2015年江苏省高中考试英语试卷剖析版

2015年江苏省高考英语试卷解析版参考答案与试题解析一、第一部分听力（共两节，满分20分）1．（1分）Whattimeisitnow？A．9：10．B．9：50．C．10：00．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略【解答】A【点评】略2．（1分）Whatdoesthewomanthinkoftheweather？A．It'snice．B．It'swarm．C．It'scold．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略【解答】略【点评】略3．（1分）Whatwillthemando？A．AttendameetingB．GivealectureC．Leavehisoffice．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略【解答】A【点评】略4．（1分）Whatisthewoman'sopinionaboutthecourse？A．ToohardB．WorthtakingC．Veryeasy．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略【解答】B【点评】略5．（1分）Whatdoesthewomanwantthemantodo？A．Speaklouder．B．Apologizetoher．C．Turnofftheradio．【考点】15：短对话理解．【分析】略【解答】C【点评】略6．（2分）（1）HowlongdidMichaelstayinChina？A．Fivedays．B．Oneweek．C．Twoweeks．（2）WheredidMichaelgolastyear？A．Russia．B．Norway．C．India．【考点】16：长对话理解．【分析】略【解答】BC【点评】略7．（2分）听第7段材料，回答第8、9题．8．WhatfooddoesSallylike？A．Chicken．B．Fish．C．Eggs．9．Whatarethespeakersgoingtodo？A．Cookdinner．B．Goshopping．C．Orderdishes．【考点】16：长对话理解．【分析】略【解答】BC【点评】略8．（3分）（1）Wherearethespeakers？A．Inahospital．B．Intheoffice．C．Athome．（2）Whatisthereportdue？A．Thursday．B．Friday．C．NextMonday．（3）WhatdoessuggestStephaniedowiththereport？A．Improveit．B．Handitinlater．C．Leaveitwithhim．【考点】16：长对话理解．【分析】略【解答】BAB【点评】略9．（4分）（1）Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers？A．Salespersonandcustomer．B．Homeownerandcleaner．C．Husbandandwife．（2）Whatkindofapartmentdothespeakersprefer？A．Onewithtwobedroom．B．Onewithoutfurniture．C．Onenearamarket．（3）Howmuchrentshouldonepayfortheone﹣bedroomapartment？A．＄350．B．＄400．C．＄415．（4）Whereistheapartmentthespeakerswouldliketosee？A．OnLakeStreet．B．OnMarketStreet．C．OnSouthStreet．【考点】16：长对话理解．【分析】略【解答】略【点评】略10．（4分）（1）Whatpercentageoftheworld'steaexportsgotoBritain？A．About15%．B．About30%．C．Over40%．（2）Whydoteatasterstasteteawithmilk？A．MostBritishpeopledrinkthatway．B．Teatastesmuchbetterwithmilk．C．Teawithmilkishealthy．（3）Whosuggestsapriceforeachtea？A．Teatasters．B．Teaexporters．C．Teacompanies．（4）Whatisthespeakertalkingabout？A．Thelifeofteatasters．B．AfternoonteainBritain．C．TheLondonTeaTradeCentre．【考点】17：短文理解．【分析】略【解答】略【点评】略第二部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分15分）第一节：单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）请阅读下面各题，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑．11．（1分）Thenumberofsmokers，__________isreported，hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear．（）A．it B．which C．what D．as【考点】59：关系代词．【分析】正如所报道的那样，吸烟者的数量仅一年就减少了17%．【解答】答案D．这是含有非限制性定语从句的复合句，空缺的词为关系代词，故排除A、C．as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以放在句首、句中、句末．本题容易误选B项，把thenumberofsmokers看成是先行词，这里的关系代词指代的是thenumberofsmokershasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear这一整句话，而且"asisreported"是常用表达法故选：D．【点评】对于关系代词的选择，要分析句子成分，还要结合关系代词本身的用法，加以选择和判断．12．（1分）Schoolsshouldbelivelyplaceswhereindividualsareencouragedto_____totheirgreatestpotential．（）A．accelerate B．improve C．perform D．develop【考点】A8：实义动词．【分析】句意：学校应该是一个充满生机的地方，在这里每个学生个体都被鼓励充分发展，最大限度地激发潜能．【解答】答案D．A选项"加快，加速"常见搭配有"acceleratethepaceof"；B选项"改进，提高"；C选项"表现，表演，执行"；D选项"开发；发展；冲洗（胶片），养成"；D项符合语境，故选：D．【点评】本题考查动词辨析．解答此类题目首先要读懂句意，然后根据上下文语境锁定合适的动词．平时要加强动词词汇量的积累．13．