalls

by

half

every

18

months.

Explain

to

students

that

even

now,

this

trend

is

likely

to

continue,

with

transistors

reaching

thesizes

of

viruses,

the

smallest

formof

life.IT基础设施基础设施技术发展的驱动力摩尔定律和微处理能力计算能力每18个月翻一番纳米技术：晶体管的大小可能缩小到几个原子大小负面因素：散热需要、功耗问题大规模数据存储定律存储量每年翻番。管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术At

what

point,

if

any,

do

students

believe

that

the

doubling

trend

of

Moore’s

Law

might

come

to

an

end?

Ask

themto

speculate

and

give

reasonsfor

their

answers.将更多的晶体管集成到一个微小的微处理器里，处理能力成指数级增强。资料来源：2004年英特尔公司，由作者更新。图5-4IT基础设施摩尔定律和微处理能力管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术处理What

do

students

think

the

implications

of

such

drastically

reduced

costs

of

computer

chips

might

be

in

the

future?

Explain

the

connection

toconcepts

like

the

digital

divide

and

cloud

computing.图5-5今天的英特尔处理器可以包含多达10亿个晶体管，运行速度为3.2

GHz或更高，传输能力超过

10,000

MIPS，并且大批量制造的晶体管的成本不到千万分之一美元。这个成本比本书的一个字符的费用都少。IT基础设施芯片价格下降第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Nanotechnologyis

used

to

create

transistors

of

the

tiny

size

previously

mentioned.

Can

students

describe

any

other

applications

of

this

type

oftechnology

(for

example,

medical)?图5-6纳米碳管是微小管子，大约比人

的头发细10000倍。它们由碳六角形薄片卷成圆筒形。由NEC的研

究人员在1991年发现，他们被用

在微小的电线或超小型电子设备

中，而且是非常强大的电流导体。IT基础设施纳米管案例管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Explain

the

importance

of

the

exponential

growth

in

hard

drive

capacity,

which

is

that

the

world

is

producing

an

increasingamount

of

digitalinformationrequiring

storage

each

year

as

well.

Fortunately,

the

cost

of

storing

that

information

is

decreasing

at

an

even

quicker

rate.从1980年到1990年，个人电脑的硬盘驱动器容量每年以25%年的速度增长，但1990年以后，每年的增长速度超过65%。图5-7IT基础设施硬盘容量呈指数增长1980-2007管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Explainthat

this

figure

displays

the

numberof

kilobytes

of

data

that

can

be

stored

with

one

dollar.

Point

out

that

the

Y

axis

is

greatly

compressedto

display

the

doubling

effect,

and

that

if

it

weren’t,

the

increase

fromyear

to

year

would

become

increasingly

enormous.图5-8自1955年第一个磁存储设备使用以来，存储1千字节的数据指数级下降，而数据存储量平均每15个月增加一倍IT基础设施存储数据的成本成指数级下降1950至2010年管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Ask

students

to

explain

the

implications

of

Metcalfe’s

lawto

social

networks,

such

as

Facebook

and

MySpace.

Do

they

agree

that

the

moremembers

are

usingthe

site,

the

valueof

being

a

member

and

the

usefulness

of

the

site

grows?

Do

people

make

“new

friends”

on

a

social

site

orhangout

withtheir

existingfriends

mostly?IT基础设施基础设施技术发展的驱动力Metcalfe定律和网络经济学

网络能力或价值以网络成员数的增加而显指数级增长随着网络成员数目的增加，更多的人们想使用网络（网络访问需求量的增加）管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Are

students

aware

of

any

friends

or

family

that

do

not

have

Internet

access?

You

might

ask

themto

remember

‘life

before

the

Internet’,

ifpossible,

to

underscore

the

magnitude

of

how

far

communication

and

computing

has

come

over

time.IT基础设施通信成本递减与互联网据估计，全世界有15亿人上网随着通讯成本下降到一个非常小的数目，几乎接近于零，通信和电脑设备利用率爆增管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Emphasize

to

students

how

close

the

cost

per

kilobit

has

come

to

0

since

1995.

What

implications

does

this

have

for

the

numberof

people

usingthe

Internet?

