语言学教程术语

语言学教程术语第一章语言学导论phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学generallinguistics普通语言学theoreticallinguistics理论语言学historicallinguistics历史语言学descriptivelinguistics描写语言学empiricallinguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntacticcategories句法范畴syntacticclasses句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构opensyllable开音节closedsyllable闭音节checkedsyllable成阻音节rank等级level层次ding-dongtheory/nativistictheory本能论sing-songtheory唱歌说yo-he-hotheory劳动喊声说pooh-poohtheory感叹说ta-tatheory模仿说animalcrytheory/bow-wowtheory模声说Pragueschool布拉格学派Bilateralopposition双边对立Mutilateralopposition多边对立Proportionalopposition部分对立Isolatedopposition孤立对立Privateopposition表缺对立Gradedopposition渐次对立Equipollentopposition均等对立Neutralizableopposition可中立对立Constantopposition恒定对立Systemic-functionalgrammar系统功能语法Meaningpotential意义潜势Conversationalimplicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speechacts言语行为Discourseanalysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phaticcommunion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章语音trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocalcords声带vocaltract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonicairstreammechanism肺气流机制glottalicairstreammechanism喉气流机制velaricairstreammechanism腭气流机制Adam’sapple喉结Voicelesssound清音Voicelessconsonant请辅音Voicedsound浊音Voicedconsonant浊辅音Glottalstop喉塞音Breathstate呼吸状态Voicestate带音状态Whisperstate耳语状态Closedstate封闭状态Alveolarride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalisedstop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmentalphonology音段音系学Segmentalphonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Syntheticlanguage综合型语言Diacriticmark附加符号Broadtranscription宽式标音Narrowtranscription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology词源Activearticulator积极发音器官Movablespeechorgan能动发音器官Passivearticulator消极发音器官Immovablespeechorgan不能动发音器官Lateral边音Approximant[j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Centralapproximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateralapproximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateralconsonant单边辅音Bilateralconsonant双边辅音Non-lateral非边音Trill[r]颤音trilledconsonant颤辅音rolledconsonant滚辅音Labal-velar唇化软腭音Interdental齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar后齿龈音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization软腭音化Voicing浊音化Devoicing清音化Purevowel纯元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centringdiphthong央二合元音Closingdiphthong闭二合元音Narrowdiphthong窄二合元音Widediphthong宽二合元音Phoneticsimilarity语音相似性Freevariant自由变体Freevariation自由变异Contiguousassimilation临近同化Juxtapostionalassimilation邻接同化Regressiveassimilation逆同化Anticipatoryassimilation先行同化Progressiveassimilation顺同化Reciprocalassimilation互相同化Coalescentassimilation融合同化Partialassimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primarystress主重音Secondarystress次重音Weakstress弱重音Stressgroup重音群Sentencestress句子重音Contrastivestress对比重音Lexicalstress词汇重音Wordstress词重音Lexicaltone词汇声调Nucleartone核心声调Tonetics声调学Intonationcontour语调升降曲线Toneunits声调单Intonology语调学Multilevelphonology多层次音系学Monosyllabicword多音节词Polysyllabicword单音节次Maximalonsetprinciple最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison连音contractedform缩写形式frequencycount词频统计aunitofvocabulary词汇单位alexicalitem词条alexeme词位hierarchy层次性lexicogrammar词汇语法morpheme语素nonomorphemicwords单语素词polymorphemicwords多语素词relativeuninterruptibility相对连续性aminimumfreeform最小自由形式themaximumfreeform最大自由形式variablewords可变词invariablewords不变词paradigm聚合体grammaticalwords(functionwords)^法词/功能词lexicalwords(contentwords)词汇词/实义词closed-classwords封闭类词opened-classwords开放类词wordclass词类particles小品词pro-form代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词centraldeterminers中置限定词postdeterminers后置限定词ordinalnumber序数词cardinalnumber基数morpheme词素morphology形态学freemorpheme自由词素boundmorpheme黏着词素root词根affix词缀stem词干rootmorpheme词根语素prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀boundrootmorpheme黏着词根词素inflectionalaffix屈折词缀derivationalaffix派生词缀inflectionalmorphemes屈折语素derivationalmorphemes派生语素word-formation构词compound复合词endocentriccompound向心复合词exocentriccompound离心复合词nominalendocentriccompound名词性向心复合词adjectiveendocentriccompound形容词性向心复合词verbalcompound动词性复合词syntheticcompound综合性复合词derivation派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemicstructure语素结构phonologicalstructure音素结构monosyllabic单音节polysyllabic多音节phonologicalconditioned音位的限制morphologicalconditioned形态的限制coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogicalcreation类比构词法borrowing借词法loanword借词loanblend混合借词loanshift转移借词loantranslation翻译借词loss脱落addition添加metathesis换位assimilation同化contactassimilation接触性同化contiguousassimilation临近性同化theoryofleasteffort省力理论non-contiguousassimilation非临近性同化distantassimilation远距离同化morpho-syntacticchange形态-句法变化morphologicalchange形态变化syntacticalchange句法变化finiteelement有定成分semanticchange语义变化multisemous多种意义broadening词义扩大narrowing词义缩小meaningshift词义转移classshift词性变换folketymology俗词源orthographicchange拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain范围/领域meaningshift意义转移splitinfinitives分裂不定式(Shewastoldtoregularlyclasses)calque仿造词语clipping截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmaticrelations聚合关系associativerelations联想关系syntagmaticrelations组合关系sequentialrelations序歹。关系logogram语标register语域passivevocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative宾格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系thegovernor支配者thegoverned被支配者signified能指signifier所systematicrelationship组合关系paradigmaticrelationship聚合关系associativerelationship联想关系animatenoun有生名词thetwoaxes两根坐标坐标轴immediateconstituentanalysis(ICanalysisforshort)直接成分分析法linearstructure线性结构hierarchicalstructure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substitutability替换性labeledtreediagram标签树形图endocentric/headedconstruction向心结构/中心结构exocentricconstruction离心结构subordinateconstruction主从结构coordinateconstruction并歹|结构recapitulation再现thedeclarative陈述句theinterrogative疑问句dativemovement与格移位morph-phonemicrule形态音位规贝0constituentmorphemes成分规贝0affixhopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporalsubject表时间的主语syntacticlimitation句法限制standardtheory标准理论tracetheory语迹理论thesameindex带同标志government管辖binding约束arulesystem规则系统aprinciplesystem原则系统constituentcommand(C-commandforshort)成分统制plainEnglish普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression_r(referential-expression_r指旨称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(eachother)相互代词accessiblesubject可及主语localdomain局部语域bindingdomain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computationalsystem计算系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位emptysubject空主语objectiveorder客观顺序subjectiveorder主观顺序actualsentencedivision实义句子切分法functionalsentenceperspective功能句子观communicativedynamism(CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartiteclassification三分法representativefunction表达功能expressivefunction表情功能appellative/vocativefunction称呼功能conativefunction意欲功能poeticfunction诗学功能ideationalfunction概念功能interpersonalfunction人际功能textualfunction语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者moodsystem语气系统thefiniteverbaloperator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(aprocessofsensing)心理过程(感觉过程)relationalprocess(aprocessofbeing)关系过程(属性过程)verbalprocess(aprocessofsaying)言语过程(讲话过程)existentialprocess生存过程empiricism经验主义(洛克，白板说)rationalism理性主义(笛卡尔)mentalism心灵主义newempiricism新经验主义(Bloomfield)priori先天综合判断(康德Kant)Cartesianlinguistics笛卡尔语言学派Syntacticstructure(SS)早期转换句法时期Standardtheory(ST)标准理论时期ExtendedStandardtheory(EST)扩展的标准理论RevisedStandardtheory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论Thetheoryofgovernmentandbinding(GBtheory)管辖和约束理论时期(管约论)Minimalistprogram(MP)最简方案时期Structuraldescription结构描写式Performancesystem应用系统Modulartheory模块理论Spell-out拼写Languagefaculty语言机制/官能Mentalorgan心智器官Knowledgeoflanguage语言知识Meaningpotential意义潜势Contextculture文化语境Field语场Tenor语旨Mode语式pivotwords轴心词mentalconstruct心理构念theoreticalcognitivepsychology理论认知心理学psychologicalfaculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arbitrariness任意性，systemacity系统性,self-containedness自足性)typologicalfunctionalism类型学功能主义extremefunctionalism极端的功能主义externalfunctionalism外部功能主义integrativefunctionalism一体化功能注主义exceptionalcasemarking例外格标记specifier标定成分fall-categorymaximalprojection全语类的最大投射two-segmentcategory两节语类complementdomain补足语区域minimaldomain最小区域internaldomain内部区域checkingdomain检验区域sisterhood姐妹关系minimizingchainlink最小语链联结representationalsystem表达系统strictcyclicprinciple严格的层级条件structure-preservingprinciple结构保存原则C-commandingcondition成分统领条件articulatory-perceptualsystem发音-听音系统conceptual-intentionalsystem概念-意旨系统interfaceconditions中介条件full