英汉翻译技巧课件

英汉翻译技巧袁媛1精选课件BrifeIntroductionWhatistranslation?areproductionorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.Sourcelanguage&Targetlanguage2精选课件

Whatistranslation?LinguisticViewsonTranslationTranslationmaybedefinedasthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(thesourcelanguage)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(thetargetlanguage).(Catford1965:20)3精选课件

Whatistranslation?2.CulturalViewsonTranslationIntheculturalapproach,translationisregardednotonlyasatransferoflinguisticsigns,butalsoasacommunicationofcultures.4精选课件

Whatistranslation?3.LiteraryViewsonTranslationTranslatorswhoholdthisviesbelievethattranslationisanartisticrecreationorarecreatedart.5精选课件

Whatistranslation?4.SemanticViewsonTranslation“Translatingmeanstranslatingmeaning.”---Nida6精选课件

Whatistranslation?5.FunctionalViewsonTranslationFunctionalistsbelievethattranslationisaspecificformofhumanactionwithacertainpurpose,akindoflinguisticserviceprovidedtothesociety.Translatorsshouldtakeintoaccounttheneeds

ofclient,thereaderaswellasthepurposeortheuseofthetranslation.

7精选课件

Whatistranslation?6.CommunicativeViewsonTranslation

Itstakesplacewithinasocialcontext.8精选课件

TranslationCriteria严复(1853-1921):TriplePrincipleofTranslation

信(faithfulness):忠实准确达(expressiveness):通顺流畅雅(elegance):文字古雅鲁迅:信(faithfulness),顺(smoothness)9精选课件

TranslationCriteria林语堂:忠实(faithfulness),通顺(smoothness),美(beautifulness)傅雷:神似(resemblanceinspirit)钱钟书:化境(reachingtheacmeofperfection)刘重德:信，达，切(faithfulness,expressiveness,closeness)许渊冲:三重标准(threelevelsofcriteria)10精选课件

TranslationStrategiesLiteralTranslation&FreeTranslation（直译&意译）=word-for-wordtranslation&sense-for-sensetranslation11精选课件

TranslationStrategiesForeignization&Domestication(异化&归化)

Foreignization:要求译者向原文作者靠拢，采取原文作者使用的表达方式传达原文的内容。eg:tokilltwobirdswithonestone一石二鸟allroadsleadtoRome条条大路通罗马Domestication:归化译法要求译者向译者向译文读者靠拢，采取译文读者习惯的译语表达方式传达原文的内容。eg:tokilltwobirdswithonestone一箭双雕allroadsleadtoRome殊途同归12精选课件Chapter1Diction选词法Chapter2Conversion转换法Chapter3Addition增补法Chapter4Omission省略法Chapter5Repetition重复法Chapter6Inversion倒置法Chapter7Negation反译法Chapter8Division拆译法Chapter9Condensation缩译法Chapter10TranslationofthePassive被动式译法Chapter11TranslationofLongSentence长句译法13精选课件Chapter1Diction选词法1.1ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings选择情感意义1.2ChoiceofGrammaticalMeanings选择语法意义1.3ChoiceofContexualMeanings选择语境意义1.4ChoiceofCollocativeMeanings选择搭配意义1.5ChoiceofExtendedMeanings选择引申意义1.6ChoiceofEquicalentMeanings选择对应意义1.7ChoiceofDifferentChineseWordstoTranslatetheSameEnglishWordorUseoftheSameChineseWordtoTranslateDifferentEnglishWords同词异译，异词同译14精选课件

ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings

选择情感意义Affectivemeaningreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.Youmayaddresssomebodyasan“idiot”toconveyyourdespise,ordescribesomethingas“marvelous”toexpressyourpositiveevaluation.Therearebasicallythreetypesofaffectivemeanings:positive(褒义)、netural(中性)、derogatory(贬义)。15精选课件ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings选择情感意义PositiveNeutralDerogatoryPortly(发福的)Overweight(超重的)Obese(臃肿的)slender,slim(苗条的)Underweight(体重不够的)Skinny(瘦削的)Senior,elder(长者)Oldman/woman(老人)fossil(老朽)16精选课件ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings选择情感意义WordsPositiveNeutralDerogatorydeath仙逝，长眠死，死亡一命呜呼，见鬼result成果结果后果ambition雄心，抱负志向，强烈欲望野心17精选课件ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings选择情感意义Examples:1.Aggressivenationsthreatenworldpeace.Asalesmanmustbeaggressiveifhewantstosucceed.

侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平推销员如要成功，必须有闯劲。2.Everydoghashisday.

人人皆有得意时。3.“Youchicken!”hecried,lookedatTomwithcontempt.“你这胆小鬼！”他轻蔑的看着汤姆嚷道。18精选课件ChoiceofGrammaticalMeanings选择语法意义Thesameword,whenusedasdifferentpartsofspeechandplayingdifferentrolesinasentence,hasdifferentmeanings.19精选课件ChoiceofGrammaticalMeanings选择语法意义1.Takethecartbacktothebackyardandbackitintotheshedatthebackofthestable.把牛车拉回到后院，再把它倒到牛棚后面的小屋去。2.Iironmyclotheswithaniron.我用熨斗熨我的衣服。3.InasecondIsawasecondpicture.

一秒钟内，我看到了两张图画。20精选课件ChoiceofGrammaticalMeanings选择语法意义4.Itisneitherroundandsquare.Thewheelsgoroundrapidly.Thenightwatchmanmakeshisroundseveryhour.Theearthmovesroundthesun.TheshiproundedtheCapeofGood.Thetalkroundedintoaplan.21精选课件ChoiceofContexualMeanings选择语境意义Thesameword,whenusedindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse(business,law,medicine,education,politics,etc),hasdifferentmeanings.22精选课件ChoiceofContexualMeanings选择语境意义BookShowmethecomplaintbook,please.

请把意见簿给我看看。Milton’sParadiseLostconsistsoftwelvebooks.

弥尔顿的长诗《失乐园》共有12卷。That’sallIremember,sir,ontheBook.

凭《圣经》起誓，长官，我记得的就是这些。Themusicwasfine,butthebookwasverypoor.

音乐是出色的，但是歌词很糟。Howmanynamesarethereonyourbooks?

你们的登记名册上有多少人？Hewentouttothevillagetopaytrademan’sbooks.

他到村里的买卖人那儿付账去了。Areyouinthebook?

电话簿里有你的电话号码吗？23精选课件ChoiceofCollocativeMeanings选择搭配意义Build(v.)buildahouse盖房子buildabridge架桥buildaship造船buildadam筑坝buildafire生火buildacar制造汽车buildastampcollection集邮buildananswer思索作答buildone’sconfidence树立信心buildastory构思故事buildscholarsoftomorrow培养未来的学者Readingbuildsthemind.阅读能发展智能。24精选课件ChoiceofCollocativeMeanings选择搭配意义Heavy(adj.)aheavyrain大雨aheavysea波涛汹涌的海面aheavyload重负aheavythinker思想深沉的人aheavybuyer大主顾aheavydemand苛求heavynews令人忧愁的消息heavysorrow折磨人的悲伤25精选课件ChoiceofExtendedmeanings选择引申意义ItisdifficulttofindasuitablechinesetranslationforanEnglishwordorexpressioninEnglish-Chinesedictionaries,andamechanicaltranslationmaybeunintelligibletoourreaders.Onewayoutistoextendthemeaningfromtheconcreteorspecifictotheabstractorgeneral,orviceversa.26精选课件ChoiceofExtendedmeanings选择引申意义Extendthemeaningfromtheconcreteorspecifictotheabstractorgeneral(词义从具体引向抽象，从特殊引向一般，从局部引向概括，从“实”引向“虚”)Eg:Nowadaysastudentheadingforcollegemaypackafryingpanalongwithhisbook.实译：如今上大学的学生除了带他的书上学校以外，还可以带上一个煎烙饼的平底锅了。虚译：如今大学生在学校里也可以自己做点吃的了。27精选课件ChoiceofExtendedmeanings选择引申意义Extendthemeaningfromtheabstractorgeneraltotheconcreteorspecific(词义从抽象引向具体，从一般引向特殊，从概括引向局部，从“虚”引向“实”)Eg:Thereismoretotheirlifethanpoliticalandsocialandeconomicproblems;morethantransienteverydayness.虚译：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的日常性。实译：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。28精选课件ChoiceofEquivalentMeanings选择对应意义SomeEnglishwordsorexpressionslookequivalenttotheirChinesecounterparts,butactuallytheyaredifferent.Thesearecalled“falsefriends”.Carelessbeginnersareliabletotaketooliterally(望文生义)ormixupthosewordsorexpressionswhichlookalikeinthetwolanguagesbutinfactaredifferentinmeaning.Careshouldbetakennottobeconfinedortakenawaybywhatweseeinoriginaltext.29精选课件ChoiceofEquivalentMeanings选择对应意义busybody好管闲事的人（贬义）=apersonwhotakestoomuchinterestinotherpeople’saffairs(LDCE1998:186)2.thelongand(the)shortofit总的结果/情况，要点，总而言之=thegeneralresult,expressedinafewwords(LDCE1998:896)Shehasaweaknessforpork.她有爱吃猪肉的嗜好。weaknessfor=astrongliking,esp.forsomethingthatisbadorslightlydisapprovedof,(LDCE1998:1742)30精选课件ChoiceofEquivalentMeanings选择对应意义1.sweetmilk新鲜牛奶（OALD2002:1545）goodsailor不晕船的人（LDCE1998:1335）glasses眼镜（LDCE1998：644）horseplay喧闹（的行为），喧哗（LDCE1998：738）31精选课件ChoiceofEquivalentMeanings选择对应意义WordsorExpressionsMeaninginBritishEnglishMeaninginAmericanEnglishthefirstfloor二楼一楼corn谷物，谷粒（甜）玉米guy男人人（不论男女）pocketbook小笔记本女用手袋homely家常的，简单的不好看的，相貌平庸的32精选课件ChoiceofEquivalentMeanings选择对应意义BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishMeaningnoughtzero零luggagebaggage行李tincan罐头biscuitcookie饼干handbagpurse,pocketbook(女用)手提包33精选课件同词异译、异词同译AskillfultranslatormaytranslateanEnglishwordorexpressioninmanywayswithoutchangingitsmeaningtohisversionadequateandexpressive.Thisinvolveschoiceofwords,extensionofmeaningsandwhat’smore,alargeChinesevocabulary(esp.synonymsorsynonymousexpressions)onthepartofthetranslator.34精选课件同词异译、异词同译ChoiceofdifferentChinesewordstotranslatethesameEnglishword同词异译Industry:theproductionofgoodsforsale,esp.infactories工业touristindustry旅游业hotelindustry旅馆业Insuranceindustry保险业entertainmentindustry娱乐业bookindustry书籍印刷发行业theShakespeareindustry莎士比亚研究35精选课件同词异译、异词同译Community:asocialgrouporclasshavingcommoninterests社区，社会，社团，公众businesscommunity商界ruralcommunity村落Internationalcommunity国际社会EuropeanEconomicCommunity欧洲经济共同体36精选课件同词异译、异词同译System:agroupofrelatedpartswhichworktogetherformingawhole;anorderedsetofideas,methodsorwaysofworking,etc系统managementsystem管理体制financialsystem财政制度dual-pricesystem双重价格体系data-processingsystem数据处理系统systemofgovernment政体systemofclassification分类法37精选课件同词异译、异词同译Survive:continuetoliveorexist;liveorexistlongerthan生存1.Hewasdeadandsurvivedbyhiswifeandtwochildren.他死了，撇下了妻子和两个孩子。2.Hesurvivedthetrouble.他闯过了难关。3.Veryfewoftheseoldcoinssurvived.这些古钱现在已经十分罕见。4.Thecountrysurvivedtheexternalpressures.这个国家经受了外部压力，没有被压垮。38精选课件同词异译、异词同译UseofthesameChinesewordstotranslatedifferentEnglishwords异词同译1.theconfigurationofworldpower全球力量的格局thestructureoftheexistingbureaucracy现有行政机构的格局2.Thetreescanwithstandwindsandsurvivedunderthescorchingraysofthesun.这些小树能经得住风的吹打，经得住火热阳光的曝晒。39精选课件英语词义：较概括，较灵活，范围很宽

汉语词义：较具体，较凝滞，范围较窄

选词：理解中的选义和表达中的选词40精选课件Chapter2Conversion转换法2.1ConversionofWordClass词类转换2.2ConversionofSentenceMembers转换句子成分2.3ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语2.4ConversionofPerspectives转换视角41精选课件ConversionofWordClass转换词类Intranslation,awordinonelanguagebelongingtoacertainwordclassisnotnecessarilytranslatedintooneofthesameclassinanotherlanguage,ie.,nocorrespondenceofthesamewordclassbetweentwolanguageisnecessaryintranslation.Thefrequentuseofthenominalstyle(名词化表达法)isoneofthefeaturesofEnglishInChinese,twoormoreverbsinsteadofabstractnounsareusuallyusedtogetherorseparatelyinonesentence.Indeed,whatisexpressedintheverbalstyle(动词化表达法).Eg:Londonisgrowingrapidly.&London’sgrowthisrapid.42精选课件ConversionofWordClass转换词类2.1.1ConversionfromEnglishNounsandAdjectivesintoChineseVerbsandAdverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词)

Nounsornominalforms,especiallyactionnounsandotherabstractnouns,findtheirwideruseinEnglishwhileverbsormulti-verbalformsaremuchpreferredinChinese.Thisisoneoftheimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages.43精选课件ConversionfromEnglishNounsandAdjectivesintoChineseVerbsandAdverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词)eg:1.Allpeace-lovingpeopledemandthecompleteprohibitionandthoroughdestructionofnuclearweapons.一切爱好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，彻底销毁核武器。(cf.核武器的全面的禁止和彻底的销毁)2.Ford’sfirstpledgewas,“Mr.President,youhavemysupportandmyloyalty.”福特一开始就保证说，“总统先生，我支持你，并效忠你。”(cf.你有我的支持和我的效忠)44精选课件ConversionfromEnglishNounsandAdjectivesintoChineseVerbsandAdverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词)3.Weareenemiesofallaggressivewars.我们反对所有侵略战争。4.Thisshopoffersalargechoiceofhatsandshoes.这家商店有多种鞋帽可供选购。5.Transistorsarefairlyrecentdevelopment.晶体管是最近才发展起来的。6.Everystateisthebestjudgeofwhatisrequiredtosafeguarditsnationalsecurity.每个国家需要什么来保卫自己的安全，只有它自己才能做出最好的决定。45精选课件ConversionfromEnglishNounsandAdjectivesintoChineseVerbsandAdverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词)Notes:EnglishabstractnounsdenotingactionsornounsderivedfromverbsareoftenconvertedintoChineseverbsorverbalphrases.EnglishcommonnounsdenotingpersonsandderivedfromverbsareoftenconvertedintoChineseverbsorverbalphrases.Ingivencontexts,theEnglishgenitive(includingof-genitive)orpossessive+nounmaybeconvertedinto:*verb+object(动宾结构)*subject+verb(主谓结构)*structuredenotingactivesense(主动结构)*structuredenotingpasstivesense(被动结构)46精选课件ConversionfromEnglishNounsandAdjectivesintoChineseVerbsandAdverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词)Eg:Thankstoherboyfriend’srescue,shecouldreturnhomesafely.Shehurriedtoherboyfrienld’srescue.

幸亏男朋友的救援，她才能安然回家。她赶快去救男朋友。TheAmericanpeopledemandedhisrelease.Hewonpraiseforhisreleaseoftheprisonersofwar.

美国人民要求释放他。他因释放了战俘二获得称赞。Lincoln’sAssassination

林肯遇刺47精选课件ConversionfromEnglishNounsandAdjectivesintoChineseVerbsandAdverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词)HowdoyouintroduceinChineseapersonwhois-----aslowwalkeraheavysmoker他走得慢他烟抽得很多／烟鬼abigeateragoodlooser他很能吃他输得起theworstdancerafastrunner他最不会跳舞他跑的很快agoodobserveragreatjoker他善于观察他很会开玩笑abadliararapidwriter他不善于撒谎他下笔快agoodlookerthebesthater他很漂亮他最记仇48精选课件ConversionofWordClass转换词类2.1.2ConversionfromEnglishAdjectivesintoChineseVerbs(英语形容词转换为汉语动词)Englishadjectivesderivedfromverbs,presentorpastparticiples,orotheradjectives,maybeconvertedintoChineseverbs.Adjectivesdenotingfeelings,wishes,physicalormentalperceptions,etc,whenusedwithlinkingverbs,areoftenconvertedintoChinsesverbs.49精选课件ConversionfromEnglishAdjectivesintoChineseVerbs(英语形容词转换为汉语动词)Eg:Sugerandsaltarebothsolubleinwater.

糖和盐二者都溶于水。Inordertocarrythroughitspoliciesofeconomicdevelopment,peaceisnecessaryforChina.

为了执行发展经济的政策，中国需要和平。TheRepublicansareout,theDemocratsin.

共和党下台，民主党上台。50精选课件ConversionfromEnglishAdjectivesintoChineseVerbs(英语形容词转换为汉语动词)Ex:SheisfamiliarwithEnglish.

她精通英语。Iamoutfiftydollars.

我损失了50美元。Thesearethecorrectideascharacteristicoftheadvancedclass.

这些是代表先进阶级的正确思想。Weseekabetterunderstandingthroughmultiplicationofoureconomic,cultural,scientific,technical,andhumanties.

我们通过增加我们的经济、文化、科技、技术及人员往来加深了解。51精选课件ConversionofWordClass转换词类2.1.3ConversionfromEnglishPrepositionsintoChineseVerbs(英语介词转换为汉语动词)Thereareabout286prepositionsandprepositionalphrasesinEnglishwhileonlyabout30prepositionsinChinese,whicharemostlyborrowedfromtheircorrespondingverbs.52精选课件ConversionfromEnglishPrepositionsintoChineseVerbs(英语介词转换为汉语动词)

Eg:TheletterIiscommonlyusedforcurrent,Eforelectromotiveforce,Rforresistance.

通常用字母I表示电流，E表示电动势，R表示电阻。Capitalistcountriesasarulebuiltuptheirheavyindustrywithfundsobtainedfromabroad,whetherbycolonialplunder,orbyexactingindemnitiesfromvanquishednations,orelsebyforeignloans.

资本主义国家建立自己的重工业，通常是利用从外国获得的资金：要么依靠掠夺殖民地，要么依靠勒索战败国人民的赔款，否则依靠外债。Ifamancouldn’twalkintoaroomandtellwhowasforhimandwhowasagainsthim,thenhewasn’tmuchofapolitician.

要是一个人不能在一上任就看出谁支持他，谁反对他，那么他就不配搞政治。53精选课件ConversionfromEnglishPrepositionsintoChineseVerbs(英语介词转换为汉语动词)

Ex:InourviewthismeetinginBeijingcontributessignificantlytowardsthatfuture.

我们认为，此次在北京的会见大大有助于实现这样的前景。SheescortedtheforeignguestsroundthesightsofGuilin.

她陪外宾游览桂林风景。Inhisearlydaysheadandonedmedicineforliterature.

他早年放弃医学而改为从事文学。Chinaemergesstrongerthanever,withmoresolidfoundationsagainstflood,droughtandfamine.

中国变得比过去任何时候都强大，有了更坚实的基础向水灾、旱灾和饥饿作斗争。54精选课件ConversionofWordClass转换词类2.1.4ConversionfromEnglishNounsintoChineseAdjectives(英语名词转换为汉语形容词)EnglishnounsderivedfromadjectivesareoftenconvertedintoChineseadjectives.55精选课件

ConversionfromEnglishNounsintoChineseAdjectives(英语名词转换为汉语形容词)

Eg:Independentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.

独立思考在学习中是绝对必要的。Thelowerstretchesofriversshowconsiderablevariety.

河流下游的情况是多种多样的。Iamaperfectstrangertophysics.

我对物理一窍不通。56精选课件

ConversionfromEnglishNounsintoChineseAdjectives(英语名词转换为汉语形容词)

Ex:Ihavefullassuranceofthereliabilityoftheinformation.

我完全相信这条消息是可靠的。Investigationassuredusofthesoundnessoftheplan.

通过调查，我们确信这个计划是合理的。Hencetheadvisabilityoftryingagain.

所以再试一下是可取的。Newtonprovedmathematicallythatthepathofaplanetmustbeanellipse.

牛顿用数学的方法证明了行星的轨道必定是椭圆形的。57精选课件ConversionofWordClass转换词类2.1.5ConversionfromEnglishVerbsintoChineseNouns(英语动词转换为汉语名词)SometimesitisdifficulttotranslateEnglishverbs.Conversionfromverbsintonounsmaybeawayout.58精选课件ConversionfromEnglishVerbsintoChineseNouns(英语动词转换为汉语名词)Eg:TheGreekword“atom”means“cannotbecut”.

希腊语“原子”一次的意思是“不可分割”。

(cf.意味着·····)Mercuryweighsaboutthirteentimesasmuchaswater.

水银的比重约为水的十三倍。(cf.称起来为····)Wrought-ironbehavesdifferentlyfromiron,whichcontainsalotofcarbon.

熟铁的性能不同于含碳量多的生铁。10,000feetwasreadfromthealtimeter.

高度表的读数（指数）是10000英尺。Oftenpropertydamageanddisruptedliveslives

result.

结果往往是财产遭受损失，生活受到影响。

59精选课件ConversionfromEnglishVerbsintoChineseNouns(英语动词转换为汉语名词)Ex:Theearthonwhichweliveisshapedlikeaball.

我们居住的地球的形状就像一个球。Theelectriccurrentisdefinedasastreamofelectronsflowingthroughaconductor.

电流的定义是流经一个导体的电子流。Theinstrumentischaracterizedbyitscompactnessandportability.

这仪器的特点是结构小巧，携带方便。60精选课件ConversionofWordClass转换词类2.1.6ConversionfromEnglishAdverbsintoChineseNouns(英语副词转换为汉语名词)Ex:Theblueprintmustbedimensionallyandproportionallycorrect.

蓝图的尺寸和比例必须正确。Certainlypeopleinenterprisemustbemathematicallyinformediftheyaretomakewisedecision.

当然，企业管理人员想要作出明智的决策，就必须懂得数学。61精选课件ConversionfromEnglishAdverbsintoChineseNouns(英语副词转换为汉语名词)

Ex:Sodiumisveryactivechemically.

钠的化学特性很活泼。ItwasofficiallyannouncedthatthePresidentwouldvisitChinainMay.

官方宣布总统将于5月访问中国。Internallytheearthconsistoftwoparts,acoreandamantle.

地球的内部由两部分组成：地核和地幔。62精选课件ConversionofSentenceMembers转换句子成分

Theconversionofwordclassesoftenresultsintheconversionofsentencemembers.63精选课件ConversionofSentenceMembers转换句子成分2.2.1ObjectsconvertedintoSubjects宾语转作主语Theearthhastheshapeofaspheroid.

地球的形状是椭圆形的。2.Theroadhasascentoffivedegrees.

这条路的坡度为五度。64精选课件ConversionofSentenceMembers转换句子成分2.2.1ObjectsconvertedintoSubjects宾语转作主语EX：1.Theenginehasgivenaconsistentlygoodperformance.这台发动机的性能一直很好。2.Integratedcircuitsofferadvantagesotherthanmerereductioninsize.集成电路的优点不仅仅在于体积变小。3.Mostearthquakeshaveafocusinthedepthsof5to50km,butsomehavebeenrecordedatdepthsupto720km.大多数地震的震源深度是5公里到50公里之间，但人类还记录了一些震源深度达720公里的地震。65精选课件ConversionofSentenceMembers转换句子成分2.2.2prepositionalObjectsconvertedintoSubjects介词宾语转作主语Heisstrongofwill.

他的意志很坚强。Withtheintroductionofthenewmethod,theproductsdecreasedincost.

引进了新方法，产品的成本降低了。66精选课件ConversionofSentenceMembers转换句子成分2.2.2prepositionalObjectsconvertedintoSubjects介词宾语转作主语Ex:1.WefoundagoodteacherinMr.Brown.我们觉得布朗先生是个好老师。2.Whenwaterfreezes,itbecomeslargerinvolumeinsteadofsmaller.水结冰时，其体积变大而不是变小。67精选课件ConversionofSentenceMembers转换句子成分2.2.3PredicativesconvertedintoSubjects表语转作主语Matterisanythingthataccupiesspace.

凡占有空间的都是物质。2.Themachineisawell-designedstructure.

机器的结构设计得很好.68精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语有生命主语句和无生命主语句

从动作的执行者有无生命这一点来看，英语和汉语中的动词均可分为有灵动词（verbsforanimateobjects）和无灵动词（verbsforinanimateobjects）。前者用在表示有生命的主语后，后者用在表示无生命的主语后。含有灵动词的句子称作有生命主语句（lifesubjectsentence）,含无灵动词的句子称作无生命主语句（non-lifesubjectsentence）。Eg:1.MyconsciencetoldmethatIdeservednoextraordinarypoliteness.2.Georgetoldmethathewouldcomethisafternoon.69精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语无生命主语句的类型以时间、地点等名词做主语的句子(1)Thepastdecadesawmuchprogressinoursociety.

我国社会在过去10年里取得了很大的进步。(2)Thatnightsleepeludedhim.

那天夜里他没睡好。(3)Romewitnessedmanygreathistoricevents.

罗马城发生过许多重大的历史性时间。70精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语2.具有行为和动作意义的名词做主语Atransferofattitudehadalreadytakenplacefromthelabortotheothercolumns.

人们对劳工版的态度已发展到了对所有其他的栏目。(2)Theadoptionofthisnewdevicewillgreatlycutdownthepercentageofdefectiveproducts.

采用这套装置可以大大的降低废品率。71精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语3.表示生理、心理状态的名词和表示某种遭遇的名词做主语Herillnesspreventedherfromattendingtheconferenceonlinguistics.

她因病未能参加语言学学术会议。(2)Asmilewarmedherface.

她的脸上洋溢着微笑。72精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语4.表示其他事物的名词做主语Thematterasksimmediateattention.

这件事需要立即予以注意。(2)

Thismethodrunsintotwodifficulties.

采用这种方法会碰到两个困难。73精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语无生命主语句的译法把无生命主语转换为有生命主语，必要时须切分句子，将主语分译成分句Latersuccessfavoredme.

我后来就一帆风顺了。(2)

Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.

他开始变得惊恐万状。74精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语Ex:Theword“expect”alwayscreptintoDad’sstories.

爸爸讲故事时，总要不经意的说出“期望”这个词。2.Distantthundergreetedthisscheme,fromSoutheastAsia,whereheonhistravelssentorderstopreparefurtherproposals.

当时他正在东南亚旅行。听到这个计划，他大发雷霆，下令提出新的方案。75精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语2.把无生命主语转换成表示具体事物的主语，或是保留原主语，并同时改变与之搭配的谓语动词，必要时须切分句子，将主语分译成分句或单句或调整整个句子的语序(1)Myarmsandlegsgotosleep.我的手脚不管用了。(2)“Theclocksaystwentyminutespastfive,”thesecondmansaid.“墙上的挂钟已是5点20了，”另一个人说道。76精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语Ex:Hermouthsmiledtoitself,buthereyeswatchedhimforthedevelopmentofawish.

她嘴边绽出一丝笑容，但双目却注视着他，试图出他的打算来。2.Thedoorrefusestoshut.

门关不上。77精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语3.把无生命主语转换成汉语的状语TheeveningofNovemver3sawtheIWW(IndustrialWorkersoftheWorld)tacticsbearingfruit.11月3日晚，世界产业工人协会的战术生效了。(2)MarchwastotakeElizabethtoHunsford.

三月，伊丽莎白将前往汉斯福德。78精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语Ex:Investigationledustotheforegoingconclusion.

经过调查，我们得出了上述结论。2.Dawnmethimwellalongtheway.Itwasapleasantuneventfulride.

黎明时分，他已走了一大段路，这次骑马旅行是很愉快的，没有碰到意外事件。79精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语4.把无生命主语转化成汉语复句英语无生命主语句从语法结构上看许多是简单句，但其句子成分之间却含有不同的时空关系。Thepublisher’srejectionofhismanuscriptdepressedhim.

由于出版商拒绝接受他的手稿，他的情绪一落千丈。(2)Moreaccurateobservationsubstantiatesthisdiscrepancy.

观察如果更精确些，这种差异就会得到证实。80精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语Ex:Losinghisfortunedrovehimmad.

他由于失去自己的财产而发疯。Thearrestoftheflood-waterssavedmanyhomes.

将洪水拦住护，许多家庭得救了。Hissayingthathewassorryalteredthecase.

他表示歉意后，情况就改变了。81精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语5.把无生命主语转化成汉语的无主语句Pakistandefieseasyclassification.

很难把巴基斯坦简单的列入哪个类型中。(2)Theheatmakesmesweatlikeapig.

热得我大汗淋漓。82精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语Ex:(1)Thenoisemadeeverybodyupset.闹得大家不得安宁。(2)Thismedicinewillmakeyoufeelbetter.吃了药你会舒服些。83精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语6.把无生命主语句转化成汉语的外位成分把无生命主语句从原句拆出来，作为外位成分来译。有时，汉语句子的主语可用一个代词（如“这”）来替代。这种译法可以避免汉语的主语太长，可以使整句结构紧凑，逻辑关系清晰，表达通畅。Thekaleidoscopeofshiftinginterestsofthenationsduringthenegotiationmadeitimpossibletosortoutthe“winner”and“losers”.

在谈判期间，各国的利益变化不定，好像万花筒似的，这就使人难以分辨出究竟谁是“胜者”，谁是“输家”。84精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语Ex:MyhungerandshadowtogethertellmethatthesunhasdonemuchtravelsinceIfellsleep.

我感到很饿，又发现日影移动，这使我明白，自从我睡着后，太阳已经绕行很久了2.Mytwogreatisolatingexperienceshavegivenmeanalmostmysticalsenseofidentitywithallsufferinghumanity.

我有过两次不同场合的重要经历，这使我产生了一种几乎带有神秘色彩的同情心而站在一切受苦人一边。85精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语7.采用使役句式Continuousrainpreventedusfromtakinganyoutdoorexercise.

阴雨连绵，使我们不能做任何户外运动。(2)Herstupiditybegantobotherme.

她笨得让我开始心烦。(3)Thenoisefrightenedme.

那个声音把我吓坏了。86精选课件ConversionofImpersonalSubjects转换非人称主语8.把无生命主语拟人化，但不能滥用Illnessdepriveshimoflife.

疾病夺走了他的生命。(2)Thecountryisopposedtowar.

举国上下一致反战。(3)Fortunefavorsthebrave.

时运偏爱勇士。(4)Herheartdidwhisperthathehaddoneitforher.

她心里的确在嘀咕：为了我，他才这么做的。87精选课件Chapter3AdditionandOmission(增补法和省略法)3.1Addition增补法3.2Omission省略法88精选课件Addition增补法Additionmeanssupplyingnecessarywordsintranslation,makingtheversiongrammaticallycorrect,semanticallyclear,rhetoricallysound,logicallyacceptable,andculturallyappropriate.增词一般用于以