美国分布式风能市场2023版-Distributed Wind Market Report 2023 Edition

DistributedWindMarketReport:2023Edition

DistributedWindMarketReport:2023Edition

Disclaimer

ThisreportwaspreparedasanaccountofworksponsoredbyanagencyoftheUnitedStatesGovernment.NeithertheUnitedStatesGovernmentnoranyagencythereof,norBattelleMemorialInstitute,noranyoftheiremployees,makesanywarranty,expressorimplied,orassumesanylegalliabilityorresponsibilityfortheaccuracy,

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recommendation,orfavoringbytheUnitedStatesGovernmentoranyagencythereof,orBattelleMemorial

Institute.TheviewsandopinionsofauthorsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilystateorreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentoranyagencythereof.

ThisreportisbeingdisseminatedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy.Assuch,thisdocumentwaspreparedin

compliancewithSection515oftheTreasuryandGeneralGovernmentAppropriationsActforFiscalYear2001(PublicLaw106-554)andinformationqualityguidelinesissuedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy.Thoughthisreportdoesnotconstitute“influential”information,asthattermisdefinedintheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’s

InformationQualityGuidelinesortheOfficeofManagementandBudget’sInformationQualityBulletinforPeer

Review,thestudywasreviewedbothinternallyandexternallypriortopublication.Forpurposesofexternalreview,thestudybenefitedfromtheadviceandcommentsfromninerepresentativesfromanassociation,twoproject

developers,threeturbinemanufacturers,onestateagency,onelawfirm,andonefederallaboratory.

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DistributedWindMarketReport:2023Edition

iii

PreparationandAuthorship

ThisreportwasfundedbytheWindEnergyTechnologiesOffice,OfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyunderContractDE-AC05-76RL01830.

ReportauthorsareAliceOrrell,LindsaySheridan,KamilaKazimierczuk,andAnnelieseFenschofPacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory.

v

Acknowledgments

Theauthorswishtothankthefollowingpeoplefortheirhelpinproducingthisreport:PatrickGilman

andLizHartman(U.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sWindEnergyTechnologiesOffice);BretBarker,GageReber,andWendellGrinton,Jr.(insupportofU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sWindEnergyTechnologiesOffice);and

MikeParker,KelseyAdkisson,CassieFrankovich,andDaniellePreziuso(PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory).

Theauthorswishtothankthefollowingpeoplefortheirreviewand/orcontributionstothisreport:

MichaelBerdan,BE-WINDLLC;MichaelBergey,BergeyWindpowerCo.;JamesDuffy,NixonPeabody;TomHurd,TwinTurbinesEnergy;MitchHyde,BluestemEnergySolutions;DorisJansky,Nebraska

DepartmentofEnvironmentandEnergy;AndreaKraj,WorldWindEnergyAssociation;SteveSherr,FoundationWindpower;BrentSummerville,NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory.

Theauthorswishtothankthefollowingcompaniesforcontributingdata,information,andsupportforthisreport:AdvancedEnergySystems;AeromineTechnologies,Inc.;AffordableEnergyConcepts,Inc;

AgathonSolar;AllSolarInc.;AlbrechtWindEnergy;AmericanWindpower;APRSWorld,BarberWindTurbines;BergeyWindpowerCo.;Be-WindLLC;BluePacificEnergy;BTIWindEnergy;Buffalo

Renewables;CarterWindSystems;ChavaEnergy;DuctedWindTurbines;Dyocore;EAZWind;Energy

Design;EnergyOptions;EocycleTechnologiesInc.;ESPE;GoldCoastRenewableEnergy;GreatRock

Windpower;HaloEnergy;Hi-VAWTTechnologyCorp.;HossConsulting;LNHEnterprises;NorthernPowerSystems;OasisMontana;PecosWindPower;PrimusWindPowerInc.;PowerGridPartners;Renewable

EnergyManagement,LLC;RockwindVenturePartners;RyseEnergy;SivaPowersAmericaInc;SDWindEnergy;SkylandsRenewableEnergy;Storke,LLC;SonsightWind;TickTockEnergy,Inc.;TwinTurbine

Energy;VikingWind;WESEngineering,Inc.;WindHarvest;WindResource,LLC;WindTurbinesofOhio;andXflowEnergyCompany.

