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Contents
Topic1Variancesindicators
Topic2Operatingstatement
Ch11Varianceanalysis
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Topic1Variancesindicators
Avarianceisthedifferencebetweenaplanned,budgeted,orstandardcostandtheactualcostincurred.Thesamecomparisonsmaybemadeforrevenues.
Whenactualresultsarebetterthanexpectedresults,wehaveafavourablevariance.
Whenactualresultsareworsethanexpectedresults,wehaveanadversevariance.
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Contents
Topic1Variancesindicators
Topic2Operatingstatement
1.Directmaterialtotalvariance
Directmaterialtotalusagevariance
(Actualusageofactualoutput–budgetedusageofactualoutput)xstandardcostperunitofmaterial
DirectmaterialtotalpricevarianceActualcostofactualusage–standardpricexactualusage
DirectmaterialtotalvarianceActualcostofactualnumberofunitproduced–flexiblebudget
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Topic1Variancesindicators
Avarianceisthedifferencebetweenaplanned,budgeted,orstandardcostandtheactualcostincurred.Thesamecomparisonsmaybemadeforrevenues.
Whenactualresultsarebetterthanexpectedresults,wehaveafavourablevariance.
Whenactualresultsareworsethanexpectedresults,wehaveanadversevariance.
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Price
Actualprice
n
Pricevariance
StandardQuantity
×StandardPrice
Quavaria
titynce
Quantity
1.Directmaterialtotalvariance
Directmaterialtotalusagevariance
(Actualusageofactualoutput–budgetedusageofactualoutput)xstandardcostper
unitofmaterial
DirectmaterialtotalpricevarianceActualcostofactualusage–standardpricexactualusage
DirectmaterialtotalvarianceActualcostofactualnumberofunitproduced–flexiblebudget
Actualquantity
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Price
Actualprice
Pricevariance
StandardQuantity
×StandardPrice
Quavaria
ntitynce
Quantity
Actualquantity
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Example
Actualoutput
Materialusage(kg/unit)
Materialprice(¥/kg)
actual
standard
actual
standard
1000
11.7
10
8.43
10
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Example
Actualoutput
Materialusage(kg/unit)
Materialprice(¥/kg)
actual
standard
actual
standard
1000
11.7
10
8.43
10
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Thetotalvariance
Output
Materialusage
Materialprice
Cost
Actual1000
Standardusage10000kg
Standardprice10/kg
100000
Standard
cost
Actual1000
Actualusage11700kg
Actualprice8.43/kg
98600
Actualcost
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Thetotalvariance
Output
Materialusage
Materialprice
Cost
Actual1000
Standardusage10000kg
Standardprice10/kg
100000
Standard
cost
Actual1000
Actualusage11700kg
Actualprice8.43/kg
98600
Actualcost
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Theusagevariance
Output
Materialusage
Materialprice
Cost
Actual1000
Standardusage10000kg
Standardprice10/kg
100000
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Theusagevariance
Output
Materialusage
Materialprice
Cost
Actual1000
Standardusage10000kg
Standardprice10/kg
100000
Actual1000
Actualusage11700kg
Standardprice10/kg
117000
Actual1000
Actualusage11700kg
Standardprice10/kg
117000
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Thepricevariance
Output
Materialusage
Materialprice
Cost
Actual1000
Actualusage11700kg
Standardprice10/kg
117000
Actual1000
Actualusage11700kg
Actualprice8.43/kg
98600
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Thepricevariance
Output
Materialusage
Materialprice
Cost
Actual1000
Actualusage11700kg
Standardprice10/kg
117000
DirectmaterialtotalpricevarianceActualcostofactualusage–standardpricexactualusage
DirectmaterialtotalvarianceActualcostofactualnumberofunitproduced–flexiblebudget
Directmaterialyieldvariance
(Actualusageinstd.mix–Std.usageinstd.mix)xstandardcostperunitofmaterial
Directmaterialmixvariance
(Actualusageinactualmix–Actualusageinstd.mix)xstandardcostperunitofmaterial
Directmaterialtotalusagevariance
(Actualusageofactualoutput–budgeted
usageofactualoutput)xstandardcostper
unitofmaterial
Directmaterialtotalvariance
Ifmorethantwomaterialsareusedtoproduceonefinishedgoods
Actual1000
Actualusage11700kg
Actualprice
8.43/kg
98600
LectureExample1
Bang
Flash
ACompanyManufacturesachemicalDynamite,usingFlash&Bang.
