新编语用学教程课后答案

Introduction[checkyourunderstanding]1.fSyntaxandsemanticseachhavetheirownstrengths.2.fPragmaticsisalsointerestedinhowlanguageuseaffectsthelanguagesystem.3.t4.f5.tIn-ClassActivities1.ASK(1)Yes,he’scoming.(2)Yes.[No,heisn’tcoming](3)HisknowledgeaboutwhetherPatlikescognitivelinguisticsornot.2.(1)a.JohnisobviouslynotHitler.ThereisonlyoneHitlerintheworld.b.Golfasaninanimateobjectcan’tplayahumanbeing(John).c.Itisacaseoftautologythatconveysnonewinformation.d.“Idea”doesn’thavecolorandcan’tsleepsinceitisinanimate.Thewholesentencedoesn’tmakesense.(2)a.itcanbeusedforcommunicationinacontextwhereJohnsharessomepersonalitywithHitler.b.whenJohnisapoorplayerofgolf.c.inacontextwhereacertainboyhasdonesomethingwrong(outofnaughtiness).(3)whenthesentenceisusedinpoetrytopersonalizetheword"idea".3.(1)a.Inanentranceofapark.b.Intherestroomofsomepublicplaceslikeanairport.a.Peopleareforbiddentobringdogsintothepark.b.Thisplaceisforadultstochangeinfantdiapers.4.(1)Herethespeakerwantstoexpresshiscomplaintthatthecouplearetalkingtooloudly(andtheimplicitrequestforthemtostoptalking).(2)Bysayingso,theyoungmanwantstoconveytheirrefusalto“my”request.Thebackgroundknowledgeweneedisthatsinceitisusuallyimpolitetolistentootherpeople’privateconversation,itisnormalthat“I”can’thearaword(thusthecouplecancontinuetheirtalk).5.(1)Thisnoticeimpliesthatallthosewhojumptheredlightareuncivilized,whateverthereason.(2)讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。6.(1)Thisisanadvertisementforaholidayinnanditsfoodissodeliciousthatitcanmakethecustomer’swifejealous.The“Frenchtoast”probablymeansatypeofspecialtyprovidedbythisholidayinn.(2)C:你去哪里？吃饭了没？E:Howareyou?How’severythinggoing?7.(1)Hemeanshedoesn’tspeakFrench.(2)Russianmajorsdon’tspeakFrench.(3)Yes.Ithelpstoindicateanegativeanswer.8.(1)a.Heuses“that”undertheassumptionthathismomknowswhichletterisbeingreferredto.b.Heusesanimperativesentencetoaskhermothertoclosethewindow,whichisimpolite.(2)Johnny:Mom,PingPingiscomingtovisitusthisafternnoon.Mother:WhoisPingPing?a.constative?locution:“Nosmokinginthisarea”.Illocution:Forbiddingpeoplefromsmokinghere.Perlocution:Peopledonotsmokehere.b.constative.Locution:“Ticketpassengersonly”.Illocution:Askingpassengerstobuyticketsiftheywantto(enterthemuseum).Perlocution:Passengersbuyticketstoenterthemuseum.c.constative.Locution:“Tokenvendingmachine”.Illocution:Informingthepublicofthefactthattheycanbuytokensthroughthismachine.Perlocution:Peoplebuytokensthroughthismachine(ifatall).2.Yes.Itsolvestheproblemthatconstativescanindeedberegardedasimplicitwaysofdoingthings.Thus,allutterancesare“performative”inessence.Yes,Iagree.SupposeAsaidtoB“it’sstuffyhere”.TheactualeffectmaybethatAisunderstoodtobecomplaining,buttheintendedeffectisthatsomeoneshouldopenthewindoworthedooranditmaybringBtoperformtheactinsteadoflettinghimjustlistentoA’scomplaint.

3.(1)a,(2)a,and(3)aareperformativeutterancesandcanstandthetest“hereby”.However,in(1)b,(1)cand(2)b,(2)c,“know”,“think”,“amuse”and“flatter”arenotperformativeverbs.In(3)b,thethirdpersonsubjectisused.In(3)c,simplepasttenseisused.

4.Bothverdictivesandexertivesinvolveademonstrationofpowers,rights,orinfluence.However,verdictiveshavethe\o"illocutionary"illocutionaryforceofissuingaformalorofficial\o"judgment"judgmentandgivingaverdict,whileexertivesinvolvemakingdecisionsinfavoroforagainstacertaincourseofaction,oradvocacyofit.

