高考英语一轮复习小题强化练习专题16阅读理解之主旨大意题讲解与练习（含解析）

专题16阅读理解之主旨大意题讲解与练习Part1整体感知主旨大意题有一个明显的特点：要求学生通读全文，从四个选项中选出最佳标题或能够说明文章或段落大意的选项。考查对象分为三大类：即篇标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落主旨大意题。篇章主旨是针对全文主题进行提问，而段落主旨是针对某一段落或几个段落的主题进行提问。主旨大意题考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，所以在阅读理解中难度较大。选项特征正确选项特征涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。干扰选项特征过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。移花接木，偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词虽然文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式如下：Themainidea/keypointofthispassageisthat_____.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassageis______.Thetopic/subjectdiscussedinthispassageis______.Fromthepassagewecanlearn/concludethat_____.Thelastparagraphischieflyconcernedwith______.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?Part2方法指导明确一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括性——准确而有简短；针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。文章大意题解题方法掌握寻找主题句，快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的，理解全文的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心思想的基础上的。主题句有两个功能：一是介绍段落的主题；二是阐述控制概念，控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在段落中间。在非故事性文章中，主题句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主题句，二是把主题隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。用浏览法，快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题句。一下是找主题句的四个窍门。主题句位于段首寻找主题句有些段落明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有forexample,anexampleof,themostimportantexample,first,second,next,then,last,finally,tobeginwith,also,besidesthat等。在阅读中应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从段落中的forexample可以断定前一句是主题句。如果没有明显的信息词，可先假设第一句为主题句，在第二句前面添加一个forexample，看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话，如果第二句不能支撑第一菊花，便在其他地方找出主题句。选择答案先彻底弄懂主题句的句意，然后阅读A、B、C、D四个选项，选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案，如主题句的再现，主题句意的复述或推论等，排除与主题句句意无关的答案，如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。主题句位于段末主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。主题句位于段落的中间段落中出现表示转折的词语，如however，but，infact，actually等时，该句很可能就是主题句。表示总结的或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，conclusion等词。典题例证（2018.全国卷I阅读C）Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whenthetheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcentres,trade,industrialisation.thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation.Especiallyglbalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanyLanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish．SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages.Oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot.wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200Languages:theAmericasabout1,000.Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6.000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof,6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31.Whatistheminideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.BPeopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguagesC.HumandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguagesHunter—getherersHunter—getherersFarmers:第一步：读文章，理清结构 perhaps12,000languagesFarmers:Reasons:trade,Reasons:trade,industrialisation,globalisationandbettercommunicationetc.FFewerinnumbermanytodisappearLanguages LanguagesManylanguageswillbeclosetoextinctionManylanguageswillbeclosetoextinctionAtpresentAbout68,000languagesAtpresent第二步：细揣摩，概括文意段落大意文意第一段在猎人聚集的时代，语言是很多的本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。第二段随着人类的定居，语言变得少了一些第三段目前，全球大约有6800种语言，其中分布及其不均匀第四段一些语言使用的很少，正面临消亡的威胁第三步:分析选项，斟酌判断A将会创造新语言。文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。无中生有，生搬硬套B人们的生活方式在语言中得以反映。这种说法过于宽泛。过于笼统，不知所云C人类的发展导致语言的减少。文章介绍了语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。涵盖性强，覆盖全文D地理决定语言的演变。文中提到了地理位置对语言分布的影响，但没有说地理决定语言的演变。以偏概全，主次不分段落大意题解题方法方法1：概括段落大意要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段落的行文逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句在这段话的中间；如果对比个事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，二是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要读者充分发挥想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。典题例证（2017.全国卷II阅读C节选）TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle-namedtheTransition–hastwoseats，fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandbums5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.28.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.C.ThedesignersoftheTransition.第一步揣摩，概括段意根据本段中的“Thevehicle-namedtheTransition–hastwoseats，fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandbums5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.”可知，该断详细介绍了这款飞行汽车：两个座位、四个轮子、上个月在1400英尺的高空飞行了8分钟、速度是大约每小时70英里、空中速度115英里以及油耗。所以本段主要介绍了这款飞行汽车的基本资料。第二步：分析选项，斟酌判断Athetransition的基本数据。A项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括。涵盖性强，覆盖全段B飞行汽车的优点。本段最后三句只是列举了这款飞行汽车在路上和在空中行驶时的一些数据对比，并没有提及其优势。移花接木，偷换概念C这种飞行汽车的潜在市场。这段没有提及这款飞行汽车的潜在市场。无中生有，生搬硬套DtheTransition的设计者。本段没有提到theTransition的设计者。无中生有，生搬硬套Part3阅读理解仿真组合练AMoreprimarycaredoctorsinacommunity(社区）appeartoleadtoimprovedlifeexpectancyforpeoplelivingthere，thoughalackofsuchphysiciansacrossU.S.couldbeacauseofconcernforoverallpopulationhealthinyearstocome.Forthestudy,researcherslookedatphysiciancountsper100,000peopleinarangecovering2005to2015intheU.S.，alongwithlifeexpectancyandspecificcausesofdeath.Theyfoundthatanincreaseof10primarycarephysiciansper100,000populationwasassociatedwitha51.5-dayincreaseinlifeexpectancy,whileanincreaseof10specialtyphysiciansper100,000populationincreasedlifeexpectancyby19.2days.Anincreaseinprimarycarephysiciansalsowasassociatedwithreductionsofmanydeathsincludingheartdiseasesandcancers.Alongwiththosefindings,though,thestudysaidmanycommunitiesdidnothaveprimarycarephysiciansin2015，withthedeclineinsupplymoreprominentinruralareasthantheirurbanareas.Manybelievethatawell-functioninghealthcaresystemrequiresasolidfoundationofprimarycare,however,paymentdifferencebetweenprimarycareandtechnicalspecialtiescontinuetodispirittheU.S.primarycarephysicianworkforce.“Higherpayandlifestylepreferencesleadmoststudentstochoosenon-primarycarefields,evenwhentheirheartssayprimarycare,”thestudysaid.“Wemustturnthistrendaroundwithpracticalchangesinphysicianpaymentpolicy；noamountofsuperbprimarycaretrainingorcreativepracticereformwillpreventfurtherdeclinesinprimarycarephysician,whichwillleadtoworseninghealthfortheUnitedStates.”Thestudy’sresearchersconcludethatfutureresearchshouldfocusonthe“qualityandcoverofprimarycare，typesofprimarycarephysiciantrainingandserviceofferings,andeffectiveaccessratherthanjustsupply”.1.WhatdoestheauthorintendtodoinParagraph2?A.Providesomedataforthereaders.B.Offersometipsonlifeexpectancy.C.Addsomebackgroundinformation.D.Stresstheimportanceofprimarycare.2.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“prominent”underlinedinParagraph3?A.Adequate. B.Considerate. C. Obvious. D.Reasonable.3.Whatdiscouragesyoungpeoplefromtakinguptheprimarycare?A.Primarycareisbadlypaid.B.Theyhavetoworkinruralareas,C.Theyneedtofacefiercecompetition.D.Primarycarelackssuperbtraining4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Primarycarecanlengthenlife.B.Primarycareneedsimproving.C.Primarycarephysiciansaredecreasing.D.Higherpayattractsmoreprimarycarephysicians.BIt'snotanewphenomenon,buthaveyounoticedhowmanynounsarebeingusedasverbs?Weallusethem,oftenwithoutnoticingwhatwe'redoing.Iwasarrangingtomeetsomeonefordinnerlastweek,andIsaid“I’llpencilitinmydiary”,andmyfriendsaid“Youcaninkitin”,meaningthatitwasafirmarrangementnotatentativeone!Manyofthesenewverbsarelinkedtonewtechnology.Anobviousexampleisthewordfax.Weallgotusedtosendingandreceivingfaxes,andthensoonstartedtalkingaboutfaxingsomethingandpromisingwe'dfaxitimmediately.Thenalongcameemail,andweweresoonallemailingeachothermadly.Howdidwedowithoutit?Icanhardlyimaginelifewithoutmydailyemails.Emailremindsme,ofcourse,ofmycomputeranditssoftware,whichhasproducedanothercoupleofnewverbs.OnmycomputerIcanbookmarkthosepagesfromtheWorldWideWebthatIthinkI'llwanttolookatagain,thussavingalltheeffortofrememberingtheiraddressesandcallingthemupfromscratch.IcandothesamethingonmyPC,butthereIdon'tbookmark;Ifavorite—comingfrom“favoritepages”,sotheverbcomesfromanadjectivenotanoun.Nowmychildrenboughtmeamobilephone,knownsimplyasamobileandIhadtolearnyetmorenewverbs.Icanmessagesomeone,thatis,Icanleaveamessageforthemontheirphone.OrIcantextthem,writeafewwordssuggestingwhenandwheretomeet,forexample.HowlongwillitbebeforeIcanmobilethem,thatis,phonethemusingmymobile?Ihaven’theardthatverbyet,butI’msureIwillsoon.PerhapsI’llstartusingitmyself!5.“I’llpencilitinmydiary”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans.A.itwasafirmarrangementB.heprefersapenciltoapenC.thearrangementshouldbewrittenasadiaryD.itwasanuncertainarrangement6.Awebsiteaddresscanbeeasilyfoundifithasbeen______.A.favorited B.messaged C.emailed D.texted7.Whichofthefollowinghasnotbeenusedasaverbyet?A.message B.mobile C.email D.page8.Thebesttitleforthispassageis____.A.TechnologyandLanguage.B.DevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguageC.NewTechnologyandNewwordsD.NewVerbsfromNounsCDebatesoverthebenefitsofrecyclingstartedin1996whenawritercalledJohnTierneysaid“recyclingisgarbage”.Accordingtohim,“Recyclingprogramsoffermainlyshort-termbenefitstoafewrelatedgroupswhiledivertingmoneyfromrealsocialandenvironmentalproblems.Itdoublesenergyconsumptionandpollutionwhilecostingtaxpayersmoremoneythandealingwitholdgarbage.RecyclingmaybethemostwastefulactivityinmodernAmerica.”EnvironmentalgroupswerequicktorespondtoTierneybyissuingreportsdetailingthebenefitsofrecyclingandshowinghowmunicipal(市政的)recyclingprogramsreducepollutionandtheuseofresourceswhiledecreasingtheamountofgarbageandtheneedforlandfillspace—allforless,notmore,thanthecostofregulargarbagecollectionanddisposal(处置).Butin2002,NewYorkCity,anearlymunicipalrecyclingpioneer,foundthatitsmuch-praisedrecyclingprogramwaslosingmoney,soiteliminatedglassandplasticrecycling.AccordingtotheMayor,thebenefitsofrecyclingplasticandglasswereoutweighedbytheprice—-recyclingcosttwiceasmuchasdisposal.Meanwhile,lowdemandforthematerialsmeantthatmuchofitwasendingupinlandfillsanyway.NYCcloseditslastlandfillandbroughtinamoreefficientsystem,withmorefamousserviceprovidersthanithadusedpreviously.ThelessonslearnedbyNewYorkareapplicableeverywhere.Someearlyrecyclingprogramswasteresourcesandleadtonewtrash.Butthesituationhasimprovedascitieshavegainedexperience.Ifmanagedcorrectly,recyclingprogramsshouldcostcitiesandtaxpayerslessthangarbagedisposalforanygivenamountofmaterial.Eventhoughthebenefitsofrecyclingoverdisposalarevarious,individualsshouldkeepinmindthatitbetterservestheenvironmenttoreduceandreusematerialsbeforerecyclingevenbecomesanoption.9.JohnTierneythoughtthatrecycling___________.A.isawasteofmoneyB.leadstoalackofemployersC.isbeneficialtotheenvironmentD.willbecomepopularinthefuture10.What’sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“eliminated”inParagraph3?A.Required. B.Forgot.C.Encouraged. D.Cancelled.11.Whatdoesthelastparagraphimply?A.Weshouldmakerecyclinganoption.B.Publicrecyclingprogramsareinabadsituation.C.Weshoulddeveloptheawarenessofresourcesaving.D.Cost-savingshouldbeconsideredfirstinrecyclingwork.12.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.TheharmofrecyclingB.Isrecyclingreallybeneficial?C.TherecyclingworkinNewYorkCityD.Isenvironmentalprotectionmakingprogress?DExpertsnotethatanunhealthylifestylecanputyouatgreatriskofheartdiseaseandstroke.Sodoctorsurgeustoeathealthyfoods,getexercise,stopsmokingandlimitouralcoholintake.Butthereissomethingelseyoucando.Anditisfreeandeasy.Smile!Dr.Chockalingam,aheartdiseasespecialistinColumbia,adviseshispatientstosmile.Hesaysasmilemaybeonewaytohelpyourheart.“Whenwesmile,thebrainwiringchanges.Thechemicalsthatarereleasedaremorepositive.”Hesayssmilingisthefirststepinfightingphysicalandemotionalstressanditssometimesharmfuleffectsonhumanhealth.ThisisnotjustNewAgeadvice.Severalstudiessupporthisopinion.Whenyoufeelstressedorunderpressure,yourbodyreleasesmanynaturalhormones(荷尔蒙)includingadrenalineandcortisol.Adrenalineincreasesyourheartrateandbloodpressure.Cortisolisthebody’smainstresshormone.Itincreasessugarinthebloodstream.Ifyouaretrulyindanger,thesehormonescanhelpyou.Theyarepartofwhatwecallourfight-or-flightresponse.However,whenwearestressedforalongperiod,thesestresshormonesareever-presentinourbodies.Andthat,medicalresearcherswarn,mayleadtohealthproblems.Researcherssaytheconnectionbetweenstressandheartdiseaseisstillunclear.However,theyclaimthatwhenpeoplearestressedforlongperiodsoftime,theymayhaveanunhealthylifestyle,whichcanleadtohealthproblems.Dr.Chockalingamsaysasmilemaybeonewaytohelp.Hetellshispatientstosmile20timesanhour.Tosome,thatmightseemlikealotofsmiling.Orsomemightevenfeelfoolishsmilingforseeminglynoreason.Butasmiledoesnotinvolvedrugs.Itisnotinvasivelikeasurgicaloperation.Itisfreeandithasnobadsideeffects.“Oncepeoplesmile,theyarerelaxing.Thisrelaxationdirectlylowersbloodpressure,improvessugarlevelsintheblood.Ifwearesmiling,wearebreakingthatlinkbetweenstressandhealth.”Anditjustmayprovidealittleextraprotectiontoeveryone’shearthealth.13.WhichofthefollowingagreeswithDr.Chockalingam’sopinion?A.Smilehasthesameeffectsaslaughter.B.Smilecanbeusedtotaketheplaceofmedicine.C.Smileisbetterthananyhealthylifestyletohealth.D.Smilecanmakeourbodyproducebeneficialchemicals.14.Whatcanweknowaboutthementionedstresshormones?A.Theycanlowerourbloodpressure.B.Theywillsurelyleadtoheartdiseases.C.Theycanbenefituswhenweareindanger.D.Theywillmakeusliveanunhealthylifestyle.15.WhydoesDr.Chockalingamthinksmilingishelpfultoourhealth?A.Itcanmakeusrelax. B.Itincreasessugarlevels.C.Ithaslittlebadsideeffects. D.Itcanhappenfornoreason.16.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AThoroughAnalysisoftheCausesofHeartDiseasesB.OneThingYouCanDoRightNowtoHelpYourHeartC.OneThingThatIsCloselyConnectedwithStressHormonesD.TheClearConnectionBetweenUnhealthyLifestylesandHeartDiseases【A篇大意】本文是一篇议论文。分析了美国基础保健存在的问题和原因，强调了基础保健的重要性，呼吁改善基础保健的现状。1.D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段可知，在10万人中，每螬加10名基础保健医生，人们的预期寿命会延长51.5天，而每增加10名专科医生，预期寿命会延长19.2天。通过比较，作者实际是在强调基础保健的重要性。2.C【解析】词义猜测题。A项意为“适当的；合乎需要的”;B项意为“体贴的”;C项意为“显然的；明显的”；D项意为“合乎情理的”。根据上下文可知，基础保健医生数量在减少，结合常理判断，农村地区的下降比城市地区更为“明显”。3.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句的“paymentdifference…”和第四段开头“Higherpayandlifestylepreferencesleadmoststudentstochoosenonprimarycarefields”可知，基础保健和技术专业之间的薪酬有差距，较高的收入和生活方式的偏好导致大多数学生选择非初级保健领域，所以应选A项。4.B【解析】主旨大意题。A项意为“棊础保健可以延长寿命”;B项意为“基础保健需要改善项意为“基础保健医生数量在下降”;D项意为“高薪酬吸引更多的基础保健医生”。从全文来看，A、C、D项只是文章的部分内容，只有B项涵盖了全文内容。B【答案】5.D6.A7.B8.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文通过多个例子告诉我们很多名词都已经转换成了动词。说明词汇是并不断的在变化。【5题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段第2行myfriendsaid“Youcaninkitin”,meaningthatitwasafirmarrangementnotatentativeone!我的朋友说“你可以用墨水写下来”，意思是这是一个确定的安排，而不是暂时的!所以通过上下文的语境可以判断出，“I’llpencilitinmydiary”意思是“这是一个不确定的安排”。故D正确。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段最后一行Ifavorite—comingfrom“favoritepages”,sotheverbisderivedfromanadjectivenotanoun.说明我把这些网站设置成我最喜欢的网站，通过这种方法可以让我很快就找到这些网站。故A正确。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据andweweresoonallemailingeachothermadly.和Ifavorite—comingfrom“favoritepages”,sotheverbisderivedfromanadjectivenotanoun.以及Icanmessagesomeone,可知，我们很快就疯狂地给对方发邮件。我最喜欢——来自“最喜欢的页面”，所以动词是来自形容词而不是名词。我可以给某人发信息。说明ACD都可以作为动词，只有B项文章没有提及可以作为动词，故B正确。【8题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段“It'snotanewphenomenon,buthaveyounoticedhowmanynounsarebeingusedasverbs?”可知，这不是一个新现象，但是你注意到有多少名词被用作动词了吗?本文通过多个例子告诉我们很多名词都已经转换成了动词。所以短文的最佳标题为“来自名词的新动词”。故D正确。C【答案】9.A10.D11.C12.B【解析】这是一篇议论文。自