完美版交通运输专业英语第3版资料包课件

正文主编正文主编1.Frame,

2.Engines

3.Computer

4.Fuel

5.Electrical

6.Cooling

7.Exhaust

8.Drive

9.Suspension,

1.Components1.Frame,

2.Engines

3.Comput2.Four-Stroke

2.1IntakeStroke

2.2CompressionStroke

2.3PowerStroke

2.4ExhaustStroke

3.1OilingSystem

3.2EngineCooling

3.3Valvetrains

2.1FuelDeliverySystem

2.2AirInductionSystem2.Four-Stroke

2.1IntakeStro2.3SensorSystem

2.4ComputerControlSystem

2.1ContactPointIgnitionSystem

2.2ElectronicIgnitionSystem

2.3DistributorlessIgnitionSystem

2.1ManualTransmisson

2.2AutomaticTransmisson

3.1SlipJoint

3.2UniversalJoints

4.1TheFinalDrive2.3SensorSystem

2.4Computer4.2Differential

1.1Context

1.2PublicTransportOptions

2.1FeaturesofLightRail

2.2AdvantagesofLightRail

2.3TheEmergenceofLightRail

3.1SomeGeneralStatistics

3.2TypesofAccident

3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex

2.1HighwayFunctions4.2Differential

1.1Context

12.2Two-laneHighway

2.3MultilaneHighway

2.4ConstituentElementsofHighway

3.1SubcomponentsofaFreeway

3.2FreewayCapacity

3.3The‘PerfectFreeway’forMaximumFlow

3.4FreewayPerformanceMeasures

4.1Volume

4.2Speed

4.3Density2.2Two-laneHighway

2.3MultiFig.1.1GenerallocationofthemajorvehiclesystemsFig.1.1Generallocationofth1.Frame,Fig.1.2Chassisofacar1.Frame,Fig.1.2Chassisofa2.Engines

2.Engines

3.Computer

3.Computer

4.Fuel

4.Fuel

5.Electrical

5.Electrical

6.Cooling

6.Cooling

7.Exhaust

7.Exhaust

8.DriveFig.1.3Drivetraincomponents8.DriveFig.1.3Drivetrainco9.Suspension,

9.Suspension,

1.ComponentsFig.2.1Enginecomponents1.ComponentsFig.2.1Engineco2.Four-StrokeFig.2.2Pistonstroke2.Four-StrokeFig.2.2Pistons2.1IntakeStroke

2.1IntakeStroke

2.2CompressionStroke

2.2CompressionStroke

2.3PowerStroke

2.3PowerStroke

2.4ExhaustStroke3.Engines2.4ExhaustStroke3.Engines2.4ExhaustStrokeFig.2.3Fourstrokecycleprincipleofoperation

a)Intakestrokeb)Compressionstrokec)Powerstroked)Exhauststroke2.4ExhaustStrokeFig.2.3Four3.Engines

3.Engines

3.1OilingSystem

3.1OilingSystem

3.2EngineCooling

3.2EngineCooling

3.3Valvetrains(1)理解过程：理解原文，应从整体出发。

(2)表达过程：表达是用汉语把已经理解的原文的思想内容重新表达出来。

1.Gasoline

2.Electronic3.3Valvetrains(1)理解过程：理解原文，应3.3ValvetrainsFig.2.4Valvetrainsystem3.3ValvetrainsFig.2.4Valve(1)理解过程：理解原文，应从整体出发。

(1)理解过程：理解原文，应从整体出发。

(2)表达过程：表达是用汉语把已经理解的原文的思想内容重新表达出来。Fig.3.1Fuelinjectionsystem,schematic(2)表达过程：表达是用汉语把已经理解的原文的思想内容重新表1.GasolineFig.3.2Gasolineinjectionsystem1.GasolineFig.3.2Gasolinein2.Electronic

2.Electronic

2.1FuelDeliverySystemFig.3.3Configurationofanelectronicfuelinjector2.1FuelDeliverySystemFig.3.2.2AirInductionSystemFig.3.4Configurationofanairinductionsystem2.2AirInductionSystemFig.3.2.3SensorSystem