5.Theseutterancesarenot\o"Truth"trueorfalse,thatis,not\o"Logicalvalue"truth-evaluable.Theutteringofthemonformaloccasionsisorispartofthedoingofacertainkindofaction,theperformanceofwhich,again,wouldnotnormallybedescribedasjust“saying”or“describing"something(cf.Austin1962,5).e.g.“Thismeetingisnowadjourned.”“Thecourtisnowinsession.”“Thischurchisherebyde-sanctified.”批准,认可,使合法化Unit2[Checkyourunderstanding]1.f

Itiscriticizedaslackingcriteriaforclassification.2.f

Thehearerisheldresponsible.3.f4.t5.fIn-ClassActivities1.(1)No,theyareessentiallydirectives.(2)

“你能帮我还书吗，谢谢哦。”“We’llbeverygratefulforyourpresence.”(3)Becausetheyexpectotherpeople’scomplianceinsteadofrefusals.Onefeelsindebted感激的,受惠的,蒙恩的ifonedoesnotcomplywiththerequest.2.(1)Commissives(2)Yes.Thesecondpromiseisachievedwithaconditionwhichmayturnthepromise(acommissive)intoarequirement(adirective).3.(1)No.Utteranceaisathreat.Utterancebinvolvessomethingthatthespeakercannotxcontrol.Utterancecdescribessomethinginthepastratherthansomethingthatthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utterancedinvolvesanactthatthehearerratherthanthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utteranceehasathirdpersonasthesubject.Utterancefisastatementaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast.(2)a.propositionalcontentcondition(whatissaidisaboutsomethingthatthespeakerhasdonewrongly);b.sinceritycondition(thespeakerisseriousorsincereinmakingtheapology;c.preparatoryconditions(e.g.thepersonwhoisapologizingshouldhavemademistakes)d.essentialcondition(bothsidesunderstandthatwhatthespeakersaysisanapology).Zhang:这件事你不应这样处理的。Li:

好嘛，算我错了行了吧。[wherethespeakerisnotsincere]4.(1)Thecustomerwhenhesaysthereisaflyinmysoup(whichismeanttobeacomplaint).(2)Becausesayingthatcannormallyattractthewaiter’sattentionandthewaiterknowswhattodoinacontextlikethis.Yes.Sometimes,wespeakindirectlytosaveourorothers’face.(3)Yes,Iagreewithher.Hearingthecustomer’swords,thewaitermaynottakeitseriously(ifheisnotjoking).

5.(1)TheroleoftheunderlinedpartisexplainingthereasonoftherefusalsothatAndywillacceptJack’srefusalmorereadily.Notnecessarily.Awhiteliealsodoesthesametrick.(2)a.Callingonpeopletosavewater.b.Denyingpeopletherighttoparkhere.The“irrelevant”informationisusedtoenhancethechancesofsuccessfullyperformingthedirectiveacts.

ExercisesTask3.1.a.Austinwasaleadingexponentof'analytical'or'OrdinaryLanguage'philosophy.Hisworkinthe1950sprovidedbothatheoreticaloutlineandtheterminologyforthemodernstudyof\o"Speechact"speechactsdevelopedsubsequently.Hewastheinitiatorofthespeechacttheory.Hedrewthedistinctionbetweenconstativeutterancesandperformativeutterances,althoughhelatterdiscardedthedistinction.Heintroducedthetrichotomyoflocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.JohnSearleiswidelynotedforhiscontributionstothe\o"Philosophyoflanguage"philosophyoflanguage,\o"Philosophyofmind"philosophyofmindand\o"Socialphilosophy"socialphilosophy.\o"JohnSearle"Searlehasintroducedthenotionof'indirectspeechact'.Hehasreclassifiedillocutionaryacts.Hehasdevelopedthetheoryintoageneraltheoryabouthumancommunication.b.Speechactsequence;responsiveacts.2.No.Threateningseemstobeadirectiveaswellasacommissiveact.Open.3.LearnhowtodospeechactsinL2.DoingthesamespeechactinL1andL2maynotbethesame.4.Dependsonwhetherthesincerityconditionisviolatedornot.5.a.declarationb.representativec.representatived.directivee.expressivef.commissive

g.directive

h.commissive

i.declaration6.“Excuseme”isusuallyusedtointerruptotherpeople,soitspreparatoryconditionisthatthereareotherstalkingaboutordoingsomething,whenthespeaker’sinterruptionisnotexpected.However,“sorry”isusedinadifferentsituation,anditspreparatoryconditionisthatthespeakerhasmadeamistake.7.Effectiveness:a>b>c>d