You

could

once

again

relate

this

to

the

digital

divide

and

emphasize

that

even

now

asignificant

portion

of

the

world

lacks

access

tothe

Internet

and

other

services,

thoughit

has

more

to

do

with

reasons

ofinsufficient

infrastructure

than

Internet

communication

costs.

Oneimplication:

it

costs

no

more

to

move

agigabyte

from

NewYork

to

San

Francisco

than

it

does

to

move

the

same

amountof

information

from

thetop

of

a

building

to

the

basement.

This

means

that

data

no

longer

needsto

be

located

“close

by”

the

user.网民增加的一个原因是网络接入和通信费用的急速下降。自1995年以来每千字节的网络流量费用以指数级下降。数字用户线（DSL）和电缆调制解调器现在发送每千比特的通信流量费用零售不到2美分。图5-9IT基础设施互联网通信费用成指数级下降管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术What

might

today’s

enterprise

infrastructure

and

Internet

have

beenlike

without

widespread

and

universal

standards,

such

as

Windows,Microsoft

Office,

Unix,

and

Ethernet?

(Greatly

decreased

efficiency

and

confusion,

inability

to

develop

innovative

products

everyone

can

usebased

on

asingle

standard,

etc.)IT基础设施基础设施技术发展的驱动力（续）标准与互联网的影响技术标准规范地建立了产品的兼容性和用网络沟通的能力

释放大规模经济导致价格下降，伴随着制造商制造商品向单一标准靠拢。管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术The

upcoming

slides

will

go

over

each

component

in

more

detail.IT基础设施IT基础设施有7个主要部件计算机硬件平台操作系统平台企业软件应用数据管理和存储网络/通信平台互联网平台咨询和系统集成服务管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Ask

students

to

takea

look

at

the

example

companies

that

appear

under

eachheading.

What

companies

appear

repeatedly?

How

manyitems

areunfamiliar?图5-107个主要部件必须协调一致地为企业提供基础设施。这里所罗列的是主要技术和每个组件的供应商。IT基础设施IT基础设施的组成管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术数据管理和存储IBM

DB2数据库Oracle数据库

SQL

server数据库Sybase数据库MySql数据库EMC系统互联网平台计算机硬件平操作系统平台企咨询和系统集成网络/通信To

give

students

an

idea

of

the

size

of

the

market

for

computer

hardware,

in

2008,

285

million

PCs

were

shipped

worldwide

with

a

market

valueof

$253

billion,

and

in

2009

U.S.

firms

will

spend

about

$150

billionon

computer

hardware.IT基础设施计算机硬件平台客户机台式电脑、移动计算设备、掌上电脑、笔记本电脑服务器刀片式服务器：放置在机架中的超薄电脑大型机：IBM大型机相当于成千上万台刀片式服务器顶尖的芯片制造商：AMD公司，英特尔，IBM著名公司：IBM、惠普、戴尔、Sun微系统管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Emphasize

Microsoft’s

dominance

in

operatingsystems

and

explain

that

it

is

the

most

important

reason

for

their

success

to

date.The

market

for

enterprise

software

applications

is

approximately

$250

billion

dollars.

These

applications

are

considered

to

be

part

of

ITinfrastructure.

Traditionally,

large

firms

were

the

most

prominent

users

of

enterprise

software,

but

firms

such

as

Microsoft

are

tryingto

move

intothe

untapped

market

of

small-

and

medium-sized

businesses

that

might

benefit

from

less

expansive

versionsof

the

same

software.IT基础设施操作系统平台操作系统

客户级：95％运行微软的Windows（XP，2000，CE认证等）服务级：85％使用Unix或Linux企业应用软件企业应用软件企业应用软件供应商：SAP和甲骨文中间件提供商：BEA管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Remind

students

that

the

amount

of

new

information

in

the

world

is

doubling

every

three

years,

driving

the

need

for

more

efficient

datamanagement

and

storage.IT基础设施数据管理和存储数据库软件：IBM公司（DB2的），甲骨文，微软（SQL

Server），Sybase（自适应服务器企业版），MySQL

物理数据存储：EMC的公司（大型系统）、希捷、迈拓、西部数据存储区域网络：连接多个存储设备上的专用网络管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Firms

spent

$210

billion

onnetworkinggear

and

a

whopping

$850

billion

onnetworkingservices

in

2008.