2.3SensorSystem

2.4ComputerControlSystem3.Diesel

1.Basic

2.Typical2.4ComputerControlSystem3.2.4ComputerControlSystemFig.3.5Sensorsfeedinformationtothecontrolmodule2.4ComputerControlSystemFig3.Diesel②Thetruckiscapableoftowingatrailerwithatotalweightof4.5tonsongoodroads.3.Diesel②Thetruckiscapabl3.DieselFig.3.6Dieselinjectionsystem3.DieselFig.3.6Dieselinject②Thetruckiscapableoftowingatrailerwithatotalweightof4.5tonsongoodroads.

②Thetruckiscapableoftowi1.BasicFig.4.1Basicignitionsystemconfiguration1.BasicFig.4.1Basicignition1.BasicFig.4.2Twomajorsectionsofanignitionsystem

a)Primarycircuitb)Secondarycircuit1.BasicFig.4.2Twomajorsect2.Typical

2.Typical

2.1ContactPointIgnitionSystem

2.1ContactPointIgnitionSys2.2ElectronicIgnitionSystemFig.4.3Simplifiedelectronicignitionsystem2.2ElectronicIgnitionSystem2.3DistributorlessIgnitionSystem②Theairplanelandedattheairporthereat10o’clocklastnight.

1.Clutch

2.Transmisson2.3DistributorlessIgnitionS2.3DistributorlessIgnitionSystemFig.4.4Distributorlessignitionsystem2.3DistributorlessIgnitionS②Theairplanelandedattheairporthereat10o’clocklastnight.Fig.5.1Drivetrain②Theairplanelandedatthea1.ClutchFig.5.2Actionofclutch1.ClutchFig.5.2Actionofclu1.ClutchFig.5.3Diaphramspringclutch1.ClutchFig.5.3Diaphramspri2.Transmisson

2.Transmisson

2.1ManualTransmissonFig.5.4Basicprincipleofmanualtransmisson2.1ManualTransmissonFig.5.42.2AutomaticTransmisson3.The2.2AutomaticTransmisson3.Th3.TheFig.5.5Propellershaftofatruck3.TheFig.5.5Propellershaft3.1SlipJoint

3.1SlipJoint

3.2UniversalJoints4.The3.2UniversalJoints4.The4.The

4.The

4.1TheFinalDriveFig.5.6Reardriveaxleassembly4.1TheFinalDriveFig.5.6Rea4.2Differential②Afuelisamaterialthatwillburnatareasonabletemperatureandproduceheat.

1.Fundamental

2.Planetary

3.Clutch

4.Torque

5.Hydraulic

6.Oil

7.Valve

1.The

2.Front4.2Differential②Afuelisa4.2Differential1.Drum

2.Disc

3.Anti-lock

1.Production,

2.Legislation

1.Raw

2.Energy

3.Conclusions

1.The

2.Design

3.Production4.2Differential1.Drum

2.Dis4.2Differential4.Suppliers

5.Packaging

6.Distribution

7.Price

8.Use

9.Disposal

1.Introduction4.2Differential4.Suppliers

54.2DifferentialFig.5.7Actionofadifferential4.2DifferentialFig.5.7Action②Afuelisamaterialthatwillburnatareasonabletemperatureandproduceheat.

②Afuelisamaterialthatwi1.FundamentalFig.6.1Basicpartsofanautomatictransmission1.FundamentalFig.6.1Basicpa2.PlanetaryFig.6.2Simplifiedplanetarygearsets2.PlanetaryFig.6.2Simplified3.Clutch

3.Clutch

4.TorqueFig.6.3MajorPartsofTorqueconverter4.TorqueFig.6.3MajorPartso5.Hydraulic

5.Hydraulic

6.Oil

6.Oil

7.Valve②Theysaidthattheywouldcheckupandrepairthesemachines.7.Valve②Theysaidthatthey②Theysaidthattheywouldcheckupandrepairthesemachines.