Dynamite:80
units
5%returns
10%Normallosses
Standardmaterialsusageandcostof1unitofDynamiteareasfollows:
For1unitofDynamitebudgeted
For1unitofDynamitebudgeted
Actualusage
Actualcost
Flash
5kg@$2perkg
$10
500kg
$1,200
Bang
10kg@$3perkg
$30
730kg
$2,200
$40
1,230kg
$3,200
ActualoutputofDynamite:80units
Normalloss:10%ofmaterialinputs
Returns:5%ofDynamite
Directmaterialtotalvariance
Ifmorethantwomaterialsareusedtoproduceonefinishedgoods
What’rethetotalmaterialinputsactuallyrequiredif
takingaccountofnormallossesandreturn?
Byallowingforthe5%return:
Todeliver80unitsofDynamite,weneedtoproduce:
80unitsx100%/(100%-5%)=84units
Byallowingforthe10%normallosses:
Thematerialinputsshouldbe:
Flash:84unitsx5kgperunitx(100%/(100%-10%)=467kg
Bang:84unitsx10kgperunitx(100%/(100%-10%)=
933kg
LectureExample1
Bang
Flash
ACompanyManufacturesachemicalDynamite,usingFlash&Bang.
Dynamite:80units
5%returns
10%Normallosses
Standardmaterialsusageandcostof1unitofDynamiteareasfollows:
For1unitofDynamitebudgeted
For1unitofDynamitebudgeted
Actualusage
Actualcost
Flash
5kg@$2perkg
$10
500kg
$1,200
Bang
10kg@$3perkg
$30
730kg
$2,200
$40
1,230kg
$3,200
Totalmaterialcostvariance
Todeliver80unitsofDynamitetocustomer
Adjustthebudgetedusageandcostofthematerialinputs
Budgeted
/std.
usage
Std.costperunitofmaterial
Budgeted
/std.cost
Actual
usage
Actual
cost
Flash
467kg
$2perkg
$934
500kg
$1,200
Bang
933kg
$3perkg
$2799
730kg
$2,200
Total
1400kg
$3733
1230kg
$3,400
Mix:1:2
Totalvariance=$333(F)
ActualoutputofDynamite:80units
Normalloss:10%ofmaterialinputs
Returns:5%ofDynamite
Materialpricevariance
Actualcostofactualusage–standardpricexactualusage
Actualcost
Standardcostx
actualusage
Std.costof
actualusage
Variance
Flash
$1,200
$2perkgx500kg
$1,000
$200(A)
Bang
$2,200
$3perkgx730kg
$2,190
$10(A)
Total
$3,400
$3290
$210(A)
What’rethetotalmaterialinputsactuallyrequiredif
takingaccountofnormallossesandreturn?
Byallowingforthe5%return:
Todeliver80unitsofDynamite,weneedtoproduce:
80unitsx100%/(100%-5%)=84units
Byallowingforthe10%normallosses:
Thematerialinputsshouldbe:
Flash:84unitsx5kgperunitx(100%/(100%-10%)=467kg
Bang:84unitsx10kgperunitx(100%/(100%-10%)=
Materialtotalusagevariance
(Actualusageofactualoutput–budgetedusageofactualoutput)xstandardcostperunitofmaterial
Actualusageof
actualoutput
Std.usageofactual
output
Standardcostperunitofmaterial
Variance
Flash
500kg
467kg
$2kg
$66(A)
Bang
730kg
933kg
$3kg
$609(F)
Total
1230kg
1400kg
$543(F)
Mix:
1:1.46
Mix:1:2
933kg
Whatshouldhavebeentheactualtotalusage
ofthematerialinputsinthestd.mix?
