英汉翻译之增词法课件

Amplification

增词法教学内容：适当增添的必要性增词法在英汉翻译中的运用Warming-up

ActivityRead

the

passage

“Two

Bills”and

discuss

in

groups

howtotranslate

the

underlinedsentences.Two

BillsWhen

Bill

Clinton

and

Bill

Gates

played

golf

onMartha’s

Vineyard

a

few

years

ago,

they

didn’t

click.

The

President

gave

Gates

a

heavy

dose

of

the

Clinton

treatment,

oozing

charm

and

seeking

emotional

common

ground

in

the

fact

that

both

had

recently

lost

their

mothers.

Clinton

must

have

been

disappointed

bythecool

response

of

Gates,

who

saw

the

subject

as

undulypersonal.

Gates,

for

his

part,

was

put

off

that

Clintondidn’t

engage

him

on

his

favorite

topic,

technology.When

the

golfing

ended,

the

two

men

went

their

separateways.

Gates

didn’t

take

sides

in

theClinton-Doleelectiona

couple

of

years

later.Clinton

let

his

Justice

Department

pursue

a

potentially

devastating

antitrust

lawsuit

against

Microsoft.It’s

not

hard

to

see

why

these

two

larger-than-lifefigures—one

is

the

world’s

most

powerful

man,

theother

is

therichest—didn’t

become

fast

friends:

the

two

Bills

are

as

different

as

the

two

ends

of

thebaby-boom

generation

they

represent.

Clinton,

who

entered

collegein

1964,

is

dripping

with

Sixties

values:

a

John

F.Kennedy-style

belief

in

public

service

as

a

calling;

anAge-of-Aquarius

focus

on

emotional

connection;

and

acountercultural

streak

of

sex,

drugs,

and

rock

‘n’

roll.Gates,

who

came

of

age

in

the

1970s,

has

a

Watergate-

year

detachment

from politics,

amind-set

more

me-

generation

than

“love-in”,

and

a

passion

for

thegreatrevolutionary

force

of

his

own

decade:

the

personalcomputer.But

Clinton

and

Gates

are

remarkably

alike

in

otherways,

particularly

in

their

flaws.

Both

have

almostlimitless

drive

and

self-absorption

and

a

willingnessto

push

the

rules

to

the

edge—or

pass

it—to

get

whatthey

want.

When

called

to

account,

both

havebeen

dismissive

of

the

legal

process

and

have

had

a

strained

relationship

with

the

truth.

These

qualitieshave

landed

both

men

in

similar

binds:

Clinton

iswaiting

to

hear

if

he

will

be

removed

from

office;Gates

is

fending

off

the

Justice

Department’s

efforttorein

in,

or

even

carve

up,

Microsoft.

Their

flawswilltake

center

stage

this

week,

as

both

men

mountdefenses

in

their

respective

trials.Both

men

found

their

callings

early.

Clinton

waselected

a

senator

at

Boys

Nation

at

16.

On

aWashington

field

trip

that

year,

he

shook

handswithPresident

Kennedy—an

ironic

moment

captured

in

aphoto.

After

Yale

Law

School

and

a

RhodesScholarship,

Clinton,

at

32,

became

governor

ofArkansas.

The

single-minded

rise

to

political

power

is

a

timeless

story,

but

Clinton’s

came

with

the

distinctive

trappings

of

his

era:

the

scruffy

beard

andantiwar

protests

while

at

Oxford,

the

experiment

withpot,

the

civil

rights

movement

sensibility

andthefeminist

wife

who

kept

her

name—at

leastinitially.The

President

gave

Gates

a

heavy

dose

of

the

Clintontreatment,

oozing

charm

and

seeking

emotionalcommon

ground

in

the

fact

that

both

had

recently

losttheir

mothers.克林顿总统以自己惯用的热烈的待人接物方式对待盖茨，满脸魅力、笑容可掬。因为两人都新近

丧母，所以他满以为能在两人之间找到共同语言。Clinton

let

his

Justice

Department

pursue

a

potentiallydevastating

antitrust

lawsuit

against

Microsoft.克林顿则听任司法部对微软公司提出反垄断诉

讼—这对微软公司可能会是一场毁灭性的打击。Warming

up

Activitythe

two

Bills

are

as

different

as

the

two

ends

ofthe

baby-boom

generation

they

represent两个比尔禀性大不一样，他们分别代表了战后生育高峰首尾两端出生的这两类人。Gates,

who

came

of

age

in

the

1970s,

has

aWatergate-year

detachment

from

politics,

amind-set

moreme-generation

than“love-in”.盖茨20世纪70年代长大成人，具有“水门事件

”年代的人对政治冷漠超然的特点，其心态更接近“唯我的一代”，而不是“颓废派”。Warming

up

ActivityWhen

called

to

account,

both

have

beendismissive

of

the

legal

process

and

have

had

astrained

relationship

with

the

truth.当要求他们对自己的所作所为进行解释时，两人都蔑视法律程序，欲盖弥彰。The

single-minded

rise

to

political

power

is

atimeless

story,

butClinton’s

came

withthedistinctive

trappings

of

his

era.一心从政而最终把握大权，这是一个永恒的话题。然而，克林顿的平步青云则明显地带有当时那个时代的印记。Warming

up

ActivityReflection:

How

did

you

translate

the

italicized

parts

inthe

previous

sentences?

What

did

you

need

to

do

to

make

yourtranslation

convey

the

original

meaning

andmeanwhile

read

smoothly?

What

technique

did

you

use

in

translatingthem?

Why

is

it

sometimes

necessary

foratranslator

to

add

some

wordswhentranslating?Warming

up

ActivityAs

a

matter

of

principle,

a

translator

is

notsupposed

toadd

any

meaning

to

orsubtract

any

meaning

from

theoriginalwork.However,

this

does

not

mean

that

atranslator

should

refrain

fromsupplyingnecessary

words

or

omitting

unnecessarywords

in

translation

to

make

her

versionboth

accurate

in

meaning

and

consistentwith

the

idiomatic

use

of

the

targetThe

Necessity

of

AmplificationAmplificationAmplification,

also

called

addition,

meanssupplying

necessary

words

in

our

translation

onthe

basis

of

accurate

comprehension

of

theoriginal.

We

resort

to

amplification

for

the

purpose

of“faithful

representation”

of

the

thought

oftheauthor

because

English

and

Chinese

areentirely

different

languages

and

each

has

itsown

historical

and

cultural

backgroundAmplificationBesides,

many

ideas,

idiomatic

expressionsand

shorthand

words,

etc.

that

arewellunderstood

in

the

country

of

their

origin

canhardly

make

sense

to

foreigners.

Therefore,it

is

unimaginable

for

a

translator

to

stick

tothe

original

pattern

without

alteration.For

example,

the

translation

of

the

word

“wash”:Mary

washes

before

meals.玛丽饭前洗手。Mary

washes

before

going

to

bed.玛丽睡前洗漱。Mary

washes

after

getting

up.玛丽起床后洗漱。Mary

washes

for

aliving.玛丽靠洗衣为生。Mary

washes

in

arestaurant.玛丽在饭店当洗碗工。英译汉时增词主要有以下三种情况：为了明确语义而增词出于结构需要而增词出于修辞需要而增词Ⅰ.

Amplification

in

English-Chinese

Translation增词法在英汉翻译中的运用I.为了明确语义而增词为了表达清晰和自然，翻译时可能需要根据具体情况增加合适的译语词汇，包括动词、形容词、副词、名词、量词、语气词、概括词以及承上启下的词等等。I.为了明确语义而增词1.

Supplying

Words

to

Make

Concepts

Clear英译汉时，按照汉语的习惯，有时需要将抽象名词的含义具体化。但当具体名词表示抽象概念时，具体名词后应增加相应含义的名词。I

was

struck

by

their

cordiality

to

each

other.他们彼此的亲密态度让我吃惊。He

allowed

the

father

to

be

overruled

by

thejudge,

and

declared

his

own

son

guilty.他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情而判决他儿子有罪。Oxidation

will

make

iron

and steel

rusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。This

lack

ofresistance in

very

cold

metalsmay

become useful

in

electronic

computers.这种在低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有用处。

After allpreparations

were made,

the

planetook

off.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。I.为了明确语义而增词2.