（1分）﹣Jim，canyouworkthisSunday？﹣__________？I'vebeenworkingfortwoweeksonend．（）A．Whyme B．Whynot C．Whatif D．Sowhat【考点】JI：语言交际．【分析】﹣﹣﹣Jim，这个星期六你能加班吗？﹣﹣﹣为什么是我？我已经连续工作两周了．【解答】答案A．选项AWhyme？的意思是为什么是我；选项BWhynot的意思是为什么不呢；选项CWhatif的意思是要是…会怎么样；选项DSowhat的意思是那又怎么样．根据语境和句意，应该选择A．【点评】做这类题目，要根据选项的意义、用法及句意来做出正确的选择和判断．14．（1分）Muchtime__________sittingatadesk，officeworkersaregenerallytroubledbyhealthproblems．（）A．beingspent B．havingspent C．spent D．spending【考点】A4：动词的过去分词；BB：过去分词．【分析】句意：因为大部分时间都坐在办公桌前，所以办公室职员一般都受健康问题的困扰．【解答】考查独立主格结构．由句子结构可知，分词的逻辑主语muchtime与主句主语officeworkers不一致，所以是独立主格结构．逗号后为主句，逗号前为独立主格结构作原因状语．time与spend是被动关系，故填spent．【点评】解答此类题目首先要分析句子结构找出主句，同时要注意主句的主语与分词的逻辑主语是否一致，如果不一致，则为独立主格结构．然后再分析分词的逻辑主语与动词的主被动关系，主动用doing，被动用done．15．（1分）__________LiBai，agreatChinesepoet，wasbornisknowntothepublic，butsomewon'tacceptit．（）A．That B．Why C．Where D．How【考点】79：连接副词；H7：wh﹣引导的主语从句．【分析】句意为：中国伟大诗人李白出生的地点是大众都知道的，但是一些人却不能接受这一点．【解答】答案：C．is之前的内容是主语从句，从句中缺少状语，根据逻辑关系，此处应该是出生的地方，而不是方式或原因．【点评】在主语从句中，除了要考虑句子成分，还要看句子前后的逻辑关系．16．（1分）Itissocoldthatyoucan'tgooutside__________fullycoveredinthickclothes．（）A．if B．unless C．once D．when【考点】92：从属连词．【分析】句意：外面非常冷，如果不裹一件厚实点的衣服，千万不要出去．【解答】A选项"如果"；C选项"一旦"；D选项"当…时候"；B选项"如果不；除非"；unless＝if…not，句中"unlessfullycovered"为"连词+省略结构"，补充完整为"unlessyouarefullycovered"可转换成"Ifyouaren'tfullycovered"理解，根据句意及逻辑关系"外面非常冷"可推知"如果不裹一件厚实点的衣服会很冷．"B项符合语境．故选：B．【点评】本题考查状语从句中连词的辨析．解答此类题目首先要理解题干的意思，其次要知道各选项的意思，然后依次把各个选项意思放入句子根据语境，不难选出正确答案．关键还是在平时学习的过程中，多积累多总结多记忆．17．（1分）Theuniversitystartedsomenewlanguageprogramsto__________thecountry'sSilkRoadEconomicBelt．（）A．applyto B．caterfor C．appealto D．huntfor【考点】A9：动词短语．【分析】句意：这所大学开办了一些新的语言课程以满足国家丝绸之路经济带的需要．【解答】答案：B．applyto意为"向…申请；应用"；appealto意为"对…有吸引力；呼吁"；huntfor意为"搜寻，猎捕，寻找"．caterfor意为"迎合，满足需要；供应伙食"，其"迎合，满足需要"可使句意完整，符合逻辑，故选B．【点评】此题考查动词短语辨析．解此类词或短语辨析时，一要弄清句意，二要明白各选项的意思，从而选出符合句意的答案．18．（1分）Itmighthavesavedmesometrouble__________theschedule．（）A．didIknow B．haveIknown C．doIknow D．hadIknown【考点】GB：倒装句；GJ：虚拟语气．【分析】它可能已省了我一些麻烦，要是我知道这个计划的话．【解答】根据主句谓语动词mighthavedone，可以知道是对过去情况的假设，那么if从句中谓语动词则需用haddone来表示对过去情况的假设，从而使得主从句保持一致．当虚拟条件句的谓语动词是助动词had时，if可以省略，从而将had置于句首，句子倒装．所以D选项正确．故选：D．【点评】此题考查虚拟语气中if省略倒装的现象．当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were，should（助动词），had（助动词）时，if可以省略，从而将were，should（助动词），had（助动词）置于句首，句子倒装．解此类题时，要根据语境、时间状语或主从句中的谓语动词形式，来判断是对过去、现在、将来三个时间里，哪一个时间的虚拟假设，再做题．19．（1分）Thewholeteam_____CristianoRonaldo，andheseldomletsthemdown．（）A．waiton B．focuson C．counton D．callon【考点】A9：动词短语．【分析】全队都寄希望于CristianoRonaldo，他很少令他们失望．【解答】waiton意为"服侍，伺候"；focuson意为"集中注意力于…"；callon意为"拜访；号召"．counton意为"指望，依靠"符合题意，故选C．【点评】此题考查动词短语辨析．解词义辨析题时，首先要弄清句意，再来选择合适的词或短语．20．（1分）Therealreasonwhyprices__________，andstillare，toohighiscomplex，andnoshortdiscussioncansatisfactorilyexplainthisproblem．（）A．Were B．willbe C．havebeen D．hadbeen【考点】E2：一般过去时．【分析】过去和现在价格一直居高不下的真正原因很复杂，简短的讨论解释这一问题无法让人满意．【解答】答案A．根据句意和题干中的andstillare提示，可知过去的价格也一直居高不下，故用一般过去时，表示过去的状态，故选A．【点评】用何种时态，可以根据句意以及题目中所给的提示进行判断和选择．21．（1分）Thepoliceofficersdecidedtoconductathoroughand__________reviewofthecase．（）A．comprehensive B．complicated C．conscious D．crucial【考点】64：形容词词意辨析．【分析】警官决定对这起案件进行一次彻底的、广泛的审查．【解答】答案：AA项是"综合的，广泛的"；B项是"复杂的"；C项是"有意识的，神智清醒的"；D项是"重要的，决定性的"．句中thorough和comprehensive为并列关系，故选A项．【点评】形容词词义辨析，只要分清句子中形容词词义即可．22．（1分）Someschoolswillhavetomake__________inagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform．（）A．judgments B．adjustments C．comments D．achievements【考点】A9：动词短语．【分析】一些学校将不得不作出调整以和国家足球改革相一致．【解答】答案B．makejudgments意为"作出判断"；makecomments意为"发表评论"；makeachievements意为"取得成就"．makeadjustments意为"作出调整"，结合句子的意思，"为了和国家足球改革相一致"，所以要"作出调整"，故选B．【点评】此题考查名词意思辨析．解此类词义辨析题时，需结合句意，辨清各选项的词义，从而选出正确的答案．23．（1分）﹣Whydidn'tyouinviteJohntoyourbirthdayparty？﹣Well，youknowhe's__________．（）A．anearlybird B．awetblanket C．aluckydog D．atoughnut【考点】JI：语言交际．【分析】﹣﹣你为什么不邀请约翰来参加你的生日派对呢？﹣﹣哦，你知道他是一个令人扫兴的人．【解答】选项Aanearlybird是指早起的人；选项Bawetblanket是指令人扫兴的人；选项Cluckydog是指幸运儿；选项Datoughnut是指难对付的人，这四个选项都是俗语，根据句意以及选项的意思，应该选择B．故选：B．【点评】做这类题目，首先要正确理解四个选项的意思，然后根据句意来选择正确的选项．24．（1分）Manyofthethingswenowbenefitfromwouldnotbearound__________ThomasEdison．（）A．thanksto B．regardlessof C．asidefrom D．butfor【考点】GJ：虚拟语气．【分析】要不是托马斯爱迪生，我们现在收益的许多东西将不复存在．【解答】A选项thanksto"幸亏，多亏"；B选项regardlessof"不管，不顾"；C选项asidefrom"除了，除…以外"；D选项butfor"要不是"可用来表示虚拟条件，可用if条件从句代替．butforThomasEdison＝ifithadn'tbeenforThomasEdison【点评】此题考查含蓄型虚拟语气．含蓄型虚拟语气常用without，butfor引出，相当于Ifitweren'tfor…和Ifithadn'tbeenfor…，其意为"若不是（有）""要不是"．25．（1分）﹣GoandsaysorrytoyourMom，Dave．﹣I'dliketo，butI'mafraidshewon'tbehappywithmy__________．（）A．requests B．excuses C．apologies D．regrets【考点】31：可数名词及其单复数．【分析】﹣﹣Dave，去向你妈妈说对不起．﹣﹣我想去，但是我怕她不会接受我的道歉．【解答】答案CA项是"请求"；B项是"借口"；C项是"道歉"；D项是"后悔"．由"saysorry"可知，此处应是"道歉"．故选C项．【点评】根据情景对话辨析名词词义，只要弄明白对话的意思即可．第二节：完形填空（共1小题；每小题20分，满分20分）请阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑．26．（20分）IwasrequiredtoreadoneofBernieSiegel'sbooksincollegeandwashookedonhispositivityfromthatmomenton．Thestoriesofhisunconventional（36）ideasandtheexceptionalpatientshewroteaboutwereso（37）amazingtomeandhadsuchabig（38）impactonhowIsawlifefromthenon．WhoknewthatsomanyyearslaterIwouldlooktoDr．BernieandhisCDsagainto）（39）getthroughmyowncancerexperience？I'manambitious（40）writer，andwhenIstartedgoingthroughchemo（化疗），eventhoughI'mavery（41）positiveperson，Ilostmydrivetowrite．Iwasjusttootiredandnotinthe（42）mood．Oneday，whilewaitingtogoinfor（43）treatment，IhadoneofDr．Bernie'sbooksinmyhand．Anotherpatient（44）noticedwhatIwasreadingandstruckupaconversationwithme（45）becausehehadoneofhisbookswithhimaswell．It（46）turnedoutthatamongotherthings，hewasaneighty﹣year﹣oldwriter．Hewas（47）actuallyapublishedauthor，andhewascurrently（48）workingonanewbook．Wewouldseeeachotheratvarioustimesand（49）becamefriends．Sometimesheworeaduckhat，andIwouldtellmyself，hewasdefinitelya（n）（50）fanofDr．Bernie．Hereallyputa（51）smileonmyface．Heunfortunately（52）passedawaylastyearduetohiscancer，（53）butheleftadeepimpressiononmeandgavemethe（54）inspirationtopickupmypenagain．I（55）thoughttomyself，"Ifhecandoit，thensocanI．"36．A．tastesB．ideasC．notesD．memories37．A．amazingB．shockingC．amusingD．strange38．A．strikeB．pushC．challengeD．impact39．A．learnfromB．gooverC．getthroughD．referto40．A．readerB．writerC．editorD．doctor41．A．positiveB．agreeableC．humorousD．honest42．A．moodB．positionC．stateD．way43．A．adviceB．referenceC．protectionD．treatment44．A．viewedB．knewC．noticedD．wondered45．A．whileB．becauseC．althoughD．providing46．A．cameoutB．workedoutC．provedoutD．turnedout47．A．naturallyB．merelyC．hopefullyD．actually48．A．decidingB．investingC．workingD．relying49．A．becameB．helpedC．missedD．visited50．A．patientB．operatorC．fanD．publisher51．A．signB．smileC．markD．mask52．A．showedupB．setoffC．felldownD．passedaway53．A．sinceB．butC．soD．for54．A．guidanceB．trustC．opportunityD．inspiration55．A．promisedB．sworeC．thoughtD．replied【考点】L1：记叙文．【分析】本文是一篇记叙文．作者读了BernieSiegel的书，深受书中积极人生观的影响．之后作者不幸身患癌症，病痛的折磨使他放弃了写作，但在治疗期间结识一位同样受到Bernie影响，年迈却仍坚持写作的病友．在病友死后，作者又重新拾起纸笔，以此告诉读者书籍给人带来积极的影响．【解答】36．B考查名词．根据首段首句可知，作者读了BernieSiegel的书，深受书中积极人生观的影响．此处unconventionalideas意为"非传统的观点"与上句中"积极的人生观"呼应．故选B项．37．A考查形容词．根据上文中"unconventional（非传统的）"和"unexceptional（例外的）"提示可知，他书中所写的东西对我来说十分惊异．故选A项．38．D考查名词．haveanimpacton为固定搭配，意为"对…有影响"．A项"打击"；B项"推，逼迫"；C项"挑战"；D项"影响"．故选D项．39．C考查动词短语．根据下文可知，作者不幸身患癌症，病痛的折磨使他放弃了写作．但病友的执着和BernieSiegel积极的人生观让自己又重新拾起纸笔，渡过了这段艰难时期．A项"从…中获取经验，汲取教训"；B项"复习，仔细检查"；D项"提到，涉及，参考"；C项"渡过难关"；C项符合语境，故选C项．40．B考查名词．根据下文中"Ilostmydrivetowrite"可知，作者是一名有抱负的作家．A项"读者"；B项"作家"；C项"编辑"；D项"医生"．故选B项．41．A考查形容词．句意：尽管我是一个积极的人，还是失去了写作的动力．apositiveperson与Ilostmydrivetowrite构成让步关系，可推知，作者是一位非常积极乐观的人．故选A项．42．A考查名词．根据语境作者因为病痛失去了写作的动力，感到太累，故可推知，作者心情不好．notinthemood意为"心情不好"．故选A项．43．D考查名词．根据作者生病了，应该是等待治疗，可知，D项符合语境．故选D项．44．C考查动词．由下文可知，另一位病人应是注意到了作者正在读的书．notice"注意到"．故选C项．45．B考查连词．根据句意："该空后是他主动和我攀谈的原因：他身上也有一本Bernie的书"可知，空处前后是因果关系，所以because表原因符合语境．故选B项．46．D考查动词短语．A项"出现，出版"；B项"锻炼，解决，制定"；C项"证明是合适的，令人满意的"；D项"证明是，结果是"．"Itturnedoutthat"是固定搭配，意为"结果是…，结果证明…"；根据语境"除此之外，他是一位八十岁的作家．"可知，D项符合语境，故选D项．47．D考查副词．A项"自然地"；B项"仅仅"；C项"有希望地"；D项"事实上"；根据句意"事实上，他是一位撰稿人，目前在写一本新书．"可知，D项符合语境，故选D项．48．C考查动词搭配．A项decideon"决定，确定"；B项investon"投资，花时间在…上"；D项relyon"依赖，依靠"；C项workon"从事，忙于"；根据句意"他目前在写一本新书"可知，C项符合语境．故选C项．49．A考查动词．A项"成为"；B项"帮助"；C项"错过"；D项"拜访"．根据句意"我们总是在许多时候见到对方，成了朋友"可知，后来作者和那位病人时不时地见面，也就成了朋友，A项符合语境，故选A项．50．C考查名词．A项"病人"；B项"操作员，接线员"；C项"粉丝"；D项"出版商"．根据句意可知，他的确是Bernie的书迷．故选C项．51．B考查名词．A项"标志，迹象，征兆"；B项"微笑"；C项"标记"；D项"面罩"．根据语境可知，作者原本心情不好，后来交了新朋友，心情也好转了，朋友的举动感染了我，使我在生活中面带微笑．故选B项．52．D考查动词短语．A项"出现，露面"；B项"出发，动身"；C项"跌倒"；D项"去世（死的委婉表达）"．根据空前的"unfortunately"可知，作者的这位朋友去世了，D项符合语境，故选D项．53．B考查连词．A项表示时间；B项表示转折；C项表示结果；D项表示原因；根据句意"他去年不幸死于癌症，但给我留下了深刻的印象"可知，前后两分句之间是转折关系，故选B项．54．D考查名词．A项"指导"；B项"信任"；C项"机会"；D项"鼓舞，激励，启发"；根据空后的"pickupmypenagain"可知，他给了作者鼓舞，作者重新开始写作．故选D项．55．C考查名词．A项"承诺"；B项"郑重发誓"；C项thinktooneself"自言自语"；D项"回答"；根据句意"我对自己说："如果他能做到，我也能"可知，C项符合语境，故选C项．【点评】解答此类题目可遵循以下步骤：第一步，通读全文，了解文章大意，获得整体印象，同时初选出一批较有把握的答案．第二步，边核对初选答案边补填留下的空格．如果短文难度较大，则可复读几遍，核对和确定答案．有些空一时决定不了，可作个记号，待复查时再确定．第三步，复查定稿．从整体理解角度出发，仔细审核答案，确保意义上、语法上没有错误，同时对遗留下来的少数几个空格作最后选择．第三部分：阅读理解（共4小题；每小题4分，满分30分）请阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑.27．（4分）56．AccordingtotheCode，visitorsshouldactA．A．withcareandrespectB．withreliefandpleasureC．withcautionandcalmnessD．withattentionandobservation57．WhatareyouencouragedtodowhentravellinginNewZealand？CA．Takeyourowncampingfacilities．B．Buryglassfarawayfromrivers．C．Followthetrackforthesakeofplants．D．Observesignstoapproachnestingbirds．【考点】O3：广告布告类阅读；P2：文中细节；P4：逻辑推理．【分析】本文大意不要携带任何有害新西兰的物品入境保护动植物恰当处理垃圾妥善处理排泄物保护水资源小心防火细心露营野炊不要另辟蹊径，有路走路处处留意【解答】56．A推理判断题．根据文中的副标题可知，去新西兰旅游时不能携带任何危害到新西兰的物品，要保护动植物，处理好垃圾等可知，游客应该细心对待并尊重自然．故选A．57．C细节理解题．根据文中keeptothetrack中的"keeptothetrack，whereoneexists，soyoulessenthechanceofdamagingfragileplannts．"可知，在有路的地方要沿着路走，这样可减少对脆弱植物的破坏．故选C．【点评】对于有副标题的应用文，解题时应抓住副标题来理解文章的大意，节省解题的时间．28．（6分）IntheUnitedStatesalone，over100millioncell﹣phonesarethrownawayeachyear．Cell﹣phonesarepartofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldigitalassistants．Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole．Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver．ASwissstudyreportedthatwhiletheweightofelectronicgoodsrepresentedbypreciousmetalswasrelativelysmallincomparisontototalwaste，theconcentration（含量）ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinSo﹣callede﹣wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals．Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonousmetals．Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved，therecyclingprocessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries，inpracticallyuncontrolledwayswhichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment．Creatingproductsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmorewastematerial，upto100timesmore，thanthematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts．Consideragainthecell﹣phone，andimaginetheminesthatproducedthosemetals，thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging（包装）itcamein．Manywastesproducedintheproducingprocessareharmfulaswell．TheU．S．EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisdangerousinthat"theproduction，distribution，anduseofproducts﹣aswellasmanagementoftheresultingwaste﹣allresultingreenhousegasrelease．"Individualscanreducetheircontributionbycreatinglesswasteatthestart﹣forinstance，buyingreusableproductsandrecycling．Inmanycountriestheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibilityisbeingconsideredorhasbeenputinplaceasanincentive（动机）forreducingwaste．Ifproducersarerequiredtotakebackpackagingtheyusetoselltheirproducts，wouldtheyreducethepackaginginthefirstplace？Governments'incentivetorequireproducerstotakeresponsibilityforthepackagingtheyproduceisusuallybasedonmoney．Why，theyask，shouldcitiesortownsberesponsibleforpayingtodealwiththebubblewrap（气泡垫）thatencasedyourtelevision？Fromthegovernments'pointofview，aprimarygoaloflawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsibilityistotransferboththecostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegovernmentandtax﹣payersbacktotheproducers．58．BymentioningtheSwissstudy，theauthorintendstotellusthatB．A．theweightofe﹣goodsisrathersmallB．E﹣wastedeservestobemadegooduseofC．naturalmineralscontainmorepreciousmetalsD．thepercentageofpreciousmetalsisheavyine﹣waste59．Theresponsibilityofe﹣wastetreatmentshouldbeextendedB．A．fromproducerstogovernmentsB．fromgovernmentstoproducersC．fromindividualstodistributorsD．fromdistributorstogovernments60．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout？DA．Theincreaseine﹣waste．B．Thecreationofe﹣waste．C．Theseriousnessofe﹣waste．D．Themanagementofe﹣waste．【考点】OA：健康环保类阅读；P1：内容归纳；P6：作者情感态度．【分析】文章主要介绍了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关解决措施．随着电子数码科技的进步，产生了越来越多的电子垃圾．手机、电脑和电子元器件等被越来越多地扔掉，里面含有像金银之类的贵金属，但也含有大量的有毒物质，作者详细地分析了造成这一问题的原因，并提出了坚决问题的建议和措施．【解答】58．B推理判断题．文章第一段告诉我们，每年有大量废弃电子产品被随意丢弃．紧接着第二段首句"Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver．"指出：电子设备中含有有用的金属，如金和银，并用Swissstudy佐证这一观点，据此可知作者想要告诉我们，电子垃圾值得被充分运用．故答案选B．59．B细节理解题．文中六、七、八段围绕"生产责任延伸"展开，最后一段做了总结．根据最后一段的"aprimarygoaloflawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsibilityistotransferboththecostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegovernmentandtax﹣payersbacktotheproducers．"可知处理电子垃圾的责任应该从政府延伸到用户身上．故答案选B．60．D主旨大意题．这篇短文主要讲述了电子垃圾被随意丢弃这一现象，文中详细分析了造成这一问题的原因，并提出了建议．故答案选D"电子垃圾的管理"．而其余三项都只是概括了文章的部分内容，并不能概括全文．【点评】健康环保类文章常是介绍科学知识、生活常识和环境保护方面的短文．阅读此类短文要以现象或事物为中心进行思考，理解现象产生的原因、条件和客观规律等．同时要抓住事物的特征、用途和相互关系等．由于此类文章缺乏故事情节，很多同学对此类文章感到费解．文章都是就事论事，需要逻辑推理和想象的时候较少，因此此类阅读题也没有同学们想象中的那么难，只要多加训练，就能较好地答题．29．（8分）Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization．It'sverylikelythatyou'llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization'sactivities．Todoso，itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework．Let'sbeginwiththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer．Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved．Forexample，peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness，toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences，andtostrengthensocialrelationships．Ifvolunteerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds，peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate．Toselectvolunteers，youmayneedtounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract．Peoplealsovolunteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso．Toincreaselevelsofcommunityservice，someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsoryvolunteerprograms．Unfortunately，theseprogramscanshiftpeople'swishofparticipationfromaninternalfactor（e．g．，"Ivolunteerbecauseit'simportanttome"）toanexternalfactor（e．g．，"IvolunteerbecauseI'mrequiredtodoso"）．Whenthathappens，peoplebecomelesslikelytovolunteerinthefuture．Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibilitywhentheymakevolunteeractivitiesamust．Oncepeoplebegintovolunteer，whatleadsthemtoremainintheirpositionsovertime？Toanswerthisquestion，researchershaveconductedfollow﹣upstudiesinwhichtheytrackvolunteersovertime．Forinstance，onestudyfollowed238volunteersinFloridaoverayear．Oneofthemostimportantfactorsthatinfluencedtheirsatisfactionasvolunteerswastheamountofsufferingtheyexperiencedintheirvolunteerpositions．Althoughthisresultmaynotsurpriseyou，itleadstoimportantpracticaladvice．Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento"trainingmethodsthatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydoexperience"．Anotherstudyof302volunteersathospitalsinChicagofocusedonindividualdifferencesinthedegreetowhichpeopleview"volunteer"asanimportantsocialrole．Itwasassumedthatthosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork．Participantsindicatedthedegreetowhichthesocialrolematteredbyrespondingtostatementssuchas"VolunteeringinHospitalisanimportantpartofwhoIam．"Consistentwiththeresearchers'expectations，theyfoundapositivecorrelation（正相关）betweenthestrengthofroleidentityandthelengthoftimepeoplecontinuedtovolunteer．Theseresults，onceagain，leadtoconcreteadvice："Onceanindividualbeginsvolunteering，continuedeffortsmightfocusondevelopingavolunteerroleidentity…ItemslikeT﹣shirtsthatallowvolunteerstoberecognizedpubliclyfortheircontributionscanhelpstrengthenroleidentity"．61．PeoplevolunteermainlyoutofD．A．academicrequirementsB．socialexpectationsC．financialrewardsD．internalneeds62．WhatcanwelearnfromtheFloridastudy？BA．Follow﹣upstudiesshouldlastforoneyear．B．Volunteersshouldgetmentallyprepared．C．Strategytrainingisamustinresearch．D．Volunteersareprovidedwithconcreteadvice．63．Whatismostlikelytomotivatevolunteerstocontinuetheirwork？CA．Individualdifferencesinroleidentity．B．PubliclyidentifiablevolunteerT﹣shirts．C．Roleidentityasavolunteer．D．Practicaladvicefromresearchers．64．Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage？AA．HowtoGetPeopletoVolunteerB．HowtoStudyVolunteerBehaviorsC．HowtoKeepVolunteers'InterestD．HowtoOrganizeVolunteerActivities．【考点】O6：社会文化类阅读；P1：内容归纳；P2：文中细节；P4：逻辑推理．【分析】文章分析了志愿者为何自发地去服务社会，研究者通过研究发现：人们做志愿者工作主要是出于内在的需求，因为他们需要这样做，志愿者身份的认可会激励他们继续从事志愿者工作．【解答】61．D细节理解题．根据第二段的"peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness，toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences，andtostrengthensocialrelationships．Ifvolunteerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds，peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate．"可知，人们做志愿者工作主要是出于内在的需求，故选D．62．B推理判断题．根据第四段最后一句的"…trainingmethodsthatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydoexperience"可知，志愿者应该从心理上做好充分的准备，故选B．63．C细节理解题．根据第五段第二句中的"thosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork．"可知，志愿者身份的认可会激励他们继续从事志愿者工作，故选C．64．A主旨大意题．文章开始假设你是一个组织中的领导者，很可能想得到志愿者的帮助，并指出在此之前必须弄清志愿者为什么会自发地去服务社会，并通过三个实验研究志愿者的意图．所以选项A如何让人们去做志愿者是最好的标题，故选A．【点评】本文是社会文化类阅读，考查学生的细节理解和推理判断能力．做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择．在做推理判断题时不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．30．（12分）FreedomandResponsibilityFreedom'schallengeintheDigitalAgeisaserioustopic．Wearefacingtodayastrangenewworldandweareallwonderingwhatwearegoingtodowithit．Some2，500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom．Beforethattherewasnofreedom．Thereweregreatcivilizations，splendidempires，butnofreedomanywhere．EgyptandBabylonwerebothtyrannies，oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses．InGreece，inAthens（雅典），alittlecityinalittlecountry，therewerenohelplessmasses．AndAthenianswillinglyobeyedthewrittenlawswhichtheythemselvespassed，andtheunwritten，whichmustbeobeyediffreemenlivetogether．Theymustshoweachotherkindnessandpityandthemanyqualitieswithoutwhichlifewouldbeverypainfulunlessonechosetolivealoneinthedesert．TheAtheniansneverthoughtthatamanwasfreeifhecoulddowhathewanted．Amanwasfreeifhewasself﹣controlled．Tomakeyourselfobeywhatyouapprovedwasfreedom．Theyweresavedfromlookingattheirlivesastheirownprivateaffair．EachonefeltresponsibleforthewelfareofAthens，notbecauseitwasforcedonhimfromtheoutside，butbecausethecitywashisprideandhissafety．Theessentialbeliefofthefirstfreegovernmentintheworldwaslibertyforallmenwhocouldcontrolthemselvesandwouldtakeresponsibilityforthestate．Butdiscoveringfreedomisnotlikediscoveringcomputers．Itcannotbediscoveredonceforall．