Units(kg)
Totalusageofmaterialinputs(500+730)
1,230
Standardmixofactualusage
1/3Flash
1230x1/3=410
2/3Bang
1230x2/3=820
Total
1230
Totalmaterialcostvariance
Todeliver80unitsofDynamitetocustomer
Adjustthebudgetedusageandcostofthematerialinputs
Budgeted
/std.usage
Std.costperunitofmaterial
Budgeted
/std.cost
Actualusage
Actualcost
Flash
467kg
$2perkg
$934
500kg
$1,200
Bang
933kg
$3perkg
$2799
730kg
$2,200
Total
1400kg
$3733
1230kg
$3,400
Mix:1:2
Totalvariance=$333(F)
Directmaterialmixvariance
(Actualusageinactualmix–Actualusageinstd.mix)xstandardcostperunitofmaterial
Actualusageinstd.mix
Actualusage
inactualmix
Difference
Standardcostperunit
Variance
Flash
410kg
500kg
90kg(A)
X$2
$180(A)
Bang
820kg
730kg
90kg(F)
X$3
$270(F)
Total
$90(F)
Materialpricevariance
Actualcostofactualusage–standardpricexactualusage
Actualcost
Standardcostxactualusage
Std.costofactualusage
Variance
Flash
$1,200
$2perkgx500kg
$1,000
$200(A)
Bang
$2,200
$3perkgx730kg
$2,190
$10(A)
Total
$3,400
$3290
$210(A)
Directmaterialyieldvariance
(Actualusageinstd.mix–Std.usageinstd.mix)xstandardcostperunitofmaterial
Actualusageinstd.mix
Std.usagein
std.mix
Difference
Standardcostperunit
Variance
Flash
410kg
467kg
57kg(F)
X$2
$114(F)
Bang
820kg
933kg
113kg(F)
X$3
$339(F)
Total
$453(F)
Materialtotalusagevariance
(Actualusageofactualoutput–budgetedusageofactualoutput)xstandardcostperunitofmaterial
Actualusageofactualoutput
Std.usageofactualoutput
Standardcostperunitofmaterial
Variance
Flash
500kg
467kg
$2kg
$66(A)
Bang
730kg
933kg
$3kg
$609(F)
Total
1230kg
1400kg
$543(F)
Mix:1:1.46
Mix:1:2
Sumofthecalculation
$
$
Budgetedcost
3733
Directmaterialtotalvariance
333(F)
Directmaterialtotalprice
variance
210(A)
Directmaterialtotalusage
variance
543(F)
Directmaterialmixvariance
90(F)
Directmaterialyield
variance
453(F)
Actualcost
3400
Whatshouldhavebeentheactualtotalusage
ofthematerialinputsinthestd.mix?
Units(kg)
Totalusageofmaterialinputs(500+730)
1,230
Standardmixofactualusage
1/3Flash
1230x1/3=410
2/3Bang
1230x2/3=820
Total
1230
1
ACTUALCOST
STANDARD
2
COST
A A A A AQ M P Q M
S A S S S S SP Q M P Q M P
FB
Directmaterialmixvariance
(Actualusageinactualmix–Actualusageinstd.mix)xstandardcostperunitofmaterial
Actualusageinstd.mix
Actualusageinactualmix
Difference
Standardcostperunit
Variance
Flash
410kg
500kg
90kg(A)
X$2
$180(A)
Bang
820kg
730kg
90kg(F)
X$3
$270(F)
Total
$90(F)
2.Labourtotalvariance
Idletimevariance
Idlehoursxstandardrate
Labourefficiencyvariance(standardhoursfortheactualoutput–actualhours)xstandardrate
Labourratevariance
Actualcostforactualhours–Actual
hoursxstandardrate
LabourtotalvarianceActualcostforactualhours–standardcostforactualoutputs
Directmaterialyieldvariance
(Actualusageinstd.mix–Std.usageinstd.mix)xstandardcostperunitofmaterial
Actualusageinstd.mix
Std.usageinstd.mix
Difference
Standardcostperunit
Variance
Flash
410kg
467kg
57kg(F)
X$2
$114(F)
Bang
820kg
933kg
113kg(F)
X$3
$339(F)
Total
$453(F)
Actualoutput
laborusage(hours/unit)
laborrate(¥/h)
