第8讲.阅读理解之观点态度题

第八讲阅读理解之观点态度题【考点说明】阅读理解之观点态度题在考试中考察得比重不大，在有传统阅读题型的联盟考试（复旦千分考、北约、卓越同盟）中，一般观点态度题不超过一道题，有时不会出现，如复旦07年考了两道，但08年没有考察此类题型，09年再次出现。尽管这类题所占比重不大，掌握考试技巧也是必备的。【题型特点分析】通常作者的观点或者态度往往会在文章的措辞、文体和结构中得以反映。大多数文章采取比较客观和实事求是的态度，其写作意图是向读者提供信息。但有时会在文章中表现出一些个人的感情色彩，或批评，或讽刺，或感叹。要做对这类题，必须正确理解作者的真正观点，同时还要正确地推断作者的语气、态度，弄清作者写这篇文章的目的，作者的态度是肯定还是否定，以及文中的事实论据是否支持作者的论点等。同时还必须体会作者的用词和其它修辞手段，例如比喻和讽刺。常见的题干表现形式有：It’stheauthor’sviewthat…Whatistheauthor’sattitudetoward…?Theauthor’sattitudetoward…couldbedescribedas…Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’stoneinthepassage?【解题技巧】阅读时注意区分不同的文体。议论文中，文章的主题句往往会暗示作者的态度，而记叙文则会通过描述性的语言表达作者的某种倾向。推断分析作者态度或观点时，还需要结合文章的中心思想或主旨，尤其要找出作者的观点。文章中会有许多能够表达作者观点的具有感情色彩（如褒义词或贬义词）的词语，这些词语在一定程度上是作者态度的反映。如果文章中出现较多的褒义词，那作者的态度可能是正面的；相反，如果文中出现了较多的贬义词，那么作者的观点可能就是负面的。常见表示支持、赞同的词汇包括：positive肯定的，积极的；favorable赞成的；approval赞成的；enthusiastic热情的；optimistic乐观的；appreciative欣赏的。常见表示反对、否定的词汇包括：negative消极的，否定的；critical批判的；disapproving不赞同的；cynical愤世嫉俗的；scornful批判的；pessimistic悲观的。常见表示客观、中立的词汇包括：neutral中立的；impartial无偏见的；impersonal没有个人喜好的；objective客观的。备注：有些考察作者观点态度的题目选项中给出的不是评价态度的词汇，而是一些句子，其实表达目的是相似的，如：Theattitudeoftheauthoristhat______. A.shehatesatraditionofall-womenschools B.shecallsonwomeninsupportoftheprotest C.shedislikesthechangeandhopestofilealawsuit D.sheobjectivelydescribesthenewanduneasycoeducationA选项中的hate显然表明作者的态度是反对的，B选项的callonsb.insupportof表明作者的态度是支持的，C选项的dislike表示作者的态度是不喜欢，比A选项的hate程度稍微弱些，D选项的objectively是关键词，属于上面第六点提到的内容，表明作者客观中立的态度。因此，大家要学会灵活识别态度表达方式，可以是单词，可以是短语，也可以是句子。【典例精讲】AThefridgeisconsideredanecessity.Ithasbeensosincethe1960swhenpackagedfoodfirstappearedwiththelabel"storeintherefrigerator".Inmyfridgelessfiftieschildhood,Iwasfedwellandhealthily.Themilkmancamedaily,thegrocer,thebutcher,thebaker,andtheice-creammandeliveredtwoorthreetimesaweek.TheSundaymeatwouldlastuntilWednesdayandsurplusbreadandmilkbecameallkindsofcakes.Nothingwaswasted,andwewerenevertroubledbyrottenfood.Thirtyyearson,fooddeliverieshaveceased,freshvegetablesarealmostunobtainableinthecountry.Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation.Avastwayofwell-triedtechniquesalreadyexisted:naturalcooling,drying,smoking,salting,sugaring,bottling...Whatrefrigerationdidpromotewasmarketing—marketinghardwareandelectricity,marketingsoftdrinks,marketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaroundtheglobeinsearchofagoodprice.Consequently,mostoftheworld'sfridgesaretobefound,notinthetropicswheretheymightproveuseful,butinthewealthycountrieswithmildtemperatureswheretheyareclimaticallyalmostunnecessary.Everywinter,millionsoffridgeshumawaycontinuously,andatvastexpense,busilymaintaininganartificially-cooledspaceinsideanartificially-heatedhouse—whileoutside,natureprovidesthedesiredtemperaturefreeofcharge.Thefridge'seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevident,whileitscontributiontohumanhappinesshasbeeninsignificant.Ifyoudon'tbelieveme,tryityourself,investinafoodcabinetandturnoffyourfridgenextwinter.Youmaymissthehamburgers,butatleastyou'llgetridofthatterriblehum.Q:Whatistheauthor'soverallattitudetowardfridges?A.Neutral. B.Critical. C.Objective. D.Compromising.