英语语言学练习题

英语语言学练习题

Supplementaryexercises

Chapter1

Introduction

Ⅰ.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.

3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.

5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.

6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.

7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.

8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.

9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.

11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.

12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.

13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.

14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.

15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.

16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.

17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.

18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.

19.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.

20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.

Ⅱ.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.

22.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.

23.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.

24.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.

26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag_______basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.

27.P_______referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.

29.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.

30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes_______studyoflanguage.

Ⅲ.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe_______.

A.prescriptive

B.analytic

C.descriptive

D.linguistic

32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

A.Arbitrariness

B.Displacement

C.Duality

D.Meaningfulness

33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas_______.

A.primary

B.correct

C.secondary

D.stable

34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because_______.

A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed

C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue

D.Alloftheabove

35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa_______studyoflanguage.

A.synchronic

B.diachronic

C.prescriptive

D.comparative

36.Saussuretooka(n)_______viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.

A.sociological…psychological

B.psychological…sociological

C.applied…pragmatic

D.semantic…linguistic

37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemem-bersofaspeechcommunity.

A.parole

B.performance

C.langue

D.Language

38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_______andmeanings.

A.sense

B.sounds

C.objects

D.ideas

39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_______,

A.displacement

B.duality

C.flexibility

D.culturaltransmission

40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough_______,ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learning

B.teaching

C.books

D.bothAandB

Ⅳ.Definethefollowingterms:

41.Linguistics

42.Phonology

43.Syntax

44.Pragmatics

45.Psycholinguistics

46.Language

47.Phonetics

48.Morphology

49.Semantics

50.Sociolinguistics

51.AppliedLinguistics

52.Arbitrariness

53.Productivity

54.Displacement

55.Duality

56.DesignFeatures

57.Competence

58.Performance

59.Langue

60.Parole

Ⅴ.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommu-nication.Explainitindetail.

62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.

63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?

66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?

Chapter2

Phonology

Ⅰ.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.

2.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

3.Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.

4.EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.

5.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.

6.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

7.Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.

8.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.

9.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.

10.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.

11.Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.

12.Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.

13.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.

14.Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.

15.Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.

16.Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.

17.Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.

18.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.

19.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.

20.Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.

Ⅱ.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.A_______referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.

22.A_______phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.

23.Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e.,theyareallb_______sounds.

24.Ofallthespeechorgans,thet_______isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.

25.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation.

26.Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.

27.S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.

28.Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds_______rules.

29.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription.

30.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________.

31.P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.

32.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity.

33.T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.

34.Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands_________stress.

Ⅲ.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

35Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.

A.mouth

B.lips

C.tongue

D.vocalcords

36.Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.

A.voiceless

B.voiced

C.vowel

D.consonantal

37.__________isavoicedalveolarstop.

A./z/

B./d/

C./k/

D./b/

38.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.

A.identical

B.same

C.exactlyalike

D.similar

39.Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.

A.inphonemiccontrast

B.incomplementarydistribution

C.theallophones

D.minimalpair

40.Thesound/f/is_________________.

A.voicedpalatalaffricate

B.voicedalveolarstop

C.voicelessvelarfricative

D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative

41.A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.

A.back

B.central

C.front

D.middle

42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled_______.

A.phoneticcomponents

B.immediateconstituents

C.suprasegmentalfeatures

D.semanticfeatures

43.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

A.phone

B.sound

C.allophone

D.phoneme

44.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.

A.phones

B.sounds

C.phonemes

D.allophones

Ⅳ.Definethetermsbelow:

45.phonology

46.phoneme

47.allophone

48.internationalphoneticalphabet

49.intonation

50.phonetics

51.auditoryphonetics

52.acousticphonetics

53.phone

54.phonemiccontrast

55.tone

56.minimalpair

Ⅴ.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

57.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?

58.Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?

59.Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?

60.Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.

61.Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot?

Chapter3

Morphology

Ⅰ.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.

3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.

4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.

5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.

6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.

7.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.

8.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.

9.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.

10.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.

Ⅱ.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

11.M_______isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

12.Theaffix“-ish”inthewordboyishconveysag_______meaning.