actual
standard
actual
standard
1000
2.3
2
3.87
5
Sumofthecalculation
$
$
Budgetedcost
3733
Directmaterialtotalvariance
333(F)
Directmaterialtotalpricevariance
210(A)
Directmaterialtotalusagevariance
543(F)
Directmaterialmixvariance
90(F)
Directmaterialyieldvariance
453(F)
Actualcost
3400
Thetotalvariance
产量
人工消耗
工资率
人工成本
实际产量
1000
标准消耗
2000h
标准工资
5/h
10000
实际产量
1000
实际消耗
2300h
实际工资
3.87/h
8900
ACTUALCOST
STANDARDCOST
1 2
A A A A AQ M P Q M
S A S S S S SP Q M P Q M P
FB
Thelabourefficiencyvariance
产量
人工消耗
工资率
人工成本
实际产量
1000
标准消耗
2000h
标准工资
5/h
10000
实际产量
1000
实际消耗
2300h
标准工资
5/h
11500
2.Labourtotalvariance
Idletimevariance
Idlehoursxstandardrate
Labourefficiencyvariance(standardhoursfortheactualoutput–actualhours)xstandardrate
Labourratevariance
Actualcostforactualhours–Actualhoursxstandardrate
LabourtotalvarianceActualcostforactualhours–standardcostforactualoutputs
Thelabourratevariance
产量
人工消耗
工资率
人工成本
实际产量
1000
实际消耗
2300h
标准工资
5/h
11500
实际产量
1000
实际消耗
2300h
实际工资
3.87/h
8900
Actualoutput
laborusage(hours/unit)
laborrate(¥/h)
actual
standard
actual
standard
1000
2.3
2
3.87
5
LectureExample2
learningcurveeffect
Produce1500unitsofX
ActualcostofGradeZis$17,500for3080hours
1unitofXisexpectedtouse5hoursofGradeZ@standardrateof$5perlabourhour
A75%learningcurveissupposedwhentheproductionincreasesby10times
Afterproducing1000unitsofX,thelearningcurvebecomesconstant
100hourswererecordedasidletime
Thetotalvariance
产量
人工消耗
工资率
人工成本
实际产量
1000
标准消耗
2000h
标准工资
5/h
10000
实际产量
1000
实际消耗
2300h
实际工资
3.87/h
8900
Allowingforthelearningcurveeffect
Theaveragehoursofworkissupposedtobereducedby75%whentheproductionincreasesby10times.
Averagestandardhoursperunitforfirst1000units:
75%x75%x75%x5=2.1hours
Thelabourefficiencyvariance
产量
人工消耗
工资率
人工成本
实际产量
1000
标准消耗
2000h
标准工资
5/h
10000
实际产量
1000
实际消耗
2300h
标准工资
5/h
11500
Labourtotalvariance
Actualcostforactualhours–standardcostforstandardhours(basedonactualoutput)
$17,500-$5perhourx2.1hoursperunitx1,500units=$17500–$15750=$1750(A)
Thelabourratevariance
产量
人工消耗
工资率
人工成本
实际产量
1000
实际消耗
2300h
标准工资
5/h
11500
实际产量
1000
实际消耗
2300h
实际工资
3.87/h
8900
Labourratevariance
Actualcostforactualhours–standardcostforactualhours
$17500–3080hoursx$5perhour=$17500–
$15400=$2100(A)
LectureExample2
learningcurveeffect
Produce1500unitsofX
ActualcostofGradeZis$17,500for3080hours
1unitofXisexpectedtouse5hoursofGradeZ@standardrateof$5perlabourhour
A75%learningcurveissupposedwhentheproductionincreasesby10times
Afterproducing1000unitsofX,thelearningcurvebecomesconstant
Idletimevariance
Idlehoursxstandardrate
100hoursx$5perhour=$500(A)
100hourswererecordedasidletime
Labourefficiencyvariance
(standardhoursfortheactualoutput–actualhours)xstandardrate
1,500unitsx2.1hoursperunit=3,150hours
Actualhours=3080hours–100hours=2980hours
Varianceinhours:3150–2980=170hours(F)
Labourefficiencyvariance=170hoursx$5perhour=
$850(F)
Allowingforthelearningcurveeffect
Theaveragehoursofworkissupposedtobereducedby75%whentheproductionincreasesby10times.
Averagestandardhoursperunitforfirst1000units:
75%x75%x75%x5=2.1hours
Sumofcalculation
Labourtotalvariance:$1750(A)
Labourratevariance:$2100(A)
Labourefficiencyvariance:$850(F)
Idletimevariance:$500(A)
Labourtotalvariance
Actualcostforactualhours–standardcostforstandardhours(basedonactualoutput)
$17,500-$5perhourx2.1hoursperunitx1,500units=$17500–$15750=$1750(A)
3.Variableproductionoverheadtotalvariance
VariableproductionoverheadefficiencyvarianceBudgeted/std.costforactualhours–budgetedcostforthenumberofunitsactuallyproduced
VariableproductionoverheadexpenditurevarianceActualcostforactualhours–budgeted/std.costforactualhours
Variableproductionoverheadtotalvariance
Actualcost–flexiblebudgetedcost
Labourratevariance
Actualcostforactualhours–standardcostforactualhours
$17500–3080hoursx$5perhour=$17500–
$15400=$2100(A)
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Actualoutput
timeusage(h/unit)
overheadrate(¥/h)
actual
standard
actual
standard
400
1.9
2
1.62
1.5
Idletimevariance
Idlehoursxstandardrate
100hoursx$5perhour=$500(A)
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Thetotalvariance
产量
时间消耗
费率
制造费用
实际产量
400
标准消耗
800h
标准费率
1.5/h
1200
实际产量
400
实际消耗
760h
实际费率
1.62/h
1230
Labourefficiencyvariance
(standardhoursfortheactualoutput–actualhours)xstandardrate
1,500unitsx2.1hoursperunit=3,150hours
Actualhours=3080hours–100hours=2980hours
Varianceinhours:3150–2980=170hours(F)
Labourefficiencyvariance=170hoursx$5perhour=
$850(F)
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Theefficiencyvariance
产量
时间消耗
费率
制造费用
实际产量
400
标准消耗
800h
标准费率
1.5/h
1200
实际产量
400
实际消耗
760h
标准费率
1.5/h
1140
Sumofcalculation
Labourtotalvariance:$1750(A)
Labourratevariance:$2100(A)
Labourefficiencyvariance:$850(F)
Idletimevariance:$500(A)
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Theexpenditurevariance
产量
时间消耗
费率
制造费用
实际产量
400
实际消耗
760h
标准费率
1.5/h
1140
实际产量
400
实际消耗
760h
实际费率
1.62/h
1230
Variableproductionoverheadtotalvariance
VariableproductionoverheadefficiencyvarianceBudgeted/std.costforactualhours–budgetedcostforthenumberofunitsactuallyproduced
VariableproductionoverheadexpenditurevarianceActualcostforactualhours–budgeted/std.costforactualhours
Variableproductionoverheadtotalvariance
Actualcost–flexiblebudgetedcost
Fixedproductionoverheadtotalvariance
Fixedproductionoverheadvolumevariance(Actual–Budgetedproductionvolume)xstd.absorption
rateperunit
FixedproductionoverheadexpenditurevarianceActualoverhead–fixedbudgeted/std.cost
Fixedproductionoverheadtotalvariance
Actualcost–fixedoverheadabsorbed
LOGO
Actualoutput
timeusage(h/unit)
overheadrate(¥/h)
actual
standard
actual
standard
400
1.9
2
1.62
1.5
output
Timeusage
Fixedoverhead
Budgeted1000
Budgeted5000
Budgeted20000
Actual1100
Actual5400
Actual20450
LOGO
Thetotalvariance
产量
时间消耗
费率
制造费用