②Theysaidthattheywouldch1.TheFig.7.1Steeringsystem1.TheFig.7.1Steeringsystem1.TheFig.7.2Anintegralpowersteeringsystem1.TheFig.7.2Anintegralpowe2.Front②Atthatmomentthesportcarwasrunningatfullspeed.

③Theywillbeinstallingthemachinewhenyougettheretomorrow.2.Front②Atthatmomentthes2.FrontFig.7.3Caster2.FrontFig.7.3Caster2.FrontFig.7.5Steeringaxisinclination2.FrontFig.7.5Steeringaxis②Atthatmomentthesportcarwasrunningatfullspeed.

②Atthatmomentthesportcar③Theywillbeinstallingthemachinewhenyougettheretomorrow.

③Theywillbeinstallingthe1.DrumFig.8.1Drumbrake1.DrumFig.8.1Drumbrake1.DrumFig.8.2Theprincipalpartsofthebrakehydraulicsystem1.DrumFig.8.2Theprincipalp2.DiscFig.8.3Discbrake2.DiscFig.8.3Discbrake3.Anti-lock②Beforetheinternalcombustionenginewasinvented,thesteamenginehadbeenthesourceofmechanicalpower.

③Whenyoucomebacknextweek,theexperimentwillhavecometoanewstage.

②Importantresearchinthatareahadbeengoingoninouruniversitybefore1998.3.Anti-lock②Beforetheinter3.Anti-lockFig.8.4Partsofananti-lockbrakesystem(ABS)3.Anti-lockFig.8.4Partsofa②Beforetheinternalcombustionenginewasinvented,thesteamenginehadbeenthesourceofmechanicalpower.

②Beforetheinternalcombusti③Whenyoucomebacknextweek,theexperimentwillhavecometoanewstage.表格③Whenyoucomebacknextweek②Importantresearchinthatareahadbeengoingoninouruniversitybefore1998.

②Importantresearchinthata1.Production,表格1.Production,表格2.Legislation②Atrouble-freeenginecanbestartedwithease.2.Legislation②Atrouble-free2.LegislationFig.10.1Introductionoflow-emission

vehicles(LEV)inCaliforniaTLEV-transitional

low-emissionvehiclesULEV-ultra-low-emission

vehiclesZEV-zero-emissionvehicles2.LegislationFig.10.1Introd②Atrouble-freeenginecanbestartedwithease.

②Atrouble-freeenginecanbe1.Raw表格1.Raw表格2.Energy

2.Energy

3.Conclusions(1)不改动主语，但改动谓语的结构；

(2)把主语译为宾语；

(3)译成无人称句或不定人称句等。3.Conclusions(1)不改动主语，但改动谓语的结(1)不改动主语，但改动谓语的结构；②Thediscoveryishighlyappreciatedinthefieldofscience.(1)不改动主语，但改动谓语的结构；②Thediscov②Thediscoveryishighlyappreciatedinthefieldofscience.

②Thediscoveryishighlyappr(2)把主语译为宾语；②Duringoperationgoodlubricationofthebearingshouldbecared(2)把主语译为宾语；②Duringoperation②Duringoperationgoodlubricationofthebearingshouldbecared

②Duringoperationgoodlubric(3)译成无人称句或不定人称句等。②Thecaristhendrivenoutofthefactory,readyforshipping.

②Thefinishedproductsmustbecarefullyinspectedbeforedelivery.(3)译成无人称句或不定人称句等。②Thecaris②Thecaristhendrivenoutofthefactory,readyforshipping.表格表格表格表格②Thecaristhendrivenouto②Thecaristhendrivenoutofthefactory,readyforshipping.Fig.12.1Totaltransport

energyconsumptionbysector②Thecaristhendrivenouto②Thecaristhendrivenoutofthefactory,readyforshipping.Fig.12.2Totalconsumptionbysector②Thecaristhendrivenouto②Thecaristhendrivenoutofthefactory,readyforshipping.表格②Thecaristhendrivenouto②Thefinishedproductsmustbecarefullyinspectedbeforedelivery.Fig.13.1Environmentalproductconsiderations②Thefinishedproductsmustb1.The

