很全面的跨文化交际课件-欢迎下载

很全面的跨文化交际课件-欢迎下载第一页，共39页。4.WhatisCommunication?ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.(J.T.Wood)第一页第二页，共39页。ElementsofcommunicationContext(location,time,light,temperature,seatingarrangements)Participants(relationship,gender,culture)Messages(meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding)Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)Noise(externalnoise,internalnoise,semanticnoise)feedback第二页第三页，共39页。LinearModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIsthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication?ModeofCommunication第三页第四页，共39页。InteractiveModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedbackisessentialtogoodcommunicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channel第四页第五页，共39页。5.Characteristicsofcommunication1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationisirreversible4)Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext.第五页第六页，共39页。6.InterculturalCommunicationSamovar&Porter

Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.interculturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities.第六页第七页，共39页。InterculturalCommunication

Vs

Cross-culturalCommunicationCross-culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations,affectivedispositions,relationshipmanagement,communicativestyles(psychologicalprocess)Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture(practicalsignificance)第七页第八页，共39页。Warm-up:

Readthefollowingsayingsaloud,anddiscusswithyourpartner:whatdotheymeantoyou?Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.----ConfuciansayingOneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison.----EnglishproverbGodgavetoeverypeopleacup,cupofclay,andfromthiscuptheydranklife…Theyalldippedinthewater,buttheircupsweredifferent.----R.Benedict

第八页第九页，共39页。High-contextCulture:Inhigh-contextmessages,meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliation).Examplesofhigh-contextculturesincludeChinese,Japanese,MiddleEasterners,etc.第九页第十页，共39页。Low-contextCulture:Inlow-contextmessages,themajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Examplesoflow-contextculturesincludeEnglish,NorthAmerican,German,etc.第十页第十一页，共39页。Summary:languageandcultureLanguageisareflectionofculture,andcultureisareflectionoflanguage.Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesforusingthosesymbols,aswellasourperceptionsoftheuniverse(themeaningassociatedwiththesymbols).Language,ontheotherhand,wouldseemtohaveamajorimpactonthewayanindividualperceivesandconceptualizestheworld.第十一页第十二页，共39页。WhatisverbalcommunicationVerbal:connectedwithwordsandtheiruseVerbalcommunication:communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguageEasiertousewordstorepresentone’sexperienceswithinthesameculturebecausepeoplesharemanysimilarexperiences.Moretroublesomeinverbalcommunicationacrossculturesbecausepeople’sexperiences,beliefs,values,customs,traditionsandthelikearedifferent.第十二页第十三页，共39页。Howdifferentthinkingpatternsaffectourlife?WesternmedicineVstraditionalChinesemedicineWesterncookingDifferentviewsoncontractsWesternersvalueobjectivity,specificityandprecisionandmakesenseoftheworldbyreasoningandanalyzing.Chinesearemoresubjectiveandvalueintuitionalot,throughwhichtheygetaninsightintothingsaroundthem.第十三页第十四页，共39页。4.CommunicationStylesandCultureComparethefollowingtwospokendiscourseanddecidewhichonemightbegivenbyaChineseandwhichbyanAmerican?BecausemostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowHongKongwillbelikeafter1997,andsinceIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.So,IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.Inductivepattern(topicdelayed)第十四页第十五页，共39页。WhichisgivenbyaChinese?WhichbyanAmerican?B.IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.That’sbecauseIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.Inadditiontothat,mostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowHongKongwillbelikeafter1997.

deductivepattern(topicfirst)第十五页第十六页，共39页。DifferentCommunicationStyles2）东方：归纳法（个别→一般）VS西方：演绎（一般→个别）induction(specific→general)deduction(general→specific)第十六页第十七页，共39页。ChineseInductive?

Americandeductive?