[otherthingsbeingequal]Politeness:a<b<c<d

[otherthingsbeingequal]8.a.Itrunscountertothepreparatoryconditionthatthedoormustbeclosedatthemoment.b.Itgoesagainstthesinceritycondition.[Itisfelicitousasanactofthanking]c.Itgoesagainstthepreparatoryconditionthatwhatthespeakerisgoingtodomustbetothehearer’sdisadvantage[yetrefusingtoeatdissertisnot].

Unit3[Checkyourunderstanding]1.f2.f3.f4.f5.fIn-ClassActivities1(1)a.[directanswerabouthisfather’sprofession]

b.Hisfathercanhelp.c.Hisfathercannothelp.(2)A:Yourfathermustbeverygreat.

B:Heisalawyer.

----------A:Doesyourfatherearnalotofmoney

B:Heisalawyer.

2.(1)Bothofthemareimplicitratherthanstatedbytheactualmeaningofthewords.(2)Animplicaturecanbepartofsentencemeaningordependentonconversationalcontext,andcanbeconventionalorunconventional.Butconnotationisconventionalandattachedtowords.(3)“Fox”canconnotecunningness.Whenwesay“heisafox”inresponseto“whatdoyouthinkofJack?”,weindicatethatJackiscunninglikeafox.

3.(1)Yes,itimpliesthatJackhasoneandonlyonebrother.(2)Entailmentsaretruewheneverthestatementutteredistrue,butdifferentimplicaturesmaybederivedwhenthesentenceisusedindifferentcontexts.No.Yes.Forinstance,Jackhasabrother;indeed,hehastwo.(3)A:Jackmustbespoiledbyhisparents.B:Jackhasabrother.

4.(1)cancelabilityordefeasibility.(2)Yes.Thewords“not…yet”hastheconventionalimplicaturethatsomethingispossibleafterthegiventime.

5.(1)Jackmayrefillhiscarinthegarage.(2)Yes,thegaragemaybeclosedatthemoment.(3)a.Theseafoodsarefresh./Dobuytheseafoods.

b.Youcanwinhere./Playhere.6.(1)Hearermeaningisthehearer'sunderstandingofthespeaker'sutterance.(2)A:Tomisquitecleverinthataspect.

B:Iagree.He’sthecleverestpersonI’veeverseen.

A:ButIdon'tmeanheisreallycleverinthataspect.(3)a.Hearer'sandspeaker'sbackgroundknowledgemaybedifferent.

b.Theirexpectations,beliefs,andthelikemaybedifferent.ExercisesTask31.a.Thereisconventionofusageinnaturallanguage.b.TodayIdeclareyouhusbandandwife.Heisatsixsandsevens.

2.A:Areyouhappy.

B:Yes.

A:Areyouhappy?

B:Yes.Quite,quite.

Thereareotherpossibilities.E.g.Speakersmeanlessthanwhattheysay.

A:Areyouhappy.

B:Yes.Iamthehappiestpersonintheworld.

3.Sayingdoesnotnecessarilyamounttothesamethingas"meaning".Bysayingonethingaspeakermightmeananotherthingentirely.Thereisasenseof"saying"onwhichyoucan'tsayanythingwithoutmeaningsomething.

4.

A:Sheisacharminglady.Imeanonlywhenshesmiles.Bysayingthefirstsentence,Amayimplyheisattractedbythelady,butbyaddingthesecondsentencehedeniestheimplicature.

5.No.

Yes.a.Jack:Let'sgooutdrinkingtonight.

Jane:Mygrandmaisill.(But,mymotheriscoming)b.Jack:HowdidPhilipandPikedointheOlympics?

Jane:Philipwonamedal.Obviously,ahasaparticularizedimplicatureandbhasageneralizedimplicature.Itiscomparativelyeasytoaddasentencetoatocanceltheimplicature,butinbitisdifficult.Anyhow,weuseotherwaystoachievethesameimplicaturesinaandb.What'smore,particularizedimplicaturesaremoreunconventionalandtheyhavegreaterindeterminacy.