Compare

these

in

size

to

thepreviously

mentioned

figures

in

computer

hardware

platforms

and

enterprise

software

applications

($150

billion,

$250

billion).

This

comparison

can

highlightfor

the

students

the

extent

to

which

we

are

living

in

an

era

of

telecommunications

revolution

as

much

as

a

computer

era.

The

device

in

the

hand

is

obvious

to

people,

the

communications

network

in

the

background

is

hidden.IT基础设施网络/通信平台通信服务电信、有线电视、电信公司为语音和互联网接入收费AT＆T公司，Verizon公司网络操作系统：包括Windows

Server，Novell，Linux，Unix系统

网络硬件供应商：思科、朗讯、北电网络、Juniper网络公司管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Internet

platforms

are

yet

another

area

where

Microsoft

is

featured

prominently.

Students

at

this

point

should

be

able

to

appreciate

the

sheer

sizeof

the

company.

The

trend

since

the

late

1990s

has

been

to

reduce

the

number

of

servers

by

increasing

their

size

and

power.

Dell,

HP/Compaq,and

IBM

have

been

the

beneficiaries

of

this

trend.

Multi

core

processors,

and

blade

servers,

are

two

ways

inwhichserver

power

can

be

radically

increased

without

increasingthe

foot

print

or

the

power

requirements.IT基础设施互联网平台

硬件、软件、管理服务来支持公司的网站（包括网络托管服务）内联网，外联网互联网硬件服务器市场：戴尔、惠普/康柏、IBM

Web软件应用开发工具：微软（FrontPage和.NET）IBM（WebSphere等）Sun(Java)，独立软件开发商：

Macromedia公司，Adobe、RealMedia管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Implementingnew

infrastructure

requires

significant

changes

in

business

processes

and

procedures,

training

and

education,

and

softwareintegration.

This

is

a

task

that

firms

struggle

to

achieve

on

their

own,

which

drives

the

need

for

these

services.

The

MIS

course

provides

studentswith

an

excellent

background

to

be

a

business

systems

consultant.

Most

business

consulting

today

involves

developingbusiness

processes

andsupporting

systems.IT基础设施咨询和系统集成服务

即使大公司也没有提供新的复杂基础设施、支持全范围的资源软件集成：确保新基础设施工程使用遗留系统工作

遗留系统：由于太昂贵而无法更换或重新设计仍然使用的旧系统IBM公司、EDS公司、Accenture公司管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Business

computing

is

increasingly

moving

from

PCs

and

desktops

to

mobile

devices,

and

managers

are

increasingly

using

these

to

coordinatework

and

communicate

with

employees.

Students

may

think

the

iPhone

they

own

is

just

a

phone,

or

music

player,

but

for

businesses

it

is

alongwithBlackberries

an

important

management

tool.硬件平台的发展趋势虽然计算成本较低，但基础设施成本不断扩大更多的计算、更复杂的计算增加了消费预算和安全需求新兴移动数字平台

手机、智能手机（黑莓，iPhone）已经确保数据传输、网页浏览、电子邮件和传送信息

上网本：被优化的小型、低成本的轻型笔记本电脑用来无线通信和计算管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Both

grid

computing

and

cloud

computing

allow

organizations

to

optimize

their

use

of

resources

in

new

ways.

Grid

computing

allow

corporationsto

take

advantage

of

spare

computing

power

in

the

formof

networked

virtual

supercomputers,

and

cloud

computing

allows

organizations

to

avoidthe

expensesof

maintaining

their

own

hardware

and

software,

relyingon

the

cloud

instead.

Refer

students

to

the

Cloud

Computing

LearningTrack

on

the

Web

site.现代硬件平台的发展趋势网格计算

将地域上距离遥远的计算机连接到一个单一网中联合处理，创造虚拟超级计算机可以节约成本，提高速度、敏捷性云计算（效用计算）

数据永久存储在远程服务器上，用户通过互联网访问和更新数据

使用云计算的组织为计算能力而支付费用（按需或效用计算）管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Emphasize

that

not

onlyis

there

an

environmental

concern,

but

there

is

also

the

incentive

to

reduce

costs

bydevelopingmore

efficient

andenvironmentally-friendlymethods

of

powering

systems.