实际产量
400
标准消耗
800h
标准费率
1.5/h
1200
实际产量
400
实际消耗
760h
实际费率
1.62/h
1230
Thetotalvariance
outputunits
Absorptionrate
Fixedoverhead
$
实际产量
1100
20/unit
吸收费用
22000
实际产量
1100
实际费用
20450
LOGO
Theefficiencyvariance
产量
时间消耗
费率
制造费用
实际产量
400
标准消耗
800h
标准费率
1.5/h
1200
Theexpenditurevariance
Output
(units)
Activitylevel(hours)
Fixedoverhead$
budgeted1000
budgeted5000h
budgeted
20000
Actual1100
Actual5400h
Actual
20450
实际产量
400
实际消耗
760h
标准费率
1.5/h
1140
Thevolumevariance
Output(units)
Absorptionrate
Fixedoverhead
$
budgeted1000
20/unit
budgeted
20000
actual1100
20/unit
absorbed22000
Favourable
LOGO
Theexpenditurevariance
产量
时间消耗
费率
制造费用
实际产量
400
实际消耗
760h
标准费率
1.5/h
1140
Output
(units)
Activitylevel(hours)
Fixedoverhead$
Standard
of
absorbed
actual1100×5 actual
×4
22000
5500h
budgeted
budgeted
budgeted
1000 ×55000h
×4
20000
Actual1100
Actual5400h
Actual
20450
实际产量
400
实际消耗
760h
实际费率
1.62/h
1230
Fixedproductionoverheadtotalvariance
Fixedproductionoverheadvolumevariance(Actual–Budgetedproductionvolume)xstd.absorption
rateperunit
Fixedproductionoverheadvolumecapacityvariance(budgetedhoursofworkforfixedoutputs–actualhoursworked)xstd.absorptionrateperhour
Fixedproductionoverheadvolumeefficiencyvariance(Actualproductionhours–budgetedproductionhoursforactualoutputs)xstd.absorptionrateperhour
FixedproductionoverheadexpenditurevarianceActualoverhead–fixedbudgeted/std.cost
Fixedproductionoverheadtotalvariance
Actualcost–fixedoverheadabsorbed
Fixedproductionoverheadtotalvariance
Fixedproductionoverheadvolumevariance(Actual–Budgetedproductionvolume)xstd.absorption
rateperunit
Fixedproductionoverheadexpenditurevariance
Actualoverhead–fixedbudgeted/std.cost
Fixedproductionoverheadtotalvariance
Actualcost–fixedoverheadabsorbed
Output(units)
Absorptionrate
Fixedoverhead$
budgeted1000
5h/unit
4/hour
budgeted20000
actual1100
5h/unit
4/hour
absorbed22000
output
Timeusage
Fixedoverhead
Budgeted1000
Budgeted5000
Budgeted20000
Actual1100
Actual5400
Actual20450
Output
(units)
Absorptionrate
Fixedoverhead$
budgeted
budgeted
4/hour
budgeted
20000
1000 ×55000h
actual110
actual
4/hour
absorbed2
21600
×4.9095400h
standard
4/hour
absorbed1
22000
actual1100×55500h
0
Thetotalvariance
outputunits
Absorptionrate
Fixedoverhead
$
实际产量
1100
20/unit
吸收费用
22000
Volumeefficiencyvariance
Output(units)
Absorptionrate
Fixed
overhead$
actual1100
4.909h/unit
5400h
4/hour
absorbed2
21600
actual1100
5h/unit
5500h
4/hour
absorbed1
22000
实际产量
1100
实际费用
20450
Volumecapacityvariance
Output
(units)
Absorptionrate
Fixed
overhead$
budgeted
1000
5h/unit
5000h
4/hour
budgeted
20000
actual1100
4.909h/unit
5400h
4/hour
absorbed2
21600
Theexpenditurevariance
Output
(units)
Activitylevel(hours)
Fixedoverhead$
budgeted1000
budgeted5000h
budgeted
20000
Actual1100
Actual5400h
Actual
20450
Expenditurevar.