6.a.conventional(there'snoneedforcontextinformation)[Onecannotusethedoorbefore6p.m.](“before”)b.Conventional[Nofreerefillsfornon-samevisit](“only”)

7.[open]Onemaysayno,though.Conversationalimplicatureiscontextdependent.Tosomeextent,itisarbitrary,becausedifferentpeoplemaygetdifferentimplicatureseveninthesamecontextanddifferentcontextsmaygeneratedifferentimplicaturesaswell.

8.A.whenpeopletalkingaboutboys'qualities.B.Whenpeoplearetalkingaboutboys'abilitytodomathematics.

9.ConversationalimplicaturesaresensitivetocontextanddependentontheobservanceofCooperativePrinciplewhilefloutingaparticularmaxim.Peoplemayarriveatdifferentconversationalimplicatureforthesameutterance.TheconclusionsarrivedatbysyllogismarecontextfreeandpeoplegetthesameconclusionbemeansofreasoningUnit4[Checkyourunderstanding]1.f2.f3.f4.f5.f

In-ClassActivities1.(1)Bothmetaphorsandironygoagainstthemaximofqualitythatrequiresthespeakertobetruthful.Ametaphorinvolvessayingthatonethingisanotherandanironyconsistsintheexpressionofone'smeaningbyusinglanguagethatnormallysignifiestheopposite.(2)Understatement(“It’snottoobad”)isaformofspeechinwhichalesserexpressionisusedthanwhatwouldbeexpected;hyperbole(“Haven’tseenyouforages”)isafigureofspeechinwhichstatementsareexaggerated.Theiruserunscountertothemaximofquantityaswellasthatofquality.

2.(1)Yes,themaximofmannerisexploited.Mr.Bennetimplicatesthathewilllethiswifetellhimwhohastakenthehouse.Also,themaximofquantityisviolatedwhenMs.Bennetrespondstoherhusband’squestion“Ishemarriedorsingle?”(2)Bysaying"Ihavenoobjectiontohearingit",Mr.Bennetmeansthathiswifehasthefreedomtosupplytheinformationinfrontofhim,whichinturnmeansheagreestolistentohiswifealthoughheisnotenthusiasticaboutit.(3)TheauthorimpliesthatMrs.Bennetisveryenthusiastictotellotherpeoplethingsevenatasmallhintofagreement.

3.(1)Onemaybeonlysuperficiallyrelevantintermsoftheliteralmeaning;onecanalsobeinteractionallyrelevantintermsoftheillocutionarygoal.(2)Yes,itmayrunintosimilartrouble.Itisdifficulttodefine"bebrief","obscurityofexpression",and"beorderly".Brevityandorderlinessaremattersofdegree.

4.(1)a.quality

b.quantity

c.relation

d.manner(2)Quality

E.g.:Iamnotsosure,but...C:事情可能是这样的。

Quantity

It’sgoingtobealongstory.说来话长。

Relation

Bytheway,…

顺便说一句，……

Manner

Toputitdifferently,...

不妨换个说法，……

5.(1)TheMaximofQualityismoralinnature,whiletheotherthreearenot.

(2)No,hewasconcernedwithwhatpeoplehadsaidimplicitlyinsteadofhowtheyshouldtalk.6.(1)A.Manner

Implicature:Visitorsaresupposedtopaytogetin.

B.Quality

Implicature:Peoplemustworkhard,iftheywanttoearnalotofmoney.(2)Yes,buttheadvertisingdiscourseviolatesthemaximsmoreoftenbecausetheyintendtoattractpeople'sattentionthroughit.Theadgoesagainstthemaximofquantityandmanner[underinformative;notperspicuous].

ExercisesTask31.Wheninterlocutorsareinconflictinsomeway.

2.Yes,sometimesifyouareoverinformative,youmaybeirrelevant.

Yes,Iagree.Itismoralinnature.

3.Politeness.Ifwetreatpolitenessasaformofcooperativeness.

4.

(1)Relation

Implicature:Idon'twanttolendittoyou./Ihaven’tfinishedmyhomework.

(2)Quantity

Implicature:Ihavenobrothers.(3)Relation

Implicature:Idon'twanttoplaytennis.(4)Relation

Implicature:Idon'twanttoeatoysters.

5.