1.The

2.Design

2.Design

3.Production

3.Production

4.Suppliers

4.Suppliers

5.Packaging

5.Packaging

6.Distribution

6.Distribution

7.Price

7.Price

8.Use

8.Use

9.Disposal②Nobodyknewthecompositionofthisassemblybeforenow.9.Disposal②Nobodyknewthec②Nobodyknewthecompositionofthisassemblybeforenow.

②Nobodyknewthecomposition1.Introduction

1.Introduction

1.1Context

1.1Context

1.2PublicTransportOptions2.The1.2PublicTransportOptions2.2.The

2.The

2.1FeaturesofLightRail

2.1FeaturesofLightRail

2.2AdvantagesofLightRail

2.2AdvantagesofLightRail

2.3TheEmergenceofLightRail②HedoesnothavemuchexperienceinrepairingofABS.

1.Classification

2.International

3.The2.3TheEmergenceofLightRai②HedoesnothavemuchexperienceinrepairingofABS.

②Hedoesnothavemuchexperi1.Classification(1)Slightinjury.Aninjuryofaminorcharactersuchasasprain,bruiseoracutorlacerationnotjudgedtobesevere.

(2)Seriousinjury.Aninjuryforwhichapersonisdetainedinhospitalasanin-patient,oranyofthefollowinginjuriesregardlessofwhetherheisdetainedinhospital:fractures,concussion,internalinjuries,crushings,severecutsandlacerations,severegeneralshockrequiringmedicaltreatment.

(3)Death.Deathwithin30days.1.Classification(1)Slightin(1)Slightinjury.Aninjuryofaminorcharactersuchasasprain,bruiseoracutorlacerationnotjudgedtobesevere.

(1)Slightinjury.Aninjuryo(2)Seriousinjury.Aninjuryforwhichapersonisdetainedinhospitalasanin-patient,oranyofthefollowinginjuriesregardlessofwhetherheisdetainedinhospital:fractures,concussion,internalinjuries,crushings,severecutsandlacerations,severegeneralshockrequiringmedicaltreatment.

(2)Seriousinjury.Aninjury(3)Death.Deathwithin30days.

(3)Death.Deathwithin30day2.InternationalFig.15.1Relationbetweennumberofdeathsper100000populationand

numberofregisteredvehiclesper1000population2.InternationalFig.15.1Rela2.International表格2.International表格3.The

3.The

3.1SomeGeneralStatistics

3.1SomeGeneralStatistics

3.2TypesofAccident表格3.2TypesofAccident表格3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex②Thisequationisfarfrombeingcomplicated.

1.Age

2.Medical

3.Reaction

4.Alcohol

5.Attitudes

6.Accident

1.Road

2.Shoulders

3.Horizontal

4.Vertical3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex5.The

1.General

2.Oversteer

3.Understeer

4.Tyre/Road

5.Friction

6.Wet

7.Peak

8.Road

9.Tyre

1.Braking3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex2.Loss

3.Anti-locking

4.Effect

5.Rigid

6.Articulated

7.Load-sensing

1.General

2.The

3.Mass

4.Energy

1.Speed3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex2.Speed

3.Speed

1.Fuel

2.Fuel

3.Fuel

4.Fuel

1.Quality

2.Establishing

1.Length

2.Width

3.Height3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex1.Brakes

2.Tyres

3.Windscreen

4.View

5.Mirrors

6.Speedometer

7.Fuel

8.Power-to-Weight

9.Seat

1.Types

2.Test3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex3.Test

4.Test

5.The

6.Items

1.–

2.–

3.Seat

4.–

5.Smoke

6.Road

7.Size3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex8.Condition

9.Sideguards,

10.Spare

11.Tractor

12.Trailer

13.Trailer

14.Spray

15.Cab

16.Cab

17.Cab

18.Driving3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex19.Security

20.Condition

21.–

22.Mirrors

23.View

24.Glass

25.Windscreen

26.Speedometer

27.Audible

28.Driving

29.Tachograph3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex30.Play

31.Steering

32.Steering

33.–

34.Pressure/vacuum

35.Build-up

36.Lever

37.Service

38.Service

39.Hand-operated

40.–3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex41.Condition

42.Electrical

43.Engine

44.Oil

45.Fuel

46.Exhaust

47.–

48.Suspension

49.Suspension

50.Attachment

51.Shock3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex52.–

53.Axles,

54.Steering

55.Steering

56.Power

57.Transmission

58.–

59.Mechanical

60.Brake

61.Braking

62.Rear3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex63.Front

64.Rear

65.Reflectors

66.Direction

67.Aim

68.Headlamps

69.Stop

70.Trailer

71.Service

72.Secondary

73.Parking3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex74.–

75.–

1.Definitions

2.What

3.Transportation

1.Highways

2.Urban

3.Air

4.Rail

5.Water

6.Pipelines3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSex7.Other

1.Highway

2.Highway3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeandSexFig.15.2Casualtiesandfatalitiesforageandsex3.3CasualtyRatesbyAgeand②Thisequationisfarfrombeingcomplicated.

②Thisequationisfarfrombe1.Age

1.Age

2.Medical

2.Medical

3.Reaction

3.Reaction

4.AlcoholFig.16.1Accidentriskandbloodalcoholcontentindrivers4.AlcoholFig.16.1Accidentr5.Attitudes

5.Attitudes

6.Accident②Bearingsshouldnotbeunboxedorunwrappeduntilthemomentforfitting.6.Accident②Bearingsshouldn②Bearingsshouldnotbeunboxedorunwrappeduntilthemomentforfitting.

②Bearingsshouldnotbeunbox1.Road

1.Road

2.Shoulders

2.Shoulders

3.Horizontal

3.Horizontal

4.Vertical

4.Vertical

5.The(1)Theradiusofcurvatureofboththeentrytoandexitfromthemajorroadforleftturningvehiclesshouldbeadequate,sothatvehiclesarenotcompelledtoslowdownexcessively,althoughtheresultingangleatwhichavehicleentersthemainroadshouldnotbegreatenoughtomakeitdifficultforthedrivertoseevehicleswithwhichheismergingonthemainroad［9］.Guideislandseitherraisedormarkedonthecarriagewaymaybeusedtochannelcarstotheturns.

(2)Visibility,mainlyfromtheminorroad,atjunctionscanbeimproved:5.The(1)Theradiusofcurvat5.The(3)Thereductionofconflicts.Conflictsarisewhenonestreamoftrafficcrossesormergeswithanother,andwithinasingletrafficstreamwhenavehiclesuddenlyslowsdownandmaybestruckbyafollowingvehicle.5.The(3)Thereductionofcon5.TheFig.17.1Left-andright-hand

splaysatthree-wayjunctions5.TheFig.17.1Left-andright5.TheFig.17.2Twotypesofstaggeredcrossroads5.TheFig.17.2Twotypesofs(1)Theradiusofcurvatureofboththeentrytoandexitfromthemajorroadforleftturningvehiclesshouldbeadequate,sothatvehiclesarenotcompelledtoslowdownexcessively,althoughtheresultingangleatwhichavehicleentersthemainroadshouldnotbegreatenoughtomakeitdifficultforthedrivertoseevehicleswithwhichheismergingonthemainroad［9］.Guideislandseitherraisedormarkedonthecarriagewaymaybeusedtochannelcarstotheturns.