A–B
Totalvar.
A–S
(actualvolume–budgetedvolume)
(actualvolume×standardh/u–actualhours)×standardrateperhour
Volumeefficiencyvar.
×standardrate
perunit=B–S.
Hours=Vol.×h/u
Volumevar.
(actualhours–budgetedvolume
×standardh/u)×standardrateperhour
Volumecapacityvar.
Thevolumevariance
Output(units)
Absorptionrate
Fixedoverhead
$
budgeted1000
20/unit
budgeted
20000
actual1100
20/unit
absorbed22000
Favourable
Salespricevariance
(Actualsellingprice–standardsellingprice)xactualvolume
Salesvariance
Actualsales–fixedbudgetsales
Salesquantityvariance
(Actualsalesvolumeinstd.mix–budgetedsalesvolumeinstd.mix)xstandardprofit
perunit
Salesmixvariance
(Actualvolumesoldinstd.mix–Actual
volumesoldinactualmix)xstandardprofit
perunit
Salesvolumevariance
(Actualsalesvolume–budgetedsales
volume)xstandardprofitperunit
Salesvariance
Effectonprofitduetothe
sellingpricedifference
Effectonprofitduetothesellingvolumedifference
Output
(units)
Activitylevel(hours)
Fixedoverhead$
Standard
of
absorbed
actual1100×5 actual
×4
22000
5500h
budgeted
budgeted
budgeted
1000 ×55000h
×4
20000
Actual1100
Actual5400h
Actual
20450
Lectureexample3
P302
Product
Budgeted
salesunits
Revenue
$
Costs
$
Profit
$
Profitper
unit
$
Actual
salesunits
Chocolate
crunch
400
8,000
6,000
2,000
5
280
StrawberrySundae
300
12,000
11,100
900
3
630
Total
700
20,000
17,100
2,900
Noactualpricehere!
Requiredtocalculate:
Standardmix/proportion4:3
Salesvolumevariance
Salesquantityvariance
Salesmixvariance
Fixedproductionoverheadtotalvariance
Fixedproductionoverheadvolumevariance(Actual–Budgetedproductionvolume)xstd.absorption
rateperunit
Fixedproductionoverheadvolumecapacityvariance(budgetedhoursofworkforfixedoutputs–actualhoursworked)xstd.absorptionrateperhour
Fixedproductionoverheadvolumeefficiencyvariance(Actualproductionhours–budgetedproductionhoursforactualoutputs)xstd.absorptionrateperhour
Fixedproductionoverheadexpenditurevariance
Actualoverhead–fixedbudgeted/std.cost
Fixedproductionoverheadtotalvariance
Actualcost–fixedoverheadabsorbed
Salesvolumevariance
ChocolateCrunch
400
280
120unitsx$5(A)
StrawberrySundae Total
300
630
330unitsx$3(F)
Budgetedsales
Actualsales
(Budgetedsales–Actualsales)x
std.profitperunit
Salesvolumevariancein$Total
$600(A)
$990(F)
$390(F)
Actual
mix/proportion1:2.25
Output(units)
Absorptionrate
Fixedoverhead$
budgeted1000
5h/unit
4/hour
budgeted20000
Salesmixvariance
Step1:HowmanyunitsofChocolateCrunch&Strawberry
Sundaeshouldhavebeensoldinthestandardmix
oftheactualtotalunitssold?