(1)Thespeakerjustadmitshewentoutlastnight,buthedoesn'tanswerwherehehadbeen.(2)Thespeakerjustgivesananswerinageneralway,althoughtheotheronewantstoknowhisspecificjob.(3)TheChinesewordphrase"jiguang"istoogeneral.

Yes,therearesomepatternstheseresponsesshare,e.g.allofthemprovideonlygeneralinformation,lessinformativethanwhattheinterlocutorexpects.

6.Newspapers,literaryworksandsoon.

7.Yes,Ithinkso.Forexample,Chinesetendtoconsidertheprovisionofextrainformationasgenerousbehaviorratherthaninvariablyadeliberateacttoconveyimplicature.

8.Yes,especiallysomesocialfactors.Forexamplewhenwesay"他没受过教育"，thefactorwetakeforgrantedisthatthepeoplewhohaven'treceivededucationislikelytomisconduct.

Notnecessarily.E.g.WANG:《冷山》真的很有意思。XU:

冷山不是一座山吗？Unit5[Checkyourunderstanding]1.f2.t3.f4.t5.f

In-ClassActivities1.(1)Shedoesn'tlikeallofthem.(2)E.g.Thewateriswarm.

Implicature:Thewaterisnothot.(3)Yes.

E.g.甚至小孩子都能做出这道题。

Thissentenceimpliesthatadultscantacklethequestion.2.(1)No.(2)Yes,theEnglishtranslationimpliesthatpassengersmaystillmakesomenoises.

3.(1)Thea-utteranceandtheb-utterancearecasesofpragmatic/metalinguisticnegationwhereasthec-sentenceandthed-sentencearecasesofnormalpropositionalnegation.Yes,becausethefirsttwocasesinvolveaHornscale.(2)Yes.Whatisnegatedinthetwocasesisthestrongdegreeoftheactsconventionallyimpliedbytheverbs.

4.(1)ThefingerreferstoJohn'sfingerandthehouseandcarrefertothoseofsomeoneelse's.(2)Ifthereisadditionalinformationforthesesentences,theycanbeinterpreteddifferently.E.g.Johnwentintoahouse.Itturnedouttobehisnewlyboughthouse.

5.(1)Ittakestheexclusivemeaningwhenitconjoinstwoeventsorthingsthatcannotconcuratthesametime.Ittakestheinclusivemeaningwhenitconjoinstwoeventsorthingsthatconcuratthesametime.(2)Basicmeaning:theinclusivereading(i.e.atleastoneistrue)

Deprivedimplicature：theexclusivemeaning(whencontextsuggeststhatonlyoneisallowed)

6.(1)Boththefirstandthesecond"sale"meandiscountedsale.Usually,theendofyearsaleissellinggoodsatalowerprice;theuseof50%meanssellingclothesorsomethingatalowerprice.(2)"luck","opportunity"

ExercisesTask31.A.Idon’tknowJohnwillwinthechampionship.B.Notallpeopletodayarevegetarians.C.Jackdoesnothaveafever.D.Guangzhoudoesnothaveahot/coldwinter.E.MysondoesnotgetstraightA'sallthetime.

2.A.ThatJackcanlift200poundsalreadyimplicatesthathecanliftatmost200pounds,but"infact"indicatestheopposite,sothesecondclauseisnotnecessaryandfault.B.Thesecondclausehereintends,throughtheuseof“infact”,tocanceltheimplicatureofthefirstclause.C.Similarly,thatJackcanfinishthejobinthreedaysalreadyimplicatesthathecanfinishitinatmostthreedays,but"infact"indicatestheopposite,sothesecondclauseisnotnecessaryandfault.D.Thesecondclausehereintends,throughtheuseof“infact”,tocanceltheimplicatureofthefirstclause.

3.Similarity:bothofHornandLevinsonbasetheirQ-principleonthefirstsubmaximofQuantityMaxim.

Deference:Horn'sR-principleisbasedonthesecondsubmaximofQuantityMaxim,relationmaximandpartofMannerMaxim,whileLevinson'I-principleisbasedonthesecondmaximofQuantityMaximandhisM-principlebasedonMannerMaxim.