【答案】B【解析】这是一篇讲述冰箱给人们生活带来变化以及作者使用冰箱的想法的文章。文章虽然—开始就说Thefridgeisconsideredanecessity，但作者也迅速在第二段表明Inmyfridgelessfiftieschildhood，Iwasfedwellandhealthily，并回忆了当年没有冰箱的生活。第三段的第一句Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation也明显带有作者的观点。全文的诸多细节都可以看出作者的态度是批评的。BEngineeringstudentsaresupposedtobeexamplesofpracticalityandrationality,butwhenitcomestomycollegeeducation,Iamanidealistandafool.Inhighschool,Iwantedtobeanelectricalengineerandofcourse,anysensiblestudentwithmyaimswouldhavechosenacollegewithalargeengineeringdepartment,famousreputationandlotsofgoodlabsandresearchequipment.Butthat'snotwhatIdid.Ichosetostudyengineeringatasmallliberal-artsuniversitythatdoesn'tevenofferamajorinelectricalengineering.Obviously,thiswasnotapracticalchoice;Icamehereformorenoblereasons.Iwantedabroadeducationthatwouldprovidemewithflexibilityandavaluesystemtoguidemeinmycareer.Iwantedtoopenmyeyesandexpandmyvisionbyinteractingwithpeoplewhoweren'tstudyingscienceorengineering.Myparents,teachersandotheradultspraisedmeforsuchasensiblechoice.TheytoldmeIwaswiseandmaturebeyondmy18years,andIbelievedthem.IheadedofftocollegesureIwasgoingtohaveanadvantageoverthosestudentswhowenttobigengineering"factories"wheretheydidn'tcareifyouhadvaluesorwereflexible,Iwasgoingtobeacompleteengineer:technicalgeniusandsensitivehumanistallinone.NowI'mnotsosure.Somewherealongthewaymynobleidealscrashedintoreality,asallnobleidealseventuallydo.Afterthreeyearsofstrugglingtobalancemath,physicsandengineeringcourseswithliberal-artscourses,Ihavelearnedtherearereasonswhyfewengineeringstudentstrytoreconcileengineeringwithliberal-artscoursesincollege.Therealitythathasblockedmypathtobecomethetypicalsuccessfulstudentisthatengineeringandtheliberalartssimplydon'tmixaseasilyasIassumedinhighschool.Individuallytheyshapeapersoninverydifferentways:togethertheythreatentoconfuse.Thestruggletoreconcilethetwofieldsofstudyisdifficult.Q:Theauthorsexperienceshowsthathewas .A.creative B.unrealistic C.ambitious D.irrational【答案】B【解析】这是一篇关于文科和工科互不兼容的说明文。作者用自己的亲身经历告诉我们他当时报考文科学校读工科的原因，并经过自己三年的挣扎，意识到工科和文科难以协调在同一个人身上，文章不时流露出表达自己情感态度的语句。尤其在文章的最后Therealitythathasblockedmypathtobecomethetypicalsuccessfulstudentisthatengineeringandtheliberalartssimplydon'tmixaseasilyasIassumedinhighschool.更是点出作者当年的“不切实际”。