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ConversationWhatistheconversationmainlyReasonsthatthemanwantstosellhisHowtofindoutwhichbooksareonthebuybackThebookstore'spoliciesforbuyingbacktextbooksfromThestudent'sdeadlineforsellingold(29’’Student:Canyoutellmeifthisbookwillbeonthebuybacklist?你能告知我这本书Accordingtothewoman,whenaretextbooksaddedtothebuybackAfterstudentshaveregisteredforthenextsemester'sAfterprofessorsinformthebookstorewhattextbookstheywillusethefollowingsemester.Afterthebookstoredetermineswhatpriceto(32’’)BUT引导答案：Butwearestillputtingthelisttogether.Professorshavetotelluswhatbooksthey’lldefinitelyneedagainnextsemester,andthedeadlineforthemtoletusknowisn’tforacoupleofdays.Accordingtothewoman,whatisareasontheman'stextbookmaynotbeaddedtothebuybacklist?ThebookstoremayalreadyhaveorderedtoomanycopiesoftheThepriceofthetextbookmayhavechangedsignificantlysincelastProfessorMurphymaynotbeteachingeconomicsnextAnewereditionofthetextbookmaybeavailablenext(1’01’’)Usuallyifanupdatededitionofatextbookisavailable,professorswillgoforthatWhatdoesthewomansuggestthemanshoulddotohavethebestchanceofsellinghisbooktothebookstore?Clickon2answersAskhisprofessorifthesamebookwillbeusednextSellthebookbackassoonasthebuybackperiodMakesurethebookisingoodBringtheoriginalsalesreceiptwiththe本题是双选题，答案有两个出处。(1’25IfprofessorMurphydoesputitonthelist,itisimportantthatyoucomeinasearlyaspossiblenextThursday.There'sonlyalimitednumberofbooksweshouldbuybackOncewegetthenumberofbooksweneedfornextsemester,wewouldstopbuyingthem.(1’44’’)Butthatalsodependsonwhatconditionthebookisin,soitneedstobecleanedupasmuchaspossible.Whydoesthewomansaythis?(listenToconfirmthatcleaningupthebookisTosuggestitmightbeeasiertosellthebooktoanotherToindicatethatshesetsthepricethebookstorewillpayforToacknowledgethattheman'sbookisingood重听部分是：2’06’’Ifyouwantthebestpriceforit…如果你想要最好的价格。此话是补充学生提问的：YoumeanIhavetoeraseallthepencilmarks?你的意思是我需要把所有LectureWhatisthelecturemainlyThehistoryofarchaeologyinThestudyofarchaeologyinSoutheast09’’)本文采用开门见山的说法，教授一开始就道出主题：Oneoftheimportantaspectsofthefieldofarchaeology…oneofthethingsthatexcitesmeaboutthefield…isthatseeminglyinsignificantthingscansuddenlychangethewaywethinkaboutaculture.Wearealwaysmakingnewdiscoveriesthathavethepotentialtochallengewidelyheld正确答案：CWhatexcitestheprofessoraboutthefieldofEstablishedtheoriescanbechallengedbynewThetechnologyusedinarchaeologyisalwaysArchaeologydealswithbasicissuesofhumanArchaeologistsoftenworkininterestingpartsofthe（09’’）还是开头的那就句：Oneofthethingsthatexcitesmeaboutthefieldisthatseeminglyinsignificantthingscansuddenlychangethewaywethinkaboutaculture.正确答案：A已确立的理论被新证据挑战Accordingtotheprofessor,whatcanscientistslearnbyexaminingancientThenutrientsaplanttookTheageofacertainsedimentWhataplantwasusedWhattypeofplantproduced(1’41term，phytoliths，并作出了解释。后来开始强调其重要性：Becausedifferentplantsproducedifferentlyshapedphytoliths,scientistscanidentifythetypeofplantfromancientremains.WhataretheimplicationsofthetheorythatbananasarrivedinAfrica5,000yearsago?(clickon2answers)AgriculturedevelopedinAfricaearlierthanpreviouslyContactbetweenAfricaandAsiaoccurredearlierthanpreviouslyPeoplehaveinhabitedSoutheastAsialongerthanpreviouslyThebananaplantisamoreancientplantthanwaspreviously(2’09”)转折词：But,well,thisdiscoveryhadotherimplicationsforhistory.这是一句总起句。