4.AccordingtotheQ-principlewhichstipulatesthatthespeakerhasgivensufficientinformationandtheR-principlewhichsuggeststhattheinformationsuppliedmustsatisfytheuppermostlimitofexpectation,in"it'sthetaste","thetaste"meansmorethan"ataste",butagoodtaste

Yes,e.g.It'sthetastewhichIhatemost.Otherexamples:"Sheistheone."/Makethechange.（新李宁）

5."身材"，"长相"meansgoodfigureandgoodappearance."有钱"meansnotjusthavingmoneybutbeingrich."有个性"meanssheisspecialoruniqueinherpersonality.

ExamplesinEnglish:She'sgotlegs.

Heisamanwithajob.

6.Open.Unit6[Checkyourunderstanding]1.f2.f3.f4.f5.tIn-ClassActivities1.(1)a."yours","(right)now"

b."here","your"(2)Tobringtheaddresseescloserandmakethemidentifywithaddressers.Impresstheaddresseesasifthingsarehappeningatthemoment.

2.(1)No(2)Whethertheyconcerntheencodingofspatiallocationrelativetothelocationofthespeakerinthespeechevent.

3.(1)Yes.Weuse"here"toreplacetheplace'sname.(2)Sometimesthespeakermayusehisorhernameinsteadofusing“I”tohighlighthisorheridentityorindividuality.4.(1)Onlywhenthedateofmanufacturingandthatofsellingarethesame.(2)"最后三天"isnotdefinite,becauseonemaynotknowfromwhichdaythelastthreedaysbegin.(3)Itisnotknownwhattimethespeakerleft.(4)Yes.Whatisthepresentprice?Thepricemaychangeovertime.Theword“当前”isdeictic.

5.(1)Yes.Itisusedforemphasis(2)Yes."Booksonsalehere!"

6.(1)A."we","ourselves"B."we","today"C."I","here","now"D."I","lastplace"E."YOU","here"F."I"G."today"(2)Theremaybeadifferenceinthecodingtimeandthereceivingtime;theremaybethespeakerperspectiveandthehearerperspective.

7.(1)“I’mcoming”takestheaddresseeasthedeicticcenter.(2)Yes.

ExercisesTask31.A."there".

B."you"

2.Ina,thespeakerusestheprogressiveaspectinsteadofthenormalsimplepresenttense.Theuseofthepresentprogressingaspectshowsthespeaker'spassionandstrongloveareongoing.

3.b,d,faregesturallydeicticexpressionsandtherestcontainsymbolicallydeicticexpressions.4.Discoursedeicticreferstoanotherlinguisticexpressionorapieceofdiscourse,e.g.ThisinThisisagreatstorywhereasanaphoricreferstothesameitemasapriorlinguisticexpression,e.g.heinJohnisanincredibleathlete;hecameinfirstintherace.

5.Whenthespeakerwantstobeeconomicandboththespeakerandthehearersharethebackgroundknowledge,e.g.heinHeisthecimenal,deicticexpressionspreempttheircorrespondingnon-deicticexpressions.Whenthespeakerwantstocreatesomespecialeffects,wemayusenon-deicticexpressions,e.g.MrDarcycallsMrsDarcyMrsDarcyinPrideandPrejudicetoexpresshisjoyandlove.

6.Theuseof“your”and“us”isinteractivewithanyonewhobumpsintothead.

Mini-project2.公差、甄爷、小婿、小人、太爷、丫头、丫鬟、探花、巡盐御史、龙钟老僧、敝友、老先生、祖母、史老太君、王侯、贼、子弟、祖父、师长、政老爹、妾、庶出、小姐、夫人、琏爷、（第二回贾夫人仙逝扬州城冷子兴演说荣国府）Thesocialdeixisaboveshowsthehierarchyinthefeudalsociety.Unit7[Checkyourunderstanding]1.f2.t3.f4.f5.fIn-ClassActivities1.(1)Mary'sbedroomisnotclean.(2)Yes.

2.(1)b.CollegestudentscanspeakEnglish.(throughtheuseof“therefore”)(2)b.CollegestudentscanspeakEnglish.(3)Here,wepresupposethatcollegestudentsgenerallycanspeakEnglish.Withthispresupposition,thespeakertalksinthatway,and"therefore"confirmstheinference,andthenwegettheconventionalimplicature.

3.(1)IthinkGeorgeYule’sclassificationisnotbasedonthesamecriterion.Thefirstfouraremorecontentoriented,whereasthelasttwoareformsensitive.(2)Open.

4.(1)a.Peterisagoodbasketballplayer

b.Marydidthejobwelllastweek.