Units
Totalquantitysold(280+630)
910
Standardmixofactualsales
4/7ChocolateCrunch
910x4/7=520
3/7StrawberrySundae
910x3/7=390
Total
910
actual1100
5h/unit
4/hour
absorbed22000
Output(units)
Absorptionrate
Fixedoverhead$
budgeted
budgeted
4/hour
budgeted
20000
1000 ×55000h
actual110
actual
absorbed2
Salesmixvariance
Step2:Differencebetweentheactualsalesinthestandardmixandtheactualsalesintheactualmixmultiplestandardprofitperunit
Actualsales
instd.mix
Actualsales
inactualmix
Difference
Standardprofitperunit
Variance
ChocolateCrunch
530units
280units
240(A)
X$5
$1,200(A)
StrawberrySundae
390units
630units
240(F)
X$3
$720(F)
Total
910units
910units
$480(A)
×4.9095400h
4/hour
21600
standard
4/hour
absorbed1
22000
actual1100×55500h
0
Salesquantityvariance
Differencebetweenactualsalesinstandardmixandthebudgetedsalesinstandardmixmultiplethestandardprofitperunit
Actualsalesinstd.mix
budgetedsalesinstandardmix
Difference
Standardprofitperunit
Variance
ChocolateCrunch
530units
400units
120(F)
X$5
$600(F)
StrawberrySundae
390units
300units
90(F)
X$3
$270(F)
Total
910units
700units
210units
$870(F)
Sum
$
Salesmixvariance
480(A)
Salesquantityvariance
870(F)
Salesvolumevariance
390(F)
Volumeefficiencyvariance
Output(units)
Absorptionrate
Fixedoverhead$
actual1100
4.909h/unit5400h
4/hour
absorbed2
21600
actual1100
5h/unit5500h
4/hour
absorbed1
22000
P
302
ACTUALSALES
Actualmix
Actualvolume
BUDGETED
SALES
AQ
C
910
S
AM
280
630
AP
1680
(6/u)
1260
(2/u)
AQ
910
AM
280
630
BP
1400
(5/u)
1890
(3/u)
AQ
910
BM
520
390
BP
2600
(5/u)
1170
(3/u)
BQ
700
BM
400
300
BP
2000
(5/u)
900
(3/u)
2940
350A
3290
480A
3770
870F
2900
Volumecapacityvariance
Output(units)
Absorptionrate
Fixedoverhead$
budgeted1000
5h/unit5000h
4/hour
budgeted
20000
actual1100
4.909h/unit5400h
4/hour
absorbed2
21600
LOGO
Topic2operatingstatement
Anoperatingstatementisaregularreportformanagementofactualcostsandrevenues,usuallyshowingvariancesfrombudget.Thestatementwilllistallindividualcostandsalesvariances.Itismoreconvenienttoshowsalesvariancesfirst,thencostvariancesshownbelow.
Totalvar.
Expenditurevar.
(actualvolume–
A–B
Hours=Vol.×h/u
A–S
budgetedvolume)
×standardrateperunit=B–S.
Volumevar.
Volumeefficiencyvar.
(actualvolume×standardh/u–actualhours)×standardrateperhour
(actualhours–budgetedvolume
×standardh/u)×standardrateperhour
Volumecapacityvar.
LOGO
Toreconcilebudgetedprofittoactualprofit:
Budgetedprofit+Salesvar.=Actualsalesminusthe
standardcostofsales(Supposedprofit)
Supposedprofit+Costvar.=Actualprofit
Budgetedprofit+Salesandcostvar.=Actualprofit
Variances=Actualprofit–Budgetedprofit
5.Salesvariance
Effectonprofitduetothesellingpricedifference
Effectonprofitduetothesellingvolumedifference
LOGO
Theformofoperatingstatements
Theformthatittakesdependsuponwhetherafirmusesanabsorptionormarginalcostingsystem.
Lectureexample3 P302
Product
Budgetedsalesunits
Revenue
$
Costs
$
Profit
$
Profitperunit
$
Actualsalesunits
Chocolate
400
8,000
6,000
2,000
5
280
crunch
StrawberrySundae
300
12,000
11,100
900
3
630
Total
700
20,000
17,100
2,900
Noactualpricehere!
Requiredtocalculate:
Salesmixvariance
Salesquantityvariance
Standardmix/proportion4:3
Salesvolumevariance
Salesvolumevariance
Budgetedsales
Actualsales
(Budgetedsales–Actualsales)x
std.profitperunit
Salesvolumevariancein
$Total
ChocolateCrunch
400
280
120unitsx$5(A)
$600(A)
Actualmix/
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