紧接着，教授说：Assoonasbananasappearinthearchaeologicalrecord,weknowwehavecontactbetweenAfricaandSoutheastAsia.Itwouldappearnowthathiscontactoccurredmuchearlierthanpreviouslythought.(2’54’’)教授首先用语气词：Um来表示一个话题点的结束，然后是：Theearlyappearanceofbananasalsosuggestsalso表示另一个并列重点的开始，thatagriculturebeganinthispartofAfricaearlierthanscientistsWhatdoestheprofessorconsideraweaknessofthestudyonbananasinItsresultsareoflittleItsconclusionsarenotsupportedbyotherItdoesnotmakegooduseofadvanced(3’24’’BUT进行转折，Buttherearequestionsaboutthistoo.表达对之前的理论whydon’tweseeevidenceoflargepopulationsthrivingintheareaearlier?我们为什么没转折词强调，Butwearemissingotherkindsofevidencethatwouldconclusivelyprovethatthisisso.Whydoestheprofessorsaythis?(listenToannounceherintentionstocontinuethestudyToencourageherstudentstodoarchaeologicalTodiscredittherecentresearchonbananasand(4’04’’)重复语句：Clearly,moreresearchneedstobedone.Perhapsbysomenewscholarsfromthisuniversity?Atleastgiveitsomethought.明显的是，需要做更多的研究。可能是Lecture1理论认为香蕉是在2000年前由东南亚引入非洲的，但是在乌干达的新发现表示香蕉很可能是5000LectureWhatisthelecturemainlyWaysspeciesinanecosystemaffecteachother'spopulationHowthecarryingcapacityofanecosystemisAnewtheoryregardingcyclesinpredatorandpreypopulationHowresearchersmonitorthepopulationsizeofanimalspeciesinthe(12’’)学生提出一个问题：I’dliketoaskaboutsomethingIreadinanarticleonline,abouthowthepopulationsizeofsomeanimalspeciescanaffectotheranimalspecies,andhowotherenvironmentalfactorscomeintoplaytoo.动物之间互相影响彼此的数量，以及其他inagivenecosystemcangetprettycomplex.Becauseinadditiontopredator-preyrelationship,thereareothervariablesthataffectpopulationsize.ToshowthatsomespeciescannotbetransplantedeasilytonewTogiveanexampleofrapidpopulationgrowththatisnotfollowedbyToemphasize (50boomandbustcycle的概念之后，教授进行了一下补充。Let’ssaytherewasaspeciesthathadaccesstoplentyoffoodandidealconditions.Underthosecircumstances,itspopulationwouldincreaseatanever-acceleratingpace.在男生发出感叹之后，她继续解释，itdoesn’tusuallyhappen…(1’18’’)Butwedooccasionallyseeexponentialgrowthinnonnativespecieswhentheyaretransplantedintoanewenvironment.提出nonnativespeices就是为了给出一个例子来说明这种不同寻常的指数Whatpointdoestheprofessormakewhenshediscussesthecarryingcapacityofanecosystem?TheavailabilityoffoodismoreimportantforspeciesthantheavailabilityofTheamountofenvironmentalresistanceinanecosystemdoesnotchangeovertime.EnvironmentalresistancecontrolsthepopulationsizeofspeciesinanThepopulationsizeofmostspeciesincreasesataconstant(1’30’’)教授用BUT转折回到男生说的观点，Butformostspecies,mostofthetime,resourcesarefinite.There’sonlysomuchavailable…whichleadsmetomypoint.Everyecosystemhaswhatwecallacarryingcapacity.教授开始阐述自己的观点，即生态环境的承载容量是会限制物种的最大数量的。(2’06’’)Therearealwaysfactorsthatlimitpopulationgrowth.Thisiscalledenvironmentalresistance.这些限制因素就成为：环境抵Howdidtheresearcherstestthelinksbetweenacorns,white-footedmice,andgypsymothsinaforest?TheysuppliedanadditionalfoodsourceforgypsyTheyintroducedgypsymothstoareaswheretherehadbeenTheyclearedoaktreesfromsomeareaswherebothanimalspeciesTheymanipulatedthenumbersofmiceandacornsinsome(3’48’’)男生对教授说的例子提出疑问：HowcanweknowthatforsureItseemslikeabigjumpfrommoreacornstofewergypsymoths.于是教授解释：Wecanknowforsurebecauseinthisoakforest,theresearchersdecidedtotestthelinksbetweenacornsandthetwoanimalspecies.Insomepartsoftheforest,theyhadvolunteersdropalargenumberofextraacornsontheforestfloor.Andinanothersectionoftheforest,theyremoveanumberofwhite-footedmice.Whatdoestheprofessorsaycanleadtoachangeinthegypsymothpopulationinaforest?