"than"and"aswellas"triggersthepresupposition.(2)Yes.(3)JohnwasarrestedbeforehearrivedinBeijing.

5.(1).Thepresuppositioninthefirstepisodeisthatthespeakerbeathiswife.Theaddresseecannotanswer"yes"or"no".(2)Yes.(3)Byaskingwhicheyeofthehorseisblind,Washingtonpresupposesthatoneoftheeyesofthehorseisblind,sothethiefhastochooseone.However,thefactisthatneitheroftheeyesofthehorseisblind.

6.(1)a.Theaddresseelikedliterature

b.Theaddresseefeltnickelanddimed.

c.Theaddresseeisnotsmoking

Yes,itisusedstrategically.(2)Thissentenceitselfpresupposesthatmanypatientshavechosenxxx(medicine),whichmaynotbethecase.

7.(1)a.“变心”presupposestheexistenceof“心”.

b.ItisnowhardforJanetoleavetheaddressee.[andacoupleofothers](2)a.Thetoneisironic.

b.ThemessagethatJanelovesRochesterisexplicitlyconveyedtohim.

ExercisesTask31.

a.Entailmentreferstothesemanticrelationbetweentwopropositions,ofwhichonelogicallyfollowsfromtheother,whilesemanticprepositionreferstothesemanticrelationbetweentwopropositions,ofwhichoneisthepremiseorpre-conditionoftheother.b.Whilesemanticpresupposition,basedonthelinguisticform,isrelatedtotruthvalueconditionsofaproposition,pragmaticpresupposition,madepossiblebythespeaker,isrelatedtofelicityconditionsofanutterance.c.Conventionalimplicature,oftenconveyedbysomespeciallinguisticformlike“therefore”and“but”,restsonpragmaticpresupposition.

2.Everythingthespeakerassumestobeinexistenceortruepriortomakinganutterance.

3.A.Ihavedoneit.

CounterfactualconditionalB.Iboughtabike.

Wh-questionsC.Linguisticswasinventedbysomeone.

MarkedstressD.Theboydidn'tfallasleep.

ImplicativeverbsE.HissisterflewtoBeijing.

CleftsentencesF.Johnisrich.

Factiveverbs/clausesG.Youhavebeenlatebefore.

Interatives

4.Wecancancelthecontainedpresuppositionbysimplyadding"hedidn'teventry.",or"hesleptthroughit."andsoon.

5.No.Bysaying"明晚我们在什么地方见面？",hepresupposesthattheyhaveagreedtomeeteachother.Thegirlfeelspuzzledbecauseshehascometotheagreementwiththeyoungman.

6.A.SomeATM/VisaCheckCardsarenotfree.B.Acardisgenerallyinvalidwhenitispasttheexpirationdate.

7.Bysaying"哪里偷人家东西有没有被人家抓过",thepolicemanpresupposesthatthesuspecthasstolensomethingbefore.Whetherthesuspectanswersyesorno,hewilldefinitelyadmithehasstolensomethingbefore.

8.

A.Presupposition:womentakecareofotherpeople.B.Babiessleepwell.C.Othersoapscleanthingswellbutmaketheircolorfade.D.Goodairconditionersaregenerallymadeabroad.

9.Theutterance"我正好相反"meansGoethealwaysmakeswayfortheidiots,whichinturnpresupposesthatthecriticisanidiot.Unit8[Checkyourunderstanding]1.f2.f

Peoplecanviolatetherulesofturn-takingfromtimetotime.3.f4.f5.f

“Preferred”correspondtostructurally“unmarked”.

In-ClassActivities1.(1)No.(2)Weshouldknowwhenandhowtoholdthefloor,claimthefloorandhandoverthefloor，aswellasuseexplicitTRPandunderstanditusedbyotherspeakers.

2.(1)"also...","and...","anotherthingis...","donotforget..."...(2)Yes.Differentsituationcallsfordifferentfloor-holdingstrategies,e.g.accordingtohowformalorinformalthesituationsare,whowearespeakingto.

3.(1)BecauseDavedoesnotanswerhimimmediately.(2)Sometimeswhenthespeakertriestochangeatopicororthetopicistooembarrassingtocontinue.Theremaybeotheroccasions,though.

4.(1)Theyshowrespectandinterestinthespeaker.Theycanindicatethatthechannelofcommunicationisopenandgood.(2)Yes,like"sure","so","right".

5.(1)Theinsertion