Ifpeopledonotprizeit，andworkforit，itwillgo．Constantwatchisitsprice．Athenschanged．Itwasachangethattookplacewithoutbeingnoticedthoughitwasoftheextremeimportance，aspiritualchangewhichaffectedthewholestate．IthadbeentheAtheniansprideandjoytogivetotheircity．Thattheycouldgetmaterialbenefitsfromherneverenteredtheirminds．Therehadtobeacompletechangeofattitudebeforetheycouldlookatthecityasanemployerwhopaidhercitizensfordoingherwork．Nowinsteadofmengivingtothestate，thestatewastogivetothem．Whatthepeoplewantedwasagovernmentwhichwouldprovideacomfortablelifeforthem；andwiththisastheprimaryobject，ideasoffreedomandself﹣relianceandresponsibilitywereneglectedtothepointofdisappearing．Athenswasmoreandmorelookedonasacooperativebusinesspossessedofgreatwealthinwhichallcitizenshadarighttoshare．Athensreachedthepointwhenthefreedomshereallywantedwasfreedomfromresponsibility．Therecouldbeonlyoneresult．Ifmeninsistedonbeingfreefromtheburdenofself﹣dependenceandresponsibilityforthecommongood，theywouldceasetobefree．Responsibilityisthepriceeverymanmustpayforfreedom．Itistobehadonnootherterms．Athens，theAthensofAncientGreece，refusedresponsibility；shereachedtheendoffreedomandwasnevertohaveitagain．But，"theexcellentbecomesthepermanent"，Aristotlesaid．Athenslostfreedomforever，butfreedomwasnotlostforeverfortheworld．AgreatAmerican，JamesMadison，referredto："Thecapacity（能力）ofmankindforself﹣government．"NodoubthehadnotanideathathewasspeakingGreek．Athenswasnotinthefarthestbackgroundofhismind，butoncemanhasagreatandgoodidea，itisnevercompletelylost．TheDigitalAgecannotdestroyit．Somehowinthisorthatman'sthoughtsuchanidealivesthoughunconsideredbytheworldofaction．Onecanneverbesurethatitisnotonthepointofbreakingoutintoactiononlysurethatitwilldososometime．65．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"tyrannies"inParagraph2referto？DA．Countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp．B．Powerfulstateswithhighercivilization．C．Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom．D．Governmentsruledwithabsolutepower．66．PeoplebelievinginfreedomarethosewhoC．A．regardtheirlifeastheirownbusinessB．seekgainsastheirprimaryobjectC．behavewithinthelawsandvaluesystemsD．treatotherswithkindnessandpity67．WhatchangeinattitudetookplaceinAthens？AA．TheAtheniansrefusedtotaketheirresponsibility．B．TheAtheniansnolongertookprideinthecity．C．TheAtheniansbenefitedspirituallyfromthegovernment．D．TheAthenianslookedonthegovernmentasabusiness．68．Whatdoesthesentence"Therecouldbeonlyoneresult．"inParagraph5mean？BA．Athenswouldcontinuetobefree．B．Athenswouldceasetohavefreedom．C．Freedomwouldcomefromresponsibility．D．FreedomwouldstopAthensfromself﹣dependence．69．WhydoestheauthorrefertoAristotleandMadison？AA．Theauthorishopefulaboutfreedom．B．Theauthoriscautiousaboutself﹣government．C．TheauthorisskepticalofGreekcivilization．D．Theauthorisproudofman'scapacity．70．Whatistheauthor'sunderstandingoffreedom？DA．Freedomcanbemorepopularinthedigitalage．B．Freedommaycometoanendinthedigitalage．C．Freedomshouldhavepriorityoverresponsibility．D．Freedomneedstobeguaranteedbyresponsibility．【考点】O7：政治经济类阅读；P1：内容归纳；P2：文中细节；P6：作者情感态度．【分析】这是一篇历史文化类说明文．文章讲述了自由的起源、演变及其在古代文化下的形态和缺陷，以及数字化世界给自由