Intheeast,peoplesometimesadoptthedeductivepattern.(inacloserelationshiporrelativelyequalstatus)Inthewest,peopledonotexcludetheuseofinductivepattern.(borrowmoney,oraskforabig,embarrassingfavor)Inboththeeastandwest,thepersoninahigherstatustendstousethedeductivepatternwhiletheoneinalowerstatustendstousetheinductivepattern.第十七页第十八页，共39页。1.NonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform.Morethan55%messagesarecommunicatednonverbally!第十八页第十九页，共39页。Definition:(1)“Metacommunication(beyondtheusualcommmunication),paralinguistics,second-ordermessages,thesilentlanguage,andthehiddendimensionofcommunication.”(Hall,1959)第十九页第二十页，共39页。Definition:(2)Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,2004)第二十页第二十一页，共39页。1.1BodyLanguageBodylanguagereferstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements.Bodylanguageincludesgestures,headmovements,facialexpressions,eyebehaviors,posturesandotherdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate.第二十一页第二十二页，共39页。(1)GeneralAppearanceandDressConcernwithhowoneappearsisuniversal.Wemakeinferences(oftenfaulty)aboutanother’s“intelligence,gender,age,approachability,financialwell-being,class,tastes,values,andculturalbackground”fromattractiveness,dress,andpersonalartifacts.Doyouselectattractivefriendsoverlessattractiveones?第二十二页第二十三页，共39页。1.2Paralanguage(伴随语言)Itreferstovoicecharacteristicsandvocalqualities.

Paralinguisticsisthestudyofsuchnon-semanticaspectsofspeechastone,volume,pitchandtempo,pauseandthelikewhicharetogetherwithverbalinformation.Ourvoicemaybeoneofthemostinformativeelementsinbuildingupourimages.第二十三页第二十四页，共39页。(1)Pitch

Pitchdecideshesitationoremphasis.Whenoneisexcited,his/hervoicewouldbehighinpitch,quickinrate,andtherewillbenopausesbetweensentences;Whenoneissadordepressed,his/hervoicetraitswouldsurelybetheopposite.第二十四页第二十五页，共39页。(2)VolumeControl

TheEnglishalwaysspeakinlowervoicethanChinesewhentheymakespeechoralecture,ortalkingwitheachother,orphoning.ButChineseoftenspeakinloudvoiceintheaforesaidoccasions.

Americanaremoreskilledinregulatingtheirvoicevolumeanduseverymanydifferentvolumelevelsdependingonthesizeoftheaudienceandthephysicalenvironment.第二十五页第二十六页，共39页。(3)Silence

Silencecanbelongerbetweenfriendsorintimatesthanthestrangerswhohavetoconverse.Chinesepaymoreattentiontothefunctionofsilenceinthetalking,andthinkthatthepausesandsilencehaverichmeanings.Silencemayhavemanypossiblemeanings:agreement--disagreement,thoughtful--ignorance,consideration--inconsideration,secrecy,coldness,submission,boredomandsoon.第二十六页第二十七页，共39页。Timesystems(Hall,1976):Doyoustillremembertimeorientation?MonochronicTime(M-Time)PolychronicTime(P-Time)

美国人类学家霍尔（EdwardHall）在《超越文化》（BeyondCulture）一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”（monochronictime）和“多向计时制”（polychronictime)第二十七页第二十八页，共39页。MonochronicTime(M-Time)

Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.

e.g.AmericanPeople“单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时”,

认为“时间是线性的、可分割的，就象一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来，向后延伸到过去”。第二十八页第二十九页，共39页。MonochronicTime(M-Time)在我们看来，同时做两件事几乎有点不道德。”持有这种时间取向的英美人士把时间看成具体实在（tangible）的东西,可以节省（save）、花费（spend）、赚得（earn）、浪费（waste）、失去（lose）、弥补（makeup）、计量(measure）、甚至当成商品一样买卖（buy,sell）和拥有（have）。美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事情（doonethingatatime）第二十九页第三十页，共39页。PolychronicTime(P-Time)

P-timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itismoreflexibleandmorehumanistic.PeoplefromP-timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem.

e.g.Chinese,LatinAmerican,ArabandmostAsiancultures第三十页第三十一页，共39页。Definitionof

EthnocentrismDefinition

“theviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit”(WilliamG.Sumner)Examples

“Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.”“arrangedmarriage”

第三十一页第三十二页，共39页。Reasonforethnocentricideas

Allcultureshavethetendencytousethecategoriesofone’sownculturetoevaluatetheactionsofothers.第三十二页第三十三页，共39页。NegativeImpactofEthnocentrismIfpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.第三十三页第三十四页，共39页。

StereotypesDefinition

Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatare