历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308托福试题阅读(55minutes)Question1-11Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterialisexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothesebacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfooEvenuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismdevelopfromnonlivingmatter.Themostpowerful opponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologist LouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructurespresentinairclosely resemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedid(10)thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersowhichstopsolidparticles.Aftertheguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandettheparticlesthatithadtrappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteurfoundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycouldnotbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargnumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginatedfromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatethatthesebodiesareconstantly(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedtoboilingtodestroyalltlivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponents ofspontaneousgenerationdeclared that fresh airwasnecessaryfor spontaneousgenerationand that the airinsidethe sealed flaskwasaffectedinsome way(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructedaswan-necked flask inwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butaircoulreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflasknotputrefy.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Pasteur'sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.Pasteur'sargumentagainstthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof(b)developinginto(c)resistantto(d)hurtbyWhichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneogenerationattempttoanswer?Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsofood?Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?4,Thewordmeaningtoresembleinline9isclosestin4,ThewordmeaningtobenefitfromappearsimilartojointogetherwithgrowfromThepurposeofgthuencottonmentionedinparagraph2wastotrapparticlesforanalysisslowtheprocessofputrefactionincreasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslideaidthemixingofalcoholandetherTheauthormenti“o1n.0mm”inline14indescribingthethicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonobjectdiameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfiltersthicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereusedsizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollectedrEl 4 ・ 1 ・ 1”・ 1 ・ yc・ 1 . ■ .Thewordpostulatedinline19isclosestinmeaningtoanalyzeddoubtedpersuadedsuggestedTheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywereprimarilysingle-celledorganismsnodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsfairlyrareabletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandetherTheworditinline22referstoanutrientsolutionaglassflaskboilingspontaneousgenerationAccordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportanttheprocesstosucceed?AsealedcontainerFreshairHeatThepresenceofnutrientsItcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedswam-neckedflasktostoresterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperimentspreventheatfrombuildingupinasolutiondisproveacriticismofhisconclusionsestimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofairQuestions12-20IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmerassociet'yshero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlybyThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagoodsociety,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupagricultureaseconomicenterprise.Boththenational andstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportation infrastructure,buildingandcanals,roads,bridges,railroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructions fromnavigablestreams.Thenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesand(15)launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospective12.12.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?farmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagriculturalproducts.Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophershadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterselfrespect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecome(20)morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspapersthatsprangupthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsandpureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.FarmersstreamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersrespondedlesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescitiesandindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecauseofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJeffersonTheroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagricultureImprovementsinfarmingtechniquesTheimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmeryoml ‘41 11”・ 1■ c・ 1 i ■ iTheworddependedinline3isclosestinmeaningtoimprovedrelieddemandedexplainedTheauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asanexampleofaleaderduringtheRevolutionaninventorofnewfarmingtechniquesaphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsocietyafarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopmentThephras“esubscribedt”oinline8isclosestinmeaningtocontributedtoagreedwiththoughtaboutexpandedonWhichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheinformationinparagraph1?(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJef'(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJef'fesrsovniewsofrs.agricultureandfarmers.Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.forthegovernment.'thseencoantioomny.forthegovernment.'thseencoantioomny.AgriculturewasavitalpartofAccordingtothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmendidallofthefollowingEXCEPT(a)buildroadsimportnewplantvarietiesgivefarmersmoneyfortheircropsdeveloppoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproductsAllofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmers'meetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPTobtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapersaccumulatingpersonalwealthplantingnewcropsbecomingmorescientificThewordstunninginline24isclosestinmeaningtopredictableimpressivefamousgradualWhichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4?Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbmarketopportunities.Question21-29ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpespawnacomplexpatternofsoilregions.Ingeneral,the'sresaolmilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioninginto“humidAmeric”aand“aridAmerica”.Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops(5)dobestinsoilsthatarenacidic(higherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweentwo.AridAmer'icsasoilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktowardneutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.Althoughmanyofthesedrylandsoils,particularlyintheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeansettlerslearnoveracenturyagothatwateristhemainmissingingredientinachievingtheiragriculturalpotential.Inthe1970's,certainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinallyprovidedarealopportunitytoexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentralLowlandintothedrierportionsoftheGreatPlains.GlaciationalsoenhancedtherichlegacyfertilesoilsinthecentralUnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymeltwater(15)andfromthicklayersoffinewiblownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthemiddleMississippiValley.NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,buttheenormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentinmoderntimeshasallbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelofhypothetical.Nonetheless,thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalidgeneralization:thenaturalvegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthedrierclimatesgiverisetoagrasslandcover.TheforestsoNorthAmericatenttomakeabroadtransitionbylatitude.IntheCanadianNorth,needlleafforestsdominate,buttheseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossesthe(25)borderintotheNortheastUnitedStates.AsoneproceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleafvegetationbecomesdominant.AridAmericamostlyconsistsofshort-grassprairiesorstepper.TheonlyareasoftruedesertareintheSouthwest.WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydisc(A)ThewidevarietyofclimatesSoiltypesandvegetationpatternsImprovedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagricultureThechangeinprecipitationpatterns22Theword“spawn”inline1isclosestinmeaningtodistinguisheliminateprotectcreate23Theword“partitioning ”inline2isclosestmeaningtodivisionmodificationopeningcirculating24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociatedahighsaltcontentanincreaseinfarminglargeamountsofrainglacialmeltwater25Thewor“denhanced”inline13isclosestinmeaningtoimpliedincreasedindicatedinformed26How didglacial meltdownaffectthe soil inNorthAmerica?ItredistributedthesoiltypesIt added salt to thesoilIt made the soil moreneutralin contentIt added minerals tothesoil19refersto27Thephrasethisregionalizationschemienline19referstomovementsofglacialdepositspatternsofnaturalvegetationhumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentdistinctionbetweenhumidAmericaandaridAmerica28Thewordtransition ”inline23isclosestinmeaningtoelevationchangeadvantagecondition29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresenceofdesertsMostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnotbeenmodifiedbyhumansTheaccumulationofloessis primarily the resultofirrigationGlaciationremovedthefertile layerof soil frommuch ofMississippiValleyQuestions30-40Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveranappreciableperiod,andindeedifanobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat1/25seconhumaneyewillnotreactintimetoseetheobject.Aphotographiceims,ulsaion---thatlight-sensitivecoatingonphotographicfilm,paper,orglass---will,however,recordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A(5)photographicflashcanthereforebeusedtocapturehigh-speedmovementonfilmaswellastocorrectdeficienciesofthenormalsurroundinglighting.Photoflashisnowgeneratedelectronically,buttheearliestform,firstusedin1864,wasapaperbagcontainingmagnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-richsubstance,suchaspotassiumchlorate.Whenthebagwasignited,themetalburnedwithanintenseflash.Acontemporaryobserverreportedrrx^.I-i■ -i r i . i i .i■(10)thatthisquiteunsafedeviceseemstohavedonenothingworsethatengulftheroomindensesmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityandpose s.Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,flashbulbs,containingfinewiremadeofametal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,capableofbeingignitedinanatmosphereofpureoxygenatlowpressure,wintroducedonlyinthe's1.92I0ntheearliesttype,themetal(15)wasseparatedfromtheoxygenbyathinglassbulb.Thewasfiredbypiercingthebulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontactwiththemetal,whichignitedspontaneously.Laterbulbswerefiredbyanelectricbattery,whichheatedthewirebypassingasmallcurrentthroughit.Othercombinations,suchthepairingofoxygendifluoridewithzirconium,havealsobeenused.Ineachcaseenoughenergyisgivenoutto(20)heattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhite-hotemissionofvisiblelight.Thesmokeparticlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;butsincetheyarwhite,theycontributetothebrilliancebyreflectingthelightfrtheirstillglowingneighbors.Aslightlybiggerformofthemetalburnforalongertime.30Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?ThehistoryofthephotoflashTheoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolightThetechnologyofmodernphotographyThedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflash31Accordingtothepassage,1/25secondistheminimumamountoftimerequiredfortherecordingofanimageonfilmgenerationofartificiallightcreationofaphotographicemulsionhumaneyetoreacttolight32Accordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusingaphotoflashthatitcanproducerepeatedburstsoflightintensitiescolorsinphotographsis shortenough notto botherhumaneyessupplementsexistinglighting33 The wor“dignited”i nline 9isclosestinmeaning tosetonfirecutintoopenedshakenphrasesisdefinedin(line1)”phrasesisdefinedin(line1)”(line3)(line5)”appreciableperiod”photographicemulsion”high-speedmovement”oddpose”s(line11)35Thewordevolutioninline12isclosestinmeaningtopublicityadoptiondevelopmentmanufacture36Thefunctionoftheglassinthefirstflashbulbswastoproducethesparkthatinitiatedtheflashmagnifythelightproducedbytheflashprotectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflashkeepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforetheflash37Theworditinline18referstooxygenbatterywirecurrent38Theword“momentarily”inline20isclosestinmeaningtoeffortlesslybrieflyelectronicallygradually39Accordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthesmokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbcontributestorapidcoolingbrightilluminationelectricalconductivityintenseheat40Accordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbemadetoburlongerbyusingthickerwiremoreoxygenthinnerglasscontinuouselectricityQuestions41-50ThestylisticinnovationinpainingknownasImpressionismbeganinthe's1.87T0heImpressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawinnature,buttheywereinspiredtoportray fragmentary moments by theincreasingly fastpaceofmodernlife.Theyconcentratedontheplayoflightoverobjectpeople, andnature, breaking up seeminglysolid surfaces,(5)stressingvividcontrastbetweencolorsinsunlightandshade,andepictionreflectedlightinallofitspossibilities.Unlikeearlierartists,theydidnowanttoobservetheworldfromindoors.Theyabandonedthstudio,paintingintheopenairandrecordingspontaneousImpressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutsidesketchesandthenmovingindoorstocompletetheworkformemory.(10)SomeoftheImpressionists 'paintingmethodswereaffectedbytechnologicaladvances.Forexample,theshiftfromthestudiototheopewasmadepossibleinpartbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,whichpermittedeandquickaccesstothecountrysideorseashore,aswellasbynewlydevelopedchemicaldyesandoilsthatledtocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartiststofinishtheirpaintingsonthespot.(15)Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfromsupportersbutfromangryartloverswhofeltthreatenedbythenewpainting.Theterm“Impressionism”wasbornin1874,whenagroupofartistswhohadbeenworkingtogetherorganizeanexhibitionoftheirpaintingsin orderto draw publicattention to theirwork.Reactionfromthepublicandpresswas immediate, and derisive.Among the165paintingsexhibited was onecalled(20)Impression:Sunrise,byClaudeMonet(1840-1926),Viewed throughhostile eyes,Monetspaintingofarisingsunoveramisty,wateryscenseemedmessy,slapdash,andanaffronttogoodtaste.BorrowingMonetstitle,artcritics extendedtheterm“Impressionism”totheentireexhibit.Inresponse,Monetandhis29fellowartistsintheexhibitadoptedthesamenameasbadgeoftheirunity, despite individualdifferences.(25)Fromthenuntil 1886Impressionismhadall the zeal of“church”,asthepainterRenoirputit.Monetwas faithful totheImpressionist creed untilhdeath,althoughmany oftheothersmovedon tonew styles.41Whataspectofpaintinginthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Theimpactofsomeartists'resistancetothefastpaceoflifeThedifferencesbetwe