版权说明：本文档由用户提供并上传，收益归属内容提供方，若内容存在侵权，请进行举报或认领
文档简介
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLEFORIMPROVEMENTOFMECHANICALLOSSES/THEMODEL
THESOFTWARETOOLSINVOLVED
THEMODEL(OVERVIEWANDSUB-SYSTEMS)
CALCULATIONOFCRANKTRAINFRICTIONMAPS(ENGINECYCLESIMULATION)ANDINPUTPREPARATIONFORCRUISE
DRIVECYCLEANALYSIS/IMPACTONFUELEFFICIENCY
UPCOMINGTECHNOLOGIES
HEVANDEVDEVELOPMENT
TRANSMISSIONCONCEPTS
HYBRIDAPPLICATIONSMULTI-BODYDYNAMICENGINECYCLESIMULATION
QUESTIONSANDDISCUSSION
POWERUNITSYSTEMSOVERVIEW
→Step-wiseimprovementofexistingsystems
POWERUNITSYSTEMSTYPESANDDEFINITIONS
ConventionalSystems
Dieselorgasoline
Alcohol/biofuels
Naturalgasandflex-fuel
(HydrogenH2)
HybridSystems(HEV)
Drivelinesystemswith>=2differentenginetypesand>=2differentenergyreservoirs
Chemical(→fueltank)
Electrical(→battery;capacitor)
Mechanical(hydraulicpressure-reservoir,inertiawheel)
Micro(start-stop);2-10kWe-motorpower;torquee-motor<90Nm;voltage14-42V;=parallelhybridorsimplyabiggerstarterandnotarealhybrid
Mild(e.g.beltdrivenstartergeneratororstartergeneratoratflywheel(HondaInsight));4-20kWe-motorpower;torquee-motor<500Nm;voltage
>42V;+recuperation+boosting;=parallelhybrid
Full(canrunfullyelectrical,atleastforsomewhile);>20kWe-motorpower;torquee-motor<500Nm;voltage100-650V
HybridSystems(HEV)
Fullhybridconfigurations
Serialhybrid:Rangeextender,runsalwayselectrically,butwithcombustionenginetoprovidetheenergywhenbatteriesareempty
Parallelhybrid;summationofbothengines(combustionandelectric)ispossible;needstransmission
Powersplit;combustiontorqueissplitinmechanicalandelectricalpart;needsatleast2e-motors;needssummation-transmission
Plug-in(canuseelectricityfromplugindevice;notonlygeneratedon-board)
Full-electricSystems(EV)
Plug-in
→E-motoristypicallyanasynchronous-motor(ASM)orpermanentmagneticsynchronous-motor(PSM;e.g.ToyotaPrius)
(Fuelcell→longterm)
→energybalanceinvestigationforHEVandEVvehicleshastoconsideralsotheelectricalpowergenerationfrompowerplantsaswellasduringvehicleoperationand/orfrompowerplants(plug-insystems)
“fromwelltowheel”
HEVDEVELOPMENT=ENTIRESYSTEMOPTIMIZATION
INCREASEDSYSTEMCOMPLEXITYOFNEWTECHNOLOGIES
IncreasedComplexitydueto…
Electrification
Sub-SystemInteractions
ControlSystemComplexity
Durability,NVH
Packaging
Steering/Safety
EntireSystemOptimization
E-CONCEPTEXAMPLES:
POWERSPLITHYBRID
PUREELECTRICVEHICLES(PLUG-IN)
SERIESHYBRID(RANGEEXTENDER)
E-CONCEPTEXAMPLES:
E-VEHICLEWITHFUELCELL
el.Netto-WirkungsgradBZSystem
0,7
0,6
el.Wirkungsgrad[-]
0,5
0,4
0,3 1470kgFuelCellVehicle
0,2
0,1
0
0 25 50
Leistung[kW]
100
90
80
70
75 100
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
FuelCellCurrent[A]
CockpitLoadSignal[-]
60 0,6
50 0,5
40 0,4
30 0,3
20 0,2
10 0,1
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time[s]
CHALLENGE
Goodbalancebetweencostandfueleconomy
EspeciallyforEUmarket:Alowcostadvantagecomplementsdieselpowertrains
FRONTLOADINGANDPARALLELIZATIONOFPROCESSES
Target Definition FFleleeetTTeessts
Concept InVehicleTeTsetst
SystemDesign PowertrainTest
Component Design ComponentTestTest
ModelRe-Use
Realisation /Implementation
TestingMethods
EfficiencyEnhancementWorkshop2009 DevelopmentTime 13
ADVANTAGES/CHALLANGESOFVIRTUALMETHODS
Advantagesduetothe“Virtualization”
Evaluationofconceptswithoutphysicalcomponents
Highnumberofvariationspossible
Lessexpenseswithrespecttoresources
Parallelizationindevelopmentprocess
Challenges
Rightlevelofdetailnecessary
Highrequirementsforthesolvertechnology
Continuousdevelopmentoftheexistingsimulationplatform
SYSTENDESIGN:
Hybrid(City-)Bus
ConceptStudy
REAL-WORLDFUELECONOMYCYCLE–HYBRIDCITYBUS
Hybrid(City-)BusConceptStudy-RealLifeCycleSimulation
NOx-Emission[g/h]
CumulatedNOx-Emission
[g/km]
Simulationvs.Measurement
1400
14
1200
12
1000
10
800
8
600
6
400
4
200
2
0
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Time[s]
Performance
VALIDATION:
TOYOTAPRIUSTHSII–CO2,PERFORMANCE
CO2Emission
105g
104g
11,6sec
11,8sec
SimulationMeasurement
VALIDATION:
TOYOTAPRIUSTHSII–FTP75
Comparison:BatterySOC
(StateofCharge)
CompleteCycle
Meas1Meas2Meas3
Cruise
TESTINGOFCOMPONENTSANDCONTROLSYSTEMS:E-MOTOR
AVLInMotion&AVLCRUISE:
Realtime-EnvironmentonTestbed
ClimateChamber
Battery
TESTINGOFCOMPONENTSANDCONTROLSYSTEMS:BATTERY
ComponentTest:BatteryTesting
TestCycles
ACSource DC
LoadSimulatorHardware
TESTINGOFCOMPONENTSANDCONTROLSYSTEMS:ENGINE
n-VKM[rpm]
Temperatur[°]
2000 500
1000 400
0 300
2000
NOx[ppm]
1000
0
2000
NOx[ppm]
1000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Zeit[sec]
SYSTEMSINTEGRATIONANDTESTING
JACRefineMicrohybrid(BSG) ContinentalTemicMildhybrid(ISG)
AVLMildhybrid(Transmissionintegrated) ManeuverSustainmentVehilce–MlldHybrid(ISG)
AVL“TURBO-HYBRID”–ANENGINEERINGEXAMPLE
TargetsandScopeofWorkfortheProject:
DownsizingandDownspeedingforReductionofFuelConsumptionandEmissions
LossinPerformanceandDriveability
TurbochargingandDoubleClutchTransmission(DCT)forthecompen-sationoftheLossinPerformance
IncreaseinPerformance,butlowDriveabilityatlowEngineSpeed(“Turbolag”)
Mild-Hybridization
eMotorincreasesDriveabilityatlowEngineSpeed
BatteryChargingviaRecuperationandOverboost
AVL“TURBO-HYBRID”–THECONCEPT
300
250
Torque[Nm]
200
150
100
50
Enginetransient
e-MotorBoost
e-MotorCharge
OOvveerr--bboooossttffoorrbbaattteerryycchhaarrggeedduurrininggaacccceelelerraattioionn
1.6LGDI-tc,Steady-State
1.6LGDI-tc,Over-Boost
1.6LTurbohybrideMotor(15kW)
eMotortorquedemand
0
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Speed[rpm]
AVL“TURBO-HYBRID”–THEADVANTAGESOFUSINGVIRTUALMETHODS
ReductionofCostsduetothepartialVirtualizationoftheDevelopmentProcess
EarlyDefinitionofComponentsandStrategies
PassengerCars
HeavyDuty&(City-)Bus
OffroadVehicle
Racing
AVL’SEXPERIENCEINMODELLINGVEHICLECONCEPTS–
FROMSLOWTOFAST&LIGHTTOHEAVY
EfficiencyEnhancementWorkshop2009 25
WORLDWIDETRENDINTRANSMISSIONTECHNOLOGY
GEARSHIFTINGPROGRAMGENERATION
GSPGeneration
Calculationofthegearshiftmapsforagivenvehicle
Optimizationwithregardstodrivingstyleandroadgradient
Automaticshiftmapadaptationduringcomponentandparametervariation(e.g.gearratio,vehiclemass,enginedisplacement,…)
GSPOptimization
Calculationofoptimaltransmissionstatesforagiventestcycle
Optimizationintermsoftrade-offbetweenconsumptionandemissions
Calculationofoptimalgearselectionbasedonrequiredwheelpower
GSP–GEARSHIFTINGPROGRAM
GENERATIONANDOPTIMIZATIONOFSHIFTINGLINES
AutomatedTransmissions(AMT,DCT)/Gear
ShiftIndicator(MT)
GSP
(GearShiftingProgram)
AutomaticTransmissions(AT)
GSP,LUCP
(Lock-upClutchProgram)
ContinuousVariableTransmissions(CVT)
CVTVariogram
EfficiencyEnhancementWorkshop2009
Analysis(DOE)ofallpossiblevehicleoperationareasforgiven
Gears
Loadsignalrange
Roadgradient
Torqueconverterstates
…underconsiderationofoperatingconditions,likesshiftingthresholdsandhysteresis
1.SettingupavehiclemodelinCRUISE
GSPMETHOD–GEARSHIFTINGPROGRAMGENERATION
Automaticgenerationofgearshiftmaps,lock-upclutchmapsrespectivelyforvariousdrivingmodes
Economicaldriving
Sportydriving
Hilldrivingmodes
▪…
29
Analysis(DOE)andmapgenerationofallpossiblevehicleoperationareasforgiven
Gears
Loadsignalrange
Torqueconverterstates
…underconsiderationof
Emissionregulations
Enginespeedlimits
Optimizationcon
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明，都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等，如果需要附件，请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸，网页内容里面会有图纸预览，若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间，仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理，对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑，并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容，请与我们联系，我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
评论
0/150
提交评论