It

is

within

the

ability

of

almost

anyfirm

to

take

measures

to

‘go

green’

withtheircomputing.Virtualizationis

mentioned

in

the

case

as

an

effective

way

to

reduce

the

total

computing

resources

required

to

run

applications.现代硬件平台的发展趋势绿色计算阅读交互式会话：技术，然后讨论以下问题：数据中心能耗将引发什么商业和社会问题？什么方案适合解决这些问题？那种解决方案最环保？这些解决方案的企业利益和成本是什么？所有的企业将涌向绿色计算吗？为什么会或为什么不会？管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Autonomic

computing

and

virtualization

are

both

methods

of

allocating

resources

more

efficiently

at

the

technological

level

(the

previous

slidedescribes

technologies

with

a

more

organizationalfocus).现代硬件平台的发展趋势自主计算

企业努力提高系统自我配置、自我优化、自我修复和自我保护。当知道被病毒感染时，能遏制病毒进一步入侵。类似的自我更新防毒软件，苹果和微软都使用自动更新虚拟化和多核处理器

虚拟化：提供计算资源以便访问不受物理配置和地理位置的限制。

允许多个操作系统运行在一台服务器上，这样性能由

10%~15%提高到70%。多核处理器：减少电力需求、提高性能。管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Linux

playsa

major

role

in

the

administrationof

local

area

networks.

Around

20

percent

of

the

server

operating

systemmarket

is

owned

byLinux.

Ask

students

to

give

reasons

why

an

open-source

operatingsystemmight

be

a

better

choice

for

network

administrators

than

alternativesthat

are

not

open-source

(such

as

Microsoft’s

Windows

server).Java

is

designed

to

run

on

any

computing

device.

This

includes

mobile

devices

like

smartphones.现代软件平台的发展趋势linux和开源代码软件

开放源码软件：由社区程序员开发，免费使用并可以被用户自由修改的软件Linux：开源代码操作系统Java面向对象程序设计语言（Sun微系统）独立于操作系统、处理器(Java虚拟机)领先的Web编程环境小程序，电子商务应用程序Ajax异步Javascript和XML

允许客户端和服务器在无需重载整个页面的情况下仅交换修改的数据。管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术Firms

are

collectionsof

thousandsof

computer

programs

and

systems

built

over

many

years.

In

general,

these

systems

cannot

“talk”

with

oneanother,

and

sharing

informationamong

themis

very

expensive.

One

way

to

get

to

work

together

is

to

build

software

links

among

them.

This

isthe

Web

services

approach

(see

the

next

slide

on

service

oriented

architecture).

You

can

compare

it

to

the

Web:

any

computer

with

a

browsercan

access

billions

of

Web

pages

and

drawdown

the

information,

or

download

PDF

files

that

work

on

all

computers

that

have

a

version

ofAdobe

acrobat

installed.

In

a

business

firm,

you

want

a

similar

environment:

any

computer

programcan

get

data

fromany

other

computerprogram.

Web

services

makes

this

possible.Ensure

that

students

are

able

to

explain

the

difference

between

XML

and

HTML

(in

other

words,

the

additional

features

XML

has

compared

toHTML).

These

include

classifying,

presenting,

communicating,

and

storing

data,

as

opposed

to

HTML

being

able

to

merely

present

data.

Thesefeatures

also

allow

computers

to

manipulate

documents

written

in

XML

automatically.

Does

this

remind

students

of

autonomic

computing?管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术现代软件平台的发展趋势web服务软件组件，使用Web标准和语言交换信息可扩展标记语言比HTML更强大、更灵活标记并允许计算机自动处理数据简单对象访问协议构建消息的规则并允许不同应用之间传递数据和指令WSDL：web服务描述语言描述Web服务的框架和用途统一描述、发现和集成构建目录来方便查找Web服务Emphasize

that

SOA

is

a

method

of

developing

infrastructure

using

web

services

withan

eye

towards

creating

applications

that

draw

data

fromseveral

underlying(usually

older

programs).