CAssoonasitwasrevealedthatareporterforProgressivemagazinehaddiscoveredhowtomakeahydrogenbomb,agroupoffirearmfansformedtheNationalHydrogenBombAssociation,andtheyarenowlobbyingagainstanylegislationtostopAmericansfromowningone."TheConstitution,"saidtheassociation’sspokesman,"giveseveryonetherighttoownarms.Itdoesn'tspelloutwhatkindofarms.Butsinceanyonecannowmakeahydrogenbomb,thepublicshouldbeabletobuyittoprotectthemselves.""Don'tyouthinkit'sdangeroustohaveoneinthehouse,particularlywheretherearechildrenaround?""TheNationalHydrogenBombAssociationhopestoeducatepeopleinthesafehandlingofthistypeofweapon.Weareinstructingownerstokeepthebombinalockedcabinetandthefuseseparatelyinadrawer.""'Somepeopleconsiderthehydrogenbombaveryfatalweaponwhichcouldkillsomebody."Thespokesmansaid,"Hydrogenbombsdon'tkillpeople—peoplekillpeople.Thetombisforself-protectionanditalsohasadeterrenteffect.Ifsomebodyknowsyouhaveanuclearweaponinyourhouse,they'regoingtothinktwiceaboutbreakingin.""ButthosewhowanttobanthebombforAmericancitizensclaimthatifyouhaveonelockedinthecabinet,withthefuseinadrawer,youwouldneverbeabletoassembleitintimetostopanintruder.""Anotherargumentagainstallowingpeopletoownabombisthatatthemomentitisveryexpensivetobuildone.Sowhatyourassociationisbackingisaprogramwhichwouldallowthemiddleandupperclassestoacquireabombwhilepoorpeoplewillbeleftdefenselesswithjusthandguns."Q:Fromthetoneofthepassageweknowthattheauthoris.A.doubtfulaboutthenecessityofkeepingH-bombsathomeforsafetyB.unhappywiththosewhovoteagainsttheownershipofH-bombsC.notseriousabouttheprivateownershipofH-bombsD.concernedaboutthespreadofnuclearweapons【答案】D【解析】这是一篇论述美国人是否应该拥有氢弹的说明文。短文第一段引入主题后提出自己的观点，但用了大量的篇幅来说明正反两方的观点，再结合文章的主题，我们不难知道作者对该事件是非常关注的。DI’musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeopleareeitherhappierorunhappierormoreorlesscertainofthemselvesthantheywere50yearsago.Whileanyofthesestatementsmightbetrue,theyarepracticallyimpossibletoprovescientifically.Still,Iwasstruckbyareportwhichconcludedthattoday'schildrenaresignificantlymoreanxiousthanchildreninthe1950s.Infact,theanalysisshowed,normalchildrenaged9to17exhibitahigherlevelofanxietytodaythanchildrenwhoweretreatedformentalillness50yearsago.WhyareAmerica'skidssostressed?Thereportcitestwomaincauses:increasingphysicalisolation—broughtonbyhighdivorceratesandlessinvolvementincommunity,amongotherthings—andagrowingperceptionthattheworldisamoredangerousplace.Giventhatwecan'tturntheclockback,adultscanstilldoplentytohelpthenextgenerationcope.Atthetopofthelistisnurturingabetterappreciationofthelimitsofindividualism.Nochildisanisland.Strengtheningsocialtieshelpsbuildcommunitiesandprotectindividualsagainststress.Tohelpkidsbuildstrongerconnectionswithothers,youcanpulltheplugonTVsandcomputers.Yourfamilywillthankyoulater.Theywillhavemoretimeforface-to-facerelationships,andtheywillgetmoresleep.Limittheamountofviralviolenceyourchildrenareexposedto.It'snotjustradiogamesandmovies,childrenseealotofmurderandcrimeonthelocalnews.Keepyourexpectationsforyourchildrenreasonable.ManyhighlysuccessfulpeopleneverattendedHarvardorYale.Makeexercisepartofyourdailyroutine.Itwillhelpyoucopewithyourownanxietiesandprovideagoodmodelforyourkids.Sometimesanxietyisunavoidable.Butitdoesn'thavetoruinyourlife.Q:Theauthorthinksthattheconclusionsofanyresearchaboutpeople'sstateofmindareA.surprising B.confusing C.illogical D.questionable【答案】D【解析】这是一篇关于美国儿童心理压力过大和如何帮助孩子处理这些压力的说明文。