(1)Theradiusofcurvatureof(2)Visibility,mainlyfromtheminorroad,atjunctionscanbeimproved:Fig.17.3Slightly

offsetcrossroads(2)Visibility,mainlyfromth(3)Thereductionofconflicts.Conflictsarisewhenonestreamoftrafficcrossesormergeswithanother,andwithinasingletrafficstreamwhenavehiclesuddenlyslowsdownandmaybestruckbyafollowingvehicle.②Don’tforgetopeningtheswitch.(3)Thereductionofconflicts(3)Thereductionofconflicts.Conflictsarisewhenonestreamoftrafficcrossesormergeswithanother,andwithinasingletrafficstreamwhenavehiclesuddenlyslowsdownandmaybestruckbyafollowingvehicle.Fig.17.4Methodsofreducingconflictsatstaggeredcrossroads(3)Thereductionofconflicts②Don’tforgetopeningtheswitch.

②Don’tforgetopeningtheswi1.General(1)Thestiffnessofthetyresinthesidewaysdirection,andthereforethesideways‘creep’ofthewheelwhenasideforceisapplied.

(2)Thepositionofthecentreofgravity.

(3)Themomentofinertiaofthevehicleabouttheverticalaxisthroughthecenterofgravity(themomentinyaw).

(4)Therollmomentofinertia.1.General(1)Thestiffnessof(1)Thestiffnessofthetyresinthesidewaysdirection,andthereforethesideways‘creep’ofthewheelwhenasideforceisapplied.

(1)Thestiffnessofthetyres(2)Thepositionofthecentreofgravity.

(2)Thepositionofthecentre(3)Themomentofinertiaofthevehicleabouttheverticalaxisthroughthecenterofgravity(themomentinyaw).

(3)Themomentofinertiaoft(4)Therollmomentofinertia.

(4)Therollmomentofinertia2.Oversteer

2.Oversteer

3.Understeer

3.Understeer

4.Tyre/Road表格4.Tyre/Road表格5.Friction

5.Friction

6.Wet

6.Wet

7.Peak

7.Peak

8.Road

8.Road

9.Tyre②Whateverheshouldsay,Iwillnotchangemyopinion.

③Icannottellyouwhetheritwouldbetrue.9.Tyre②Whateverheshouldsa②Whateverheshouldsay,Iwillnotchangemyopinion.

②Whateverheshouldsay,Iwi③Icannottellyouwhetheritwouldbetrue.

③Icannottellyouwhetheri1.BrakingFig.19.1Brakingdistancesforcars,

commercialvehiclesandmotorcycles1.BrakingFig.19.1Brakingdi2.Loss

2.Loss

3.Anti-locking

3.Anti-locking

4.Effect

4.Effect

5.Rigid

5.Rigid

6.Articulated(1)Atthetrailer.Thisisthelesscommonmode.Thetrailerwheelslockandthetrailermayswingout,sincethosewheelscanexertverylittlesidewaysforce.Thisismostlikelytooccurwhenthevehicleisbrakedandsteeredonacurvedpathatsametime.

(2)Atthetractor.Thisisthemoreusualmode,andtheonewhichmayresultinjack-knifing6.Articulated(1)Atthetrail(1)Atthetrailer.Thisisthelesscommonmode.Thetrailerwheelslockandthetrailermayswingout,sincethosewheelscanexertverylittlesidewaysforce.Thisismostlikelytooccurwhenthevehicleisbrakedandsteeredonacurvedpathatsametime.

(1)Atthetrailer.Thisisth(2)Atthetractor.Thisisthemoreusualmode,andtheonewhichmayresultinjack-knifing

(2)Atthetractor.Thisisth7.Load-sensing②IfIwereyou,Ishouldreadtheinstructionscarefullyfirst.7.Load-sensing②IfIwereyou②IfIwereyou,Ishouldreadtheinstructionscarefullyfirst.

②IfIwereyou,Ishouldread1.General

1.General

2.The

2.The

3.MassFig.20.1Variationofvelocitychangewithmassratio3.MassFig.20.1Variationof4.Energy②Ifyouhadknownthefundamentallaws,youwouldhavecometothecorrectconclusion.

(1)Limitsapplyingtoparticularroads.

(2)Limitsapplyingtoparticularclassesofvehicle(includinglimitsimposedbythemandatoryfitmentofspeedlimiterdevices).

(3)Temporaryspeedlimitsintroducedforspecialreasonssuchasinpotentiallyhazardoussituationsandintimesoffuelshortages.4.Energy②Ifyouhadknownth②Ifyouhadknownthefundamentallaws,youwouldhavecometothecorrectconclusion.

②Ifyouhadknownthefundame(1)Limitsapplyingtoparticularroads.

(1)Limitsapplyingtoparticu(2)Limitsapplyingtoparticularclassesofvehicle(includinglimitsimposedbythemandatoryfitmentofspeedlimiterdevices).

(2)Limitsapplyingtoparticu(3)Temporaryspeedlimitsintroducedforspecialreasonssuchasinpotentiallyhazardoussituationsandintimesoffuelshortages.

(3)Temporaryspeedlimitsint1.Speed

1.Speed

2.Speed表格2.Speed表格3.Speed②Ifgreenplantsshoulddisappearcomeday,therewouldhardlybeanylifeontheearth.3.Speed②Ifgreenplantsshou②Ifgreenplantsshoulddisappearcomeday,therewouldhardlybeanylifeontheearth.

②Ifgreenplantsshoulddisap1.Fuel(1)Mechanicalcondition.

(2)Efficientuse.

(3)Additionoffueleconomyaids.

(1)Fuelsystem(fueltank,pipelines,fitters,pumpandinjectors).Thereshouldbenoleaksandthevehicleshouldnotemitblacksmoke.Bothofthesearecausesorconsequencesofexcessiveconsumptionaswellasmatterswhichcouldresultintestfailureandprosecution.Fuelpumpsandinjectorsshouldbeproperlyservicedasrecommendedbythemanufacturers.1.Fuel(1)Mechanicalconditio1.Fuel(2)Wheelsandbrakes.Wheelsshouldturnfreelyandwithoutanybrakebinding.Frontwheelsshouldbecorrectlyaligned.Brakebindingandmisalignmentcauseunnecessaryfrictionwhichisonlyovercomebytheuseofmorefuel.Axlesonbogiesshouldbecorrectlyalignedbecausetyresrunningatslipangleshaveahighrollingresistanceandthereforeareasourceofincreasedfuelconsumption［4］.

(3)Drivingcontrols.Throttle,clutchandbrakepedalsshouldbecorrectlyadjustedsothedriverhasefficientcontroloverthevehicle.Inparticular,enginetickovershouldbeaccuratelyadjusted.

(1)Vehiclesrunninglongdistanceswhenonlypartiallyloaded.

(2)Vehiclescoveringexcessivedistancestoreachtheirdestination.1.Fuel(2)Wheelsandbrakes.1.Fuel(3)Largevehiclesbeingusedforrunningerrandsormakingsmallitemdeliverieswhichcouldbeaccomplishedmoreefficiently,andcertainlymoreeconomically,byothermeans.

(4)Vehiclesrunningempty.1.Fuel(3)Largevehiclesbein(1)Mechanicalcondition.

(1)Mechanicalcondition.

(2)Efficientuse.

(2)Efficientuse.

(3)Additionoffueleconomyaids.

(3)Additionoffueleconomya(1)Fuelsystem(fueltank,pipelines,fitters,pumpandinjectors).Thereshouldbenoleaksandthevehicleshouldnotemitblacksmoke.Bothofthesearecausesorconsequencesofexcessiveconsumptionaswellasmatterswhichcouldresultintestfailureandprosecution.Fuelpumpsandinjectorsshouldbeproperlyservicedasrecommendedbythemanufacturers.

(1)Fuelsystem(fueltank,pi(2)Wheelsandbrakes.Wheelsshouldturnfreelyandwithoutanybrakebinding.Frontwheelsshouldbecorrectlyaligned.Brakebindingandmisalignmentcauseunnecessaryfrictionwhichisonlyovercomebytheuseofmorefuel.Axlesonbogiesshouldbecorrectlyalignedbecausetyresrunningatslipangleshaveahighrollingresistanceandthereforeareasourceofincreasedfuelconsumption［4］.

(2)Wheelsandbrakes.Wheels(3)Drivingcontrols.Throttle,clutchandbrakepedalsshouldbecorrectlyadjustedsothedriverhasefficientcontroloverthevehicle.Inparticular,enginetickovershouldbeaccuratelyadjusted.

(3)Drivingcontrols.Throttle(1)Vehiclesrunninglongdistanceswhenonlypartiallyloaded.

(1)Vehiclesrunninglongdist(2)Vehiclescoveringexcessivedistancestoreachtheirdestination.

(2)Vehiclescoveringexcessiv(3)Largevehiclesbeingusedforrunningerrandsormakingsmallitemdeliverieswhichcouldbeaccomplishedmoreefficiently,andcertainlymoreeconomically,byothermeans.

(3)Largevehiclesbeingused(4)Vehiclesrunningempty.

(4)Vehiclesrunningempty.

2.Fuel

2.Fuel

3.Fuel(1)High-speeddriving

(2)Erratic,stop-godriving.3.Fuel(1)High-speeddriving

(1)High-speeddriving

(1)High-speeddriving

(2)Erratic,stop-godriving.

(2)Erratic,stop-godriving.

4.Fuel(1)数字后加“odd”或“andodd”，译成“……有余”。

(2)数字前加“morethan”“over”或“above”，译成“多于”“……以上”。

(3)数字前加“less

(4)数字前加“some”、“about”，译成“大约”“……左右”

(5)数字后加“orso”“ormore”“orless”或“moreorless”，分别译成“大约”“多于”“少于”“……左右”。

(6)用“upwardsof”“closeto”“approximateto”等短语表示大约数量。4.Fuel(1)数字后加“odd”或“andodd”，(1)数字后加“odd”或“andodd”，译成“……有余”。

(1)数字后加“odd”或“andodd”，译成“……有余(2)数字前加“morethan”“over”或“above”，译成“多于”“……以上”。

(2)数字前加“morethan”“over”或“abov(3)数字前加“less

(3)数字前加“less

(4)数字前加“some”、“about”，译成“大约”“……左右”

(4)数字前加“some”、“about”，译成“大约”“…(5)数字后加“orso”“ormore”“orless”或“moreorless”，分别译成“大约”“多于”“少于”“……左右”。

(5)数字后加“orso”“ormore”“orles(6)用“upwardsof”“closeto”“approximateto”等短语表示大约数量。

(6)用“upwardsof”“closeto”“app1.Quality

1.Quality

2.Establishing(1)“(by)n+单位”表示净增量。

(2)“byntimes(%)”表示净增倍数(百分比)。

(3)“ntimes”“nfold”表示成n倍增长，译为“增加到n倍”或“增加了n-1倍”。

(4)“byafactorofn”表示增大到n倍，应译为“增加了n－1倍”。2.Establishing(1)“(by)n+单位”(1)“(by)n+单位”表示净增量。

(1)“(by)n+单位”表示净增量。

(2)“byntimes(%)”表示净增倍数(百分比)。

(2)“byntimes(%)”表示净增倍数(百分比)。(3)“ntimes”“nfold”表示成n倍增长，译为“增加到n倍”或“增加了n-1倍”。

(3)“ntimes”“nfold”表示成n倍增长，译为(4)“byafactorofn”表示增大到n倍，应译为“增加了n－1倍”。

(4)“byafactorofn”表示增大到n倍，应1.LengthFig.24.1Themaximumand

minimumouterandinnersweptcircles

withinwhichanew16.5metrelong

articulatedvehiclemustbeabletoturn.1.LengthFig.24.1Themaximum1.LengthFig.24.2Themaximumdimensionsfordrawbarvehiclecombinations.1.LengthFig.24.2Themaximum2.WidthFig.24.3Themaximumdimensionsfor

newarticulatedvehiclesandsemi-trailers2.WidthFig.24.3Themaximum3.Height(1)“(by)n+单位