All

programs

are

builtor

re-designed

to

provide

certain

information

(services)

to

all

otherprograms.

With

SOA,

developers

incorporate

each

individual

service

into

an

application

that

successfullymeets

the

needs

of

theorganization.管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术现代软件平台的发展趋势面向服务的架构

把包含在各种企业应用中的分散的功能组织为相互操作的、基于标准的服务。

软件开发商重新使用这些服务，组合成其他应用程序使用

例如：一个“发票服务”，为计算和发送整个公司的印制发票服务。（一家美国汽车租赁公司）

通过web服务把自己的在线预订系统与美国西南航空公司的网站连接起来Emphasize

that

the

task

Dollar

wants

to

complete

(interactingwith

other

companies’

information

systems)

is

represented

here

as

a

collectionofindividual

services,

in

keepingwith

the

SOA

model.

Dollar

wants

to

be

able

to

quickly

and

easily

share

data

withother

companies

–

the

series

ofservices

provided

above

are

combined

to

accomplish

that

task.图5-11Dollar

Rent

A

Car公司使用

web服务提供一个标准的软件中间层与其他公司的信息系统交互。Dollar

Rent

ACar公司可以使用web服务

集链接到其他公司的信息系统，不需要为每个公司信息系统建立特殊链接。管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术旅行社系统旅行预订系统服务器统现代软件平台的发展趋势Dollar

Rent

a

Car如何使用web服务Service

level

agreements

are

formal

contracts

betweencustomers

and

their

service

providers

that

define

the

specific

responsibilities

of

the

serviceprovider

and

the

service

expected

by

the

customer.

These

are

important

to

establish

communication

between

the

two

firms

and

to

manage

theproject

efficiently.

Students

should

be

referred

to

the

SLA

Learning

Track.Why

do

students

think

that

software

outsourcing

is

growingquickly

in

popularity?

Have

thempoint

to

trends

that

might

back

up

their

claims.管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术现代软件平台的发展趋势混搭和工具混搭程序：两个或多个在线应用程序混合，如绘图软件（Google地图）与当地实际情况整合

工具：可添加到Web页或放置在桌面上的并提供额外功能的小程序软件外包

三个来源：软件包供应商、软件即服务供应商、软件外包承接商软件包：预先编写的商务软件软件即服务（SaaS）：通过互联网发布软件外包：通常由服务等级协议管控Note

the

recent

jump

in

SaaS

spending

within

the

last

several

years,

and

the

pronounced

rise

in

the

last

two

or

three

years.

What

are

the

positivesand

negatives

of

acquiring

software

throughthe

SaaS

model?

Positives:

allows

companies

to

focus

on

business

issues

rather

thantechnology;

formany

companies,

SaaS

could

cut

costs.

Negatives:

SaaS

increases

the

firm’s

dependency

on

external

suppliers

(what

happens

if

your

supplied

ofSaaS

services

goes

into

bankruptcy?

What

is

your

backup

plan?图5-12目前，美国企业每年用于软件花费约

2500亿美元。2008年，大约40%的软件将来自企业外部，既有从企业应用软件供应商销售广泛的公司应用程序，也有个人应用服务供应商销售的软件模块。管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术现代软件平台的发展趋势软件来源的变化What

do

students

think

of

the

idea

of

software

as

aservice?

Do

they

expect

S

to

have

staying

power?

How

does

theS

business

model

fit

in

with

other

trends

like

cloud

computing?

This

is

agreat

site

to

visit

in

class

and

explore

the

options.管理信息系统第5章信息技术基础设施和新兴技术现代软件平台的发展趋势S:软件作为一种服务成为主流阅读互动专栏：组织阅读，然后讨论以下问题：软件即服务有哪些优缺点？

由于Salesforce继续增长，Salesforce将面临什么样的挑战，？哪种企业可以在使用Salesforce的系统中受益?为什么？你的企业将使用S之前,你需要考虑什么因素？Ask

students

to

envision

some

of

the

pitfalls

of

workingwith

an

external

hardware

or

software

vendor

such

as

Google

or

S.

Whatare

some

nightmare

scenarios

that

companies

must

guard

against?

(The

vendor

fails

to