13.B___________morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

14.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesandd__________affixes.

15.D________affixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatewords.

16.As______isaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.

17.C__________isthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.

18.Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewwordarecalledm___________rules.

19.Intermsofmorphemicanalysis,d_______________canbeviewedastheadditionofaffixestostemstoformnewwords.

20.As______canbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitselftowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.

Ⅲ.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

21.Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)______.

A.boundmorpheme

B.boundform

C.inflectionalmorpheme

D.freemorpheme

22.Thecompoundword“bookstore”istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompound__________.

A.isthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponents

B.canalwaysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorphemes

C.isthesameasthemeaningofafreephrase.

D.Noneoftheabove.

23.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof__________.

A.thefirstelement

B.thesecondelement

C.eitherthefirstorthesecondelement

D.boththefirstandthesecondelements

24._______arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

A.Freemorphemes

B.Boundmorphemes

C.Boundwords

D.Words

25._________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

A.Syntax

B.Grammar

C.Morphology

D.Morpheme

26.Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis_______.

A.lexical

B.morphemic

C.grammatical

D.semantic

27.Boundmorphemesarethosethat___________.

A.havetobeusedindependently

B.cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemes

C.caneitherbefreeorbound

D.havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes

28._______modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.

A.Prefixes

B.Suffixes

C.Roots

D.Affixes

29._________areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.

A.Words

B.Morphemes

C.Phonemes

D.Sentences

30.“-s”intheword“books”is_______.

A.aderivativeaffix

B.astem

C.aninflectionalaffix

D.aroot

Ⅳ.Definethefollowingterms:

31.morphology

32.inflectionalmorphology

33.derivationalmorphology

34.morpheme

35.freemorpheme

36.boundmorpheme

37.root

38.affix

39.prefix

40.suffix

41.derivation

42.Compounding

Ⅴ.Answerthefollowingquestions:

43.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?

44.Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.

Chapter4

Syntax

Ⅰ.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Syntaxisasubfiedoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.

2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.

3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.

4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.

5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.

6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.

7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.

8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.

9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.

10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.

11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.

12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.

13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.

14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.

Ⅱ.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

15.As________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.

16.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.

17.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.

18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.

19.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.

20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause.

21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo_______categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.

22.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.

23.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.

24.ThetheoryofC_______conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.

Ⅲ.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

25.Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.

A.right

B.wrong

C.grammatical

D.ungrammatical

26.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.

A.coordinator

B.particle

C.preposition

D.subordinator

27.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.

A.recursive

B.grammatical

C.social

D.functional

28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.

A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.

B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords

C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences

D.Alloftheabove.

29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled________.

A.transformationalrules

B.generativerules

C.phrasestructurerules

D.x-bartheory

30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.

A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.

B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphrase

C.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositions

D.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.

31.Thesentencestructureis________.

A.onlylinear

B.Onlyhierarchical

C.complex

D.bothlinearandhierarchical

32.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.

A.large

B.small

C.finite

D.infinite

33.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.

A.lexical

B.morphological

C.linguistic

D.combinational

34._______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.

A.Generative

B.Transformational

C.X-bar

D.Phrasestructure

Ⅳ.Definethefollowingterms:

35.syntax

36.Sentence

37.coordinatesentence

38.syntacticcategories

39.grammaticalrelations

40.linguisticcompetence

41.transformationalrules

42.D-structure

Ⅴ.Answerthefollowingquestions:

43.Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?

44.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexamples.

45.Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?Why?

46.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisofsentencestructures?

47.WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.

Chapter5

Semantics

Ⅰ.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.

2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.

4.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.

5.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.

6.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.

7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.

8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.

9.“Itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.

10.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

Ⅱ.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

11.S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

12.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod_______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.

13.R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

14.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.

15.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.

16.R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.

17.C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.

18.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.

19.Ana______isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.

20.Accordingtothen______theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.

Ⅲ.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

21.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.

A.Plato

B.Bloomfield

C.GeoffreyLeech

D.Firth

22.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.

A.theconceptualistview

B.contexutalism

C.thenamingtheory

D.behaviourism

23.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?

A.S