文章不仅在第二段简要说明了孩子心理压力大的两大根源，并且在第四段至第八段列举了五种帮助孩子克服压力的方法，本题问的是作者对涉及人们心态研究的结论的态度，仔细阅读文章第一段的头两句：I’musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeopleareeitherhappierorunhappierormoreorlesscertainofthemselvesthantheywere50yearsago.Whileanyofthesestatementsmightbetrue,theyarepracticallyimpossibletoprovescientifically.不难看出，作者的态度是fairlyskeptical和impossibletoprovescientifically，因此说明作者对这些结论的态度是怀疑的。EIt'snosecretthatmanychildrenwouldbehealthierandhappierwithadoptiveparentsthanwiththeparentsthatnaturedealtthem.That'sespeciallytrueofchildrenwhoremaininabusivehomesbecausethelawblindlyfavorsbiologicalparents.It'salsotrueofchildrenwhosufferforyearsinfosterhomesbecauseofparentswhocan'torwon'tcareforthembutrefusetogiveupcustodyrights.Fourteen-year-oldKimberlyMaysfitsneitherdescription,butherrecentcourtvictorycouldeventuallyhelpchildrenwhodo.Kimberlyhasbeentheobjectofanangrycustodybattlebetweenthemanwhoraisedherandherbiologicalparents,withwhomshehasneverlived.AFloridajudgeruledthattheteenagercanremainwiththeonlyfathershe'severknownandthatherbiologicalparentshave"nolegalclaim"onher.Theruling,thoughitmayyetbereversed,setsasidetheprinciplethatbiologyistheprimarydeterminantofparentage.That'sanimportantdevelopment,onethat'slongoverdue.ShortlyafterbirthinDecember1978,KimberlyMaysandanotherinfantweremistakenlyswitchedandsenthomewiththewrongparents.Kimberly'sbiologicalparentsErnestandReginaTwigg,receivedachildwhodiedofaheartdiseasein1988.Medicaltestsshowedthatthechildwasn'ttheTwiggs'owndaughter,butKimberlywas,thussparkingacustodybattlewithRobertMays.In1989,thetwofamiliesagreedthatMr.MayswouldmaintaincustodywiththeTwiggsgettingvisitingrights.ThoserightswereendedwhenMr.MaysdecidedthatKimberlywasbeingharmed.ThedecisiontoleaveKimberlywithMr.Maysrenderedhersuitdebated.ButthejudgemadeclearthatKimberlydidhavestandingtosueonherownbehalf.Thushemadeclearthatshewasmorethanjustpropertytobehandledasadultssawfit.Certainly,thebiologicallinkbetweenparentandchildisfundamental.Butbiologicalparentsaren'talwayspreferabletoadoptiveones,andbiologicalparentagedoesnotconveyanabsoluteownershipthatcancelsalltherightsofchildren.Q:Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthejudge'srulingcouldbedescribedas .A.doubtful B.critical C.cautious D.supportive【答案】D【解析】这是一篇阐述许多儿童随养父母生活比亲生父母生活更健康、更幸福的议论文，作者开门见山提出论点，并通过KimberlyMays的事例进一步论证。文中作者观点鲜明，态度明确。本题问到作者对法官的裁决的态度，可以通过文章第三段看出：这种不把血缘关系作为决定父母子女关系的唯一考虑的做法是一个重大的发展。由此可见，应该选D。例题后的技巧总结：1）通读全文，了解大致内容；2）关注转折词（actually,infact,however,but,etc.）后面的句子体现出的作者态度。3）不要把自己的态度揉入其中，还要区分清楚作者本人的态度和作者引用别人的态度。4）学会用排除法做题。【真题模拟题训练】（1）SarahAlexandercelebratedthestartofherlastyearatWellsCollegethewaymanyotherseniorsbeforeherhave.SheranacrossthepicturesquecampustotheshoresofCayugaLake,whereshejumpedintothewater.Sodidmanyofherfellowseniors.Butdozensofstudentsdecidedtostayaway,especiallytherelativelyfewnewlyarrivedmalestudents.WellsCollege,whichsince1868hadeducatedonlywomen,beganacceptingmenthisyearinhopesofbolsteringitsdwindlingenrollment.Formanystudentsandalumnae,itwasacrushingdecision.AfterthecollegeannouncedlastOctoberthatitwouldgocoeducational,abouthalfofthestudentsprotestedandtwofiledalawsuit,whichtheylaterdropped.Thestudents----33menand383women----cametocampuslatelastmonth.Bothsexesarenowtryingtonavigatethenewsociallandscape.Mr.Phillipssaid,“Youcan’tdoguystuff.Everytimeyouwanttositandwatchsportsoragame,itturnsintoamovie.”Thewomenwere“somewhatnasty”.Icouldseethedirtylooksintheireyes.”Hesaid,“ButIwasnotgoingtoletthatstopmefromcoming.”Wellswasaplacewherewomendidnothavetofussovertheirappearanceorfighttobetakenseriouslybytheirprofessor.Theycouldenjoythecamaraderieoftheircampussistersandtheirplayfultraditions.Besidesjumpingintothelake,thewomendancearoundthemaypoleeachMayandkissthefeetofthestatueofMinerva,theRomangoddessofwisdom,beforeexams.Ms.Alexandersaid,“Peopletolduswewouldn’tnoticeadifference,butfromthemomentmenarrivedoncampusyoucouldnoticeadifference.Womenarewakingupearlytoputonmakeup,andthat’sodd,”shesaid.HenryWells,afounderofWellsFargoandafriendofCornell’sbenefactor,EzraCornellestablishedthiscollege,whenwomenwerenotconsideredcapableofhigherlearning.“Givehertheopportunity,”hewrote.Thenewsthatthecollegewouldgocoedcreatedripplesfarbeyondcampus.Onealumnawrotealettertothecollege’spresident,LisaMarshRyerson,sayingthefounderwouldhaunther.“IbelieveHenryWellswouldhavehauntedmeifIletWellsCollegeclose,”saidMs.MarshRyerson,aWellsalumnaherself.Thegreat-great-great-greatgranddaughterofHenryWells,StephanieRedmond,18,ofWashingtonState,saidthatearlierthisyear,aWellsstudenthadtrackedherdownandaskedhertosupporttheprotest.ButMs.RedmondsaidthemovetoadmitmenhadencouragedhertoenrollatWellsthisyearasafreshman.Sheplansonacareerinengineering,amale-dominatedfield,andsaidattendinganall-women’scollegemighthaveputheratadisadvantage.(复旦千分考2007)52.Theattitudeoftheauthoristhat______. A.shehatesatraditionofall-womenschools B.shecallsonwomeninsupportoftheprotest C.shedislikesthechangeandhopestofilealawsuit D.sheobjectivelydescribesthenewanduneasycoeducation【答案】D【解析】这是一篇阐述Wells大学招收男学生后引发的问题，本来Wells大学只招收女生，自从开始招生男学生后，学校里的女生反对这样做。乍一看上去，像是作者反对招收男生，但是仔细看下面，就会发现作者也引用了支持招收男学生的人的观点，比如最后一段提到的HenryWells的孙女。一篇文章，作者既引用反对者的观点，也引用支持者的观点，显然作者在客观地阐述一件事情。由此可见，应该选D。WWordbank---Drippingwaterpenetratesthestone(滴水石穿)Writedownthewords&phrasesunfamiliartoyouinthispassage.（2）Butwhatisteacherquality?Howcanonemeasureitreliably?AnanalysisisissuedonasampleofdatafromaTexasschooldistrict.Expertsargueconvincinglythatteachereffectivenessshouldbemeasuredbystudents’gainsonstandardizedtests:Mr.SmithispresumablyabetterteacherthanMs.Brownifhisstudentsconsistentlyimprovetheirtestscoresmorethanhersdo.Thoughthisapproachisappealing,therearetrickyissues.Forexample,whatifMs.Brownteachesinaschoolwherestudentsscoresohighthatthereislittleroomforimprovement?Theauthorstrytocorrectforthisproblem,aswellasothersortsofmeasurementissues,togenerateameasurementofteachereffectiveness.Thepaperisprimarilyconcernedwithhowthismeasureisrelatedtootherobservablecharacteristics.Thefirstfindingisthatthereisalargevariationinteachereffectiveness:someteachersconsistentlyhavealargerimpactontheirstudents’achievementthanothers.Second,easilyobservablecharacteristicslikehavingamaster’sdegreeorapassingscoreontheteachercertificationexamarenotcorrelatedwithteachereffectiveness.Thenwhatdoesmatter?Themostimportantsingleinfluenceisexperience:first-yearteachersaremuchlesseffectivethanothers.Thesecondyearissignificantlybetter,andbythefourthyear,mostteachershittheirstride.Itisnotentirelyclearwhetherthisexperienceeffectislearningbydoing(themoreyouteach,themoreeffectiveyoubecome)orsurvivalofthefittest(thosewhoarenotgoodatteachingtendtodropoutearly.)Frommyreadingofthepaper,botheffectsappearimportantandthereisnosimpleanswer.Thedatadosuggest,however,thatteachereffectivenessisprettyclearbytheendofthesecondyear,sotheinformationtomakeaninformeddecisionisavailableatthattime.Theauthorsalsoinvestigatethecontentiousissueofracialmatchingofstudentsandteachers.Heretheyfindstrongevidencethatminorityteacherstendtobemoreeffectivewithminoritystudents.Again,itisunclearwhetherthisisbecauseofarolemodeleffect(studentsrespondbettertoateacheroftheirownrace)oranempathyeffect(teachersempathizebetterwithstudentsoftheirownrace)orsomethingelseentirely.Theauthorsalsolookatteachermobility.Thereissomeevidencethatteacherswhoquitteachingorswitchschoolstendtobebelowaverageineffectiveness.Thisisconsistentwiththesurvival-of-the-fittestmodel.(复旦千分考2007)56.Theauthorofthispassageholdstheviewthat______.A.teacherswillperformbetterwithtimepassingB.ineffectiveteachersshouldleaveearlierratherthanlaterC.teacher’seffectivenessisapparentafteracoupleofyearsD.amaster’sdegreewillimproveteacher’seffectiveness【答案】C【解析】这篇文章虽然难度不大，但是选项很有迷惑性。乍看上去，只有D是最明显的错误，根据原文的“easilyobservablecharacteristicslikehavingamaster’sdegreeorapassingscoreontheteachercertificationexamarenotcorrelatedwithteachereffectiveness.”就可以排除，学位、过往的教师资格考试分数并不和老师的上课效果相关。原文中有个关键性的提示“Thedatadosuggest,however,thatteachereffectivenessisprettyclearbytheendofthesecondyear,sotheinformationtomakeaninformeddecisionisavailableatthattime.”这里显然表明的是作者的观点：在第二年的年底，教师授课效果评估就相当清楚。因此本题的答案是C。方法小结：注意寻找总结和转折类连接词（therefore,however,nevertheless,infact,etc.）的后面内容：作者进行的总结归纳和表明自己的观点态度。WWordbank---Drippingwaterpenetratesthestone(滴水石穿)Writedownthewords&phrasesunfamiliartoyouinthispassage.