生物化学和分子生物学英语术语

生物化学和分子生物学英语术语*第一章蛋白质的结构与功能protein蛋白质aminoacid氨基酸peptidebond肽键isoelectricpoint等电点peptide肽oligopeptide寡肽polypeptide多肽residue氨基酸残基aminoterminal氨基末端（N-端）carboxylterminal羧基末端（C-端）peptideunit肽单元α-helixα-螺旋β-pleatedsheetβ-折叠β-turnβ-转角randomcoil无规卷曲motif模体primarystructure一级结构secondarystructure二级结构tertiarystructure三级结构quaternarystructure四级结构domain结构域molecularchaperone分子伴侣proteinfamily蛋白质家族homologousprotein同源蛋白质cooperativity协同效应positivecooperativity正协同效应negativecooperativity负协同效应allostericeffect别构效应prionprotein,PrP朊病毒蛋白denaturation变性renaturation复性dialysis透析*第二章核酸的结构与功能nucleicacid核酸deoxyribonucleicacid,DNA脱氧核糖核酸ribonucleicacid,RNA核糖核酸nucleotide(,nt)核苷酸deoxyribonucleotide脱氧核糖核苷酸ribonucleotide核糖核苷酸purine嘌呤pyrimidine嘧啶Adenine,A腺嘌呤Guanine,G鸟嘌呤Uracil,U尿嘧啶Thymine,T胸腺嘧啶Cytosine,C胞嘧啶β-N-glycosidicbondβ-N糖苷键phosphodiesterbond磷酸二酯键basesequence碱基序列basepair,bp碱基对kilobasepair,kbp千碱基对anti-parallel反向平行right-handedhelix右手螺旋majorgroove大沟minorgroove小沟complementarybasepair互补碱基对complementarystrand互补链basestackinginteraction碱基堆积力telomere端粒superhelix/supercoil超螺旋结构chromatin染色质chromosome染色体nucleosome核小体histone组蛋白messengerRNA,mRNA信使RNAopenreadingframe,ORF开放(阅)读框codon密码子transferRNA,tRNA转运RNArarebase稀有碱基stem-loopstructures茎环结构anticodon反密码子ribosomalRNA,rRNA核糖体RNAribosome核糖体non-codingRNA,ncRNA非编码RNADNAdenaturationDNA变性hyperchromiceffectDNA的增色效应renaturation复性annealing退火heteroduplex杂化双链nucleicacidhybridization核酸杂交deoxyribonuclease,DNaseDNA酶ribonuclease,RNaseRNA酶*第三章酶enzyme酶monomericenzyme单体酶oligomericenzyme寡聚酶multienzymecomplex多酶复合物multienzymesystem多酶体系multifunctionalenzyme多功能酶tandemenzyme串联酶simpleenzyme单纯酶conjugatedenzyme缀合酶(结合酶)coenzyme辅酶prostheticgroup辅基metalloenzyme金属酶metalactivatedenzyme金属激活酶activecenter活性中心essentialgroup必需基团bindinggroup结合基团catalyticgroup催化基团isoenzyme/isozyme同工酶activationenergy活化能turnovernumber转换数specificity特异性/专一性absolutespecificity绝对专一性relativespecificity相对专一性proximityeffect邻近效应orientationarrangement定向排列desolvation脱溶剂化surfaceeffect表面效应generalacid-basecatalysis酸-碱催化作用nucleophiliccatalysis亲核催化covalentcatalysis共价催化electrophiliccatalysis亲电催化maximumvelocity最大反应速率Michaelisconstant,Km米氏常数turnovernumber转换数optimumtemperature最适温度optimumpH最适pHinhibitor抑制剂irreversibleinhibition不可逆性抑制reversibleinhibition可逆性抑制competitiveinhibition竞争性抑制non-competitiveinhibition非竞争性抑制uncompetitiveinhibition反竞争性抑制apparentKm表观Kmactivator激活剂allostericregulation别（变）构调节allostericenzyme别构酶allostericsite别构部位allostericeffector别构效应剂covalentmodification共价调节zymogen酶原*第五章维生素与无机盐vitamin维生素lipid-solublevitamin脂溶性维生素water-solublevitamin水溶性维生素traceelement微量元素macroelement常量元素*第六章糖代谢carbohydrates糖（碳水化合物）Na+-dependentglucosetransporter,SGLTNa+依赖型葡萄糖转运体glucosetransporter,GLUT依赖葡糖转运蛋白glycolysis糖酵解lacticacidfermentation乳酸发酵ethanolfermentation乙醇发酵aerobicoxidation有氧氧化anaerobicoxidation无氧氧化hexokinase己糖激酶glucokinase葡糖激酶6-phosphofructokinase-1,PFK-1磷酸果糖激酶-1substrate-levelphosphorylation底物水平磷酸化phosphoenolpyruvate,PEP磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸pyruvatekinase丙酮酸激酶signaltransductionnetwork信号转导网络signaltransducer信号转导分子secondmessenger第二信使adenylatecyclase,AC腺苷酸环化酶proteinkinaseG,PKG蛋白激酶Gproteinphosphatase,PP蛋白磷酸酶guaninenucleotide-bindingprotein,Gprotein鸟苷酸结合蛋白，G蛋白

**被生物体直接用于合成蛋白质的20种氨基酸1.非极性脂肪族氨基酸甘氨酸Glycine,Gly丙氨酸Alanine,Ala缬氨酸Valine,Val亮氨酸Leucine,Leu异亮氨酸Isoleucine,Ile脯氨酸Proline,Pro2.极性中性氨基酸丝氨酸Serine,Ser半胱氨酸Cysteine,Cys甲硫氨酸Methionine,Met天冬酰胺Asparagine,Asn谷氨酰胺Glutamine,Gln苏氨酸