Theauthorswishtothankrepresentativesfromthefollowingutilitiesandstate,federal,and

internationalagenciesforcontributingdata,information,andsupportforthisreport:Adams-ColumbiaElectricCooperative;AlaskaEnergyAuthority;ArkansasEnergyOffice;AshlandElectric;Associacíon

ArgentinadeEnergiaEólica;AustinEnergy;AustralianCleanEnergyRegulator;AvistaUtilities;BlueRidgeMountainElectricMembershipCooperative;BrazilAgênciaNacionaldeEnergiaEléctrica;CaliforniaEnergy

Commission;CentralIowaPowerCooperative;CentralLincolnPeople'sUtilityDistrict;ChelanCountyPublic

UtilityDistrict;CityofBrenham,TX;CityofChicago,IL;CityofSanMarcos,TX;CleanEnergyNew

Hampshire;ColoradoStateUniversity;DanishEnergyAgency;DCPublicServiceCommission;DelawareMunicipalElectricCorporation,Inc.;DelawareSustainableEnergyUtility;DetroitLakesPublicUtilities;

DuncanValleyElectricCooperative;EastCentralEnergy;ElPasoElectric;EnergyTrustofOregon;

EnergyUnited;EugeneWaterandElectricBoard;Evergy;FirstEnergy;FloridaOfficeofEnergy;GestoredeiServiziEnergetici;GoldenValleyElectricAssociation;GraysHarborPublicUtilityDistrict;HawaiiPublic

UtilitiesCommission;HawaiianElectric;IdahoEnergyResourceAuthority;IdahoOfficeofEnergyand

MineralResources;IllinoisOfficeofEnergy;IndianaOfficeofEnergyDevelopment;IowaUtilitiesBoard;

KentuckyEnergyandEnvironmentCabinet;Klein-Windkraftanlagen;LouisianaTechnologyAssessment

Division;MainePublicUtilitiesCommission;MarylandEnergyAdministration;MarylandPublicService

Commission;MassachusettsDepartmentofEnergyResources;MidAmericanEnergyCompany;MinnesotaStateEnergyOffice;MississippiEnergyOffice;MontanaDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality;National

Grid;NebraskaDepartmentofEnvironmentandEnergy;NewHampshireDepartmentofEnergy;NewJerseyBoardofPublicUtilities;NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthority;NorthCarolina

GreenPower;NorthernIndianaPublicServiceCompany;NorthwesternEnergy;OhioPublicUtilities

Commission;OkanoganCountyPublicUtilityDistrict;OrcasPowerandLight;PacifiCorp;Pennsylvania

DepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection;PortlandGeneralElectric;PublicUtilitiesCommissionofNevada;PublicUtilityCommissionofTexas;PugetSoundEnergy;RenewWisconsin;RenewableEnergyVermont;RhodeIslandOfficeofEnergyResources;RunestoneElectricAssociation;SanMiguelPowerAssociation;SanteeCooper;SouthCarolinaEnergyOffice;TidelandElectricMembershipCorporation;United

IlluminatingCompanyPower;UniversityofAppliedScienceTechnikumWien;UniversityofWyoming;Utah

vi

OfficeofEnergyDevelopment;ValleyElectricAssociation;VermontElectricPowerProducers;VirginiaDepartmentofMines,MineralsandEnergy;WashingtonDCDepartmentofEnergyandEnvironment;

WashingtonStateUniversityEnergyProgram;WestVirginiaEnergyOffice;WorldWindEnergyAssociation;andWyomingStateEnergyOffice.

vii

ListofAcronyms

ACP

AmericanCleanPowerAssociation

ANSI

AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute

AWEA

AmericanWindEnergyAssociation

DOE

U.S.DepartmentofEnergy

EIA

U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration

FAA

FederalAviationAdministration

FIT

feed-intariff

GE

GeneralElectric

GW

gigawatt(s)

ICC–SWCC

InternationalCodeCouncil–-SmallWindCertificationCouncil

IEC

InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission

IRA

InflationReductionAct

IRS

U.S.InternalRevenueService

ITAC

InterstateTurbineAdvisoryCouncil

ITC

investmenttaxcredit

kW

kilowatt(s)

kWh

kilowatt-hour(s)

LCOE

levelizedcostofenergy

MW

megawatt(s)

NPS

NorthernPowerSystems

NREL

NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory

NYSERDA

NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthority

O&M

operationsandmaintenance

PNNL

PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory

PTC

productiontaxcredit

PV

photovoltaic

REAP

RuralEnergyforAmericaProgram

SGIP

Self-GenerationIncentiveProgram

USDA

U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture

WETO

U.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sWindEnergyTechnologiesOffice

ix

ExecutiveSummary

TheannualDistributedWindMarketReportprovidesstakeholderswithmarketstatisticsandanalysisalong

withinsightsintomarkettrendsandcharacteristicsforwindtechnologiesusedasdistributedenergyresources.

Thisreportpresentsthedistributedwindmarketfrom2003through2022.Keyfindingswithrespectto