（3）Thousandsofteachersattheelementary,secondary,andcollegelevelscantestifythattheirstudents'writingexhibitsatendencytowardsuperficiality:thatwasn'tseen,say,10or15yearsago.Itshowsup,notonlyintheirlackofanalyticalskills,butinpoorcommandofgrammarandrhetoric.I'vebeenaskedbyagraduatestudentwhatasemicolonis!ThemechanicsoftheEnglishlanguagehavebeentorturedtopiecesbyTV.Visual,movingimageswhicharethevenueoftelevision-can'tbeheldinthenetofcarefullanguage.Theywanttobreakout.Theyreallyhavenothingtodowithlanguage,grammar,andrhetoric,andtheyhavebecomefractured.Recentsurveysbydozensoforganizationsalsosuggestthatupto40%oftheAmericanpublicisfunctionallyilliterate.Theproblemisn’tjustinourschoolsorinthewayreadingistaught.TVteachespeoplenottoread.Itrendersthemincapableofengaginginanactivitythatnowisperceivedasstrenuous,becauseitisnotapassivehypnotizedstate.Passiveasitis,televisionhasinvadedourculturesocompletelythatthemediumseffectsareevidentineveryquarter,eventheliteraryworld.Itshowsupinsupermarketpaperbacks,fromStephenKing(whohasacertaincleverskill)topulpfiction.ThesereallyareformsofverbalTVliteraturethatissosuperficialthatthosewhoreaditcanrevelinthesamesensationstheyexperiencewhenwatchingtelevision.Evenmoreimportantly,thegrowinginfluenceoftelevision,Kernansays,haschangedpeople'shabitsandvaluesandaffectedtheirassumptionsabouttheworld.Thesortofreflective,critical,andvalue-ladenthinkingencouragedbybookshasbeenrenderedobsolete.Inthiscontext,wewoulddowelltorecalltheCyclops,theraceofgiantsthat,accordingtoGreekmyth,predatedman.Quiteliterally,TVaffectsthewaypeoplethink.InFourArgumentsfortheEliminationofTelevision,JerryManderquotesfromtheEmeryReport,preparedbytheCenterforContinuingEducationattheAustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,thatwhenwewatchtelevision,"ourusualprocessesofthinkinganddiscernmentaresemifunctionalatbest."Thestudyalsoarguesthat,"whiletelevisionappearstohavethepotentialtoprovideusefulinformationtoviewersandiscelebratedforitseducationalfunction,thetechnologyoftelevisionandtheinherentnatureoftheviewingexperienceactuallyinhibitlearningasweusuallythinkofit."(北约自主招生模拟题)55. Theauthor'sattitudetowardTVis ________.A.positive B.negative C.notstated D.indifferent【答案】B【解析】从文章的开头到结束，作者对电视的态度始终是否定的。Wordbank---DWordbank---Drippingwaterpenetratesthestone(滴水石穿)Writedownthewords&phrasesunfamiliartoyouinthispassage.（4）Washoe,afemalechimpanzeebelievedtobethefirstnon-humantoacquirehumanlanguage,hasdiedofnaturalcausesattheresearchinstitutewhereshewaskept.ThechimpdiedonTuesdaynight,accordingtoRogerandDeborahFouts,co-foundersofTheChimpanzeeandHumanCommunicationsInstituteinWashington,whereshelived.Washoewasbornin1965inAfrica,whereshewascapturedbytheAirForceandtakentotheUSforresearchuseinthespaceprogram.In1966,shelefttheprogramandbeganlivingwithtwoscientists,AllenandBeatrixGardner,wholedaprojecttoteachthechimpAmericanSignLanguage(ASL)inWashoe,Nevada,forwhichitwasnamed.WashoehadbeenlivingonCentralWashingtonUniversity’sEllensburgCampussince1980.Shehadavocabularyofabout250words.Also,Washoetaughtsignlanguagetothreeyoungerchimps:Tatu,31,Loulis,29,andDar,31.PrimateresearcherJaneGoodall,inFouts’bookNextofKin,notedtheimportanceoftheworkwithWashoe.“Roger,throughhisongoingconversationswithWashoeandherextendedfamily,hasopenedawindowintoachimpanzee’smind,”Goodallsaid.Thoughpreviouseffortstoteachchimpsspokenlanguageshadfailed,theresearchersbelievedtherewasabetterchanceusingsigns.ButWashoe’slanguageskillsweredisputedbyscientistswhobelievedthatlanguageisuniquetohumans.AmongthosewhodoubtedthatchimpscoulduselanguagewerelinguistNoamChomskyandHarvardscientistStevenPinker.Theybelievedprimatessimplylearntoperformcertainactsinordertoreceiverewards,anddonotacquiretruelanguage.必做题：观点态度题1.InGoodall’sopinion,teachingWashoeASL______.A.wasnotsuccessful

B.ledtothebookNextofKinC.wonhonorforFouts

D.madeadifference【答案】D【解析】倒数第二段中“Roger,throughhisongoingconversationswithWashoeandherextendedfamily,hasopenedawindowintoachimpanzee’smind”是对“theimportanceoftheworkwithWashoe”的具体说明。选做题：非观点态度题2.Asforitsfirsttask,Washoewasinvolvedwith_______.A.somespaceresearch

B.astudyonAfricananimalsC.anASLproject

D.theprogramoftrainingtheAirForce【答案】A【解析】从第三段第一句可知，Washoe的第一项任务是参与太空研究项目（researchuseinthespaceprogram）。3.Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedword“disputed”probablymeans“______”.A.supported

B.studied

C.questioned

D.discussed【答案】C【解析】从“whobelievedthatlanguageisuniquetohumans”和“doubted”等词句可推知，科学家对Washoe’slanguageskills持质疑态度。4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.TheASLprojectwasfirstsetupinAfricaforthestudyonWashoe.B.Washoemaycommunicatewithotherchimpsbysigning.C.Washoemusthavebeenabletospeak250wordsorso.D.Theresearcherswillprovethatmostchimpscoulduselanguage.【答案】B【解析】从第三段中最后一句可知，Washoe还教其它黑猩猩学习手势语，因此B项推理正确。5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.Washoewasthefirstanimaltobetaughthumanlanguage.B.Washoe,thechimp,wasnamedinhonorofaplace.C.TherewerefourchimpsintotalatEllensburgCampus.D.Chomskybelievedprimatesonlyperformsilentsigns.【答案】B【解析】从“…inWashoe,Nevada,forwhichitwasnamed”可知，Washoe是为纪念一个地名而起的。WWordbank---Drippingwaterpenetratesthestone(滴水石穿)Writedownthewords&phrasesunfamiliartoyouinthispassage.（5）Therearegoodreasonstobetroubledbytheviolencethatspreadsthroughoutthemedia.Movies,Televisionandvideogamesarefullofgunplayandbloodshed,andonemightreasonablyaskwhat’swrongwithasocietythatpresentsvideosofdomesticviolenceasentertainment.Mostresearchersagreethatthecausesofreal-worldviolencearecomplex.A1993studybytheU.S.NationalAcademyofScienceslisted“biological,individual,family,peer,school,andcommunityfactors”asallplayingtheirparts.

Viewingabnormallylargeamountsofviolenttelevisionandvideogamesmaywellcontributetoviolentbehaviorincertainindividuals.

Thetroublecomeswhenresearchersdownplayuncertaintiesintheirstudiesoroverstatethecaseforcausality.SkepticsweredismayedseveralyearsagowhenagroupofsocietiesincludingtheAmericanMedicalAssociationtriedtoendthedebatebyissuingajointstatement:“Atthistime,wellover1,000stud