(clickon2answers)AnincreaseinthenumberoftreespeciesinaAnincreaseinthenumberofacornsproducedbyoakAdecreaseinthepopulationofwhite-footedAdecreaseinoaktreeleavescausedbygypsymoth(4’13’’)Intheforestareaswhereextraacornshadbeendropped,thegypsymothpopulationsoonwentintoasignificantdecline.Butinthesectionoftheforestwherethewhite-footedmicehadbeenremovedthegypsymothpopulationexploded.当橡子少了，舞毒蛾也会极Whatcanbeinferredabouttheprofessorwhenshesaysthis?(listenShedoesnotknowtheanswertothestudent'sShewantstocorrectastatementshemadeShethinksthetermthestudentusedisShewouldliketoredirectthe(50’’)重复句子：OKWell,holdonasecondFirstIwanttogooversomekeyconcepts.在女Lecture2ConversationWhatdothespeakersmainlydiscuss?(clickon2HowthemanshouldnarrowthefocusofhisWhetherafocusonwoodharvestingisanappropriatetopicfortheman'sWhythemanbecameinterestedinwoodharvesting并引出本次谈话的重要话题：(38’’Andactually,yesterday’stripgotmethinkingaboutmyresearchpaperforyourclass.(1’40’’)That’swhatI’dliketowriteabout.Iwanttolookatancientmethodsofwoodharvestingthatdidn’tresultinthedestructionofthewholeforest.授说：Thenwecantalkaboutwhetherornotyourtopicwillwork.所以，整个对话是在讨WhydoesthemanmentionpursuinganadvanceddegreeinToexplainwhyhisbiologyclassinterestshimsoToasktheprofessortowritealetterofrecommendationforTogettheprofessor'sopiniononhischoiceofToindicateheisnotinterestedin(31IaminterestedingettinganadvanceddegreeinforestryafterIgraduatefromhere.SoIloveallthisstuff.因为他对林业学位很感兴趣，所以很喜欢生物类的东西。WhathadthemanassumedabouthumanimpactontheThathumanimpactontheenvironmentisdifficulttoThathumanshaveonlyrecentlyhadanimpactontheThathumanimpactontheenvironmentisalwaysThathumanimpactontheenvironmentcannotbe(50’’)AndIjustassumedthatthehumanimpactontheenvironmentwasalwaysAccordingtotheprofessor,whatdidresearchersfindatanarchaeologicalsiteinTurkey?RemainsofpistachiosandalmondsinancientToolsindicatingthattherewasfarmingintheEvidencethatpeoplecutdowntreesforuseas(1’14’’)IwasjustreadinganarticleaboutanarchaeologicalsiteinTurkeywherescientistsfoundevidencethatancientpeoplehadbeenharvestingthebranchesfrompistachioandalmondtrees.教授提到一篇文章关于古土耳其的考古遗址中研究者发现古代人们砍伐Whatopiniondoestheprofessorexpresswhenshesaysthis:（listenThatthetopicistoocontroversialtobethefocusoftheman'sThattoomanypapershavealreadybeenwrittenontheThatthetopicdoesnotseemtomeettherequirementsoftheThattherehasnotyetbeenanyresearchpublishedonthe(1’47’’)重复内容：Hmm…soyouwanttowriteyourentirepaperonwoodharvesting?LectureWhatisthelecturemainlyTheenvironmentaleffectsofheapThereforestationeffortsintheCopperTheprocessofminingandproducingDamagescausedduringanattempttocleanupindustrial(1’40”)But…anyway…let’sanalyzetheproblem.Itwasn’ttheminingitselfthatcausedsuchmassivedestruction.Itwaswhathappenedafterthecopperorewasextractedfromthemines.Itwasaprocesscalledheaproasting.教授从一开始先介绍讲座要涉及的重要话题CopperBasin.CopperBasinBUT来引出这次讲Whatistheprofessor'sopinionabouttheefforttoreclaimthelandintheCopperBasin?ThetechniquesandmaterialsusedforthecleanupwereprobablySomeattemptstocleanuptheCopperBasinhavemadetheproblemsItisnotsurprisingthatcleaninguptheareahasbeenextremelyThecleanuphastakenlongerthan(1’05’’)Well,actually,thoseeffortsarestillongoing.It’sbeenalongandtediousprocess.Infact,itwasmanyyearsbeforeanyresultswereseen.Coppermininghadgoneonthereformorethan90years!Thedamagecouldn’tbereversedovernight.well这个语气助90多年，造成的破坏是不可能一夜之间就被扭WhatdoestheprofessorimplywhenhementionsanOlympicwhitewaterkayakingcompetition?ThatmanypeopleareunawareoftheenvironmentalproblemsintheCopperBasinThatasuccessfulreclamationoftheCopperBasinmaybeThatsomeactivitiesintheCopperBasinmustgoondespitetheThattheOlympiccompetitionshouldhavebeenheldinadifferent(1’24’’)AlthoughIshouldmentionthatby1996,thewaterinoneoftheriversflowingthroughthebasinwascleanenoughthatitwasthesiteoftheOlympicwhitewaterkayakingcompetition.Andthatriverisstillusednowforrecreation.CopperAccordingtothelecture,whywasheaproastingusedintheproducingofTomakecopperoreeasiertoTomakecopperoresafeforworkerstoTotransformcopperoreintoToremoveimpuritiesfromcopper(1’45’’)Copperorecontainssulfur.Andheaproastingwasawaytoburnawaythesulfurinthecoppersothey’dbeleftwithsomethingclosertopurecopper.这个过程就是去除铜当WhatfactorsledtothedisappearanceoftreesintheCopperBasin?(clickon2answers)MinesweredugunderareaswheretreeswereLoosesoilledtotreesbeingwashedintotheTreesgrowingnearthemineswerecutandusedasCloudsofsulfursmokekilledtreesinthe(2’20’’)Well,let’slookattheresults.这句是主旨句，引出后面的分论点。First,…Sotheycutdowntreesforfuel.…Anditwasacceleratedbythesmokefromtheburningore.Bigcloudsofsulfuricsmoke,whichwastoxictothetrees,formedoverthearea.Treesthathadn’tbeencutforfuelwerekilledbythefumes.Whatresultedfromthelackoftreesnearthecopper-miningItbecamedifficulttoprovidehousingforalltheRiversbecamefilledwithtoxicCoalandotherfuelhadtobetransportedintotheTheheap-roastingprocesshadtobecompletedfarfromthe(3’38’’)Anditwasn’tjustthelandandtheair,itwasthewatertoo.Whatdoyouthinkhappentotherivers?Well,therearenotreestoabsorbtherain,andtherewasalotofrain!Sotherainerodedthesoilandsweptitintotherivers.Andthesiltingcontinuedatanalarmingrate.Butthiswastoxicsoilandtoxicrunoff,theacidandmetalsinthesoilmadetheonceclearriversflowbrightorange.教授用一个否定句和一个问句来作为结构分割Lecture3LectureWhatarethespeakersmainlyAnarchitectfromtheUnitedStatesandahousedesignsheThedisadvantageofhousesbasedonasquareWomenwhohadamajorinfluenceonarchitectureintheUnited(1’59’’)Now,HarrietIrwin’scontributiontoarchitecturewasrelativelyminorbutstillquiteinterestingandunique.Shedesignedahousewithahexagonalshape.本篇讲座不是开门人背景，再用NOW这个词来引出重点话题，她设计的一种特殊的房子。WhydoestheprofessorquotefromthejournalTheAmericanArchitectandBuildingNews?TopointoutasourceofbiographicalinformationaboutHarrietMorrisonToemphasizehispointthattherewerefewsouthernU.S.architectsinthenineteenthcenturyTosupporthisassertionthatnineteenth-centuryresidentialarchitectsdidnotgetenoughrespectTopointoutthatinterestinsouthernU.S.architectureincreasedduringthenineteenthcenturyanarticlefroman1876issueofajournalcalledTheAmericanArchitectandBuildingNewsstatedthat,andthisisquote,theystatedthat“theplanningofhousesisn’tarchitectureatall”!所以教授引用这个例子就是为了证明他前面说的内容。WhatdoestheprofessorsayaboutIrwin'seducationinShestudiedwithanarchitectwhohelpedherpatentherShewastrainedinarchitecturestartingatayoungShewasthefirstwomanintheUnitedStatestoattendarchitecture(1’13’’)SoIrwinwasreallyprettyexceptionalcase.Andshewasn’tevenformallytrainedanarchitect.HereducationalbackgroundwasinWhatfeatureofIrwin'sdesignshowstheinfluenceofJohnThesizeoftheThelengthandshapeoftheThemainentranceoftheTheplacementofwindowsand(1’37’’)教授用语气助词Um,和especially强调了记下来要说的内容：EspeciallythearchitecturalessayswrittenbytheBritishcritic–JohnRuskin.AndJohnRuskinbelievedwhat?学生回答：Um…thatbuilding