Supplying

Words

Omitted

in

the

Original原文中暗含的意思，有时需通过加词明确表达出来。Inflation

has

now

reached

unprecedented

level.通货膨胀已发展到了空前严重的地步。Matter

can

be

changed

into energy

and energy

into

matter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。3)

I

forgot

my

key.增加动词

In

every

Chinese

city,

we

got

into

the

streets,shops,

parks,

theatres

and

restaurants.在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、看演出、吃名菜。

In

the

evening, after

the banquets,

theconcerts

and

the

table

tennis exhibitions

,hewould

work

on

the

drafting of

the

finalcommuniqué.晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。我忘了带钥匙。增加副词The

crowds

melted

away.人群渐渐散开了。As

he

sat

down

and

began

talking,

wordspoured

out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。在不及物动词后增加隐含的宾语First

you

borrow,

then

youbeg.头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。Day

after

day

he

came

to

his

work—sweeping,

scrubbing,

cleaning.他每天来干活—扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。增加形容词所修饰的隐含名词This

typewriter

is

indeed

cheap

and

fine.这部打字机真是物美价廉。He

is

a

complicated

man—moody,

mercurial,with

a

melancholy

streak.他是一个性格复杂的人—喜怒无常，反复多变，有些犹豫寡欢。I.为了明确语义而增词3.

Supplying

Words

to

Make

Generalizations

or

toConvey

the

Concept

of

Plurality根据汉语习惯，有时需要添加概括性词汇。

Henry

Kissinger

had

slept

there

before,

in

Julyand

again

in

October.这之前，基辛格七月和十月两度在此下榻。2)

The

thesis

summed

up

the

new

achievementsmade

in

electronic

computers,

man-madesatellites

and

rockets.论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭这三个领域中的新成就。3)

The

ASIAN

countries

have

designated1992

as

“Asian

Tourism

Year”,

andarecooperating

in

a

drive

to

convince

theworld’s

pleasure-and-culture-seekers

oftheir

attractions.亚洲几个国家将1992年指定为“亚洲旅游年”，携手合作发起一场宣传攻势，旨在让世界各地的那些猎奇探胜的游客确信，他们这

些国家也有许多引人入胜的旅游景观。增加概括性词汇以承上启下Yes,

I

like

Chinese

food.

Lots

of

people

dothese

days,

sort

of

fashion.不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国

菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。增加表示名词复数的词增加重迭词表示复数增加数词或其他词表示复数Flowers

bloom

all

over

the

yard.朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。The

lion

is

the

king

ofanimals.狮是百兽之王。Time

to

Practice

The

best

conductor

has

the

least

resistanceand

the

poorest

the

greatest.最好的导体电阻最小,最差的导体电阻最大。

If

so

grand,

why

so

poor?

If

so

poor,

why

sogrand?既然那么阔，干嘛要叫穷？既然那么穷，干嘛摆阔气？Air

pressure

decreases

with

altitude.气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。4.

Note

that

the

words

“velocity”

and“speed”require

explanation.请注意，"速度"和"速率"这两个词需要解释.

He

stretched

his

legs

which

were

scatteredwith

scars.他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。

The

mountains

began

to

throw

their

longblueshadows

over

the

valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。7.

I

was

taught

that

two

sides

of

a

triangle

weregreater

than

the

third.我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。8.

A

friend

exaggerates

a

man’s

virtue,

anenemy his

crimes.朋友宣扬人的美德，敌人夸大人的罪过。9.

According

to

scientists,

it

takes

nature

500years

to

create

an

inch

of

topsoil.根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500

年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。10.

A

scientist

constantly

tried

to

defeat

hishypotheses,

his

theories,

and

his

conclusion.科学家经常设法推翻自己的假设，否定自己的理论，放弃自己的结论。II.出于结构需要而增词1.

Supplying

Necessary

ConnectivesHeated,

water will

change

into

vapor.水如受热,就会汽化。However

carefully

boiler

casings

and

steam

pipes

are

sealed,some

heat

escapes

and

is

lost. 不管锅炉壳与蒸汽管封闭得多么严密，还是有一部分热散失损耗掉。Since

air

has

weight,

it

exerts

force

on

any object

immersed

in

it.因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力

。II.出于结构需要而增词2.

Supplying

Words

to

Indicate

DifferentTenses

or

SequencesHe

served

in

the

army

for

ten

years.他服过十年兵役。In

Beijing,

there

was

a

divine

scale

and ahiggledy-piggledyscale.过去的北京既有一种神圣的规模，又有一种杂乱无章的格局。II.出于结构需要而增词We

won’t

retreat;

we

never

have

and

never

will.我们不会后退，我们从未后退过，将来也绝不后退。I

had

imagined

it

to

be

merely

a

gesture

of affection,

but

it

seems

it

is

to

smell

the

lamb and

make

sure

that

it

is

her

own.我原本以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但现在看来，这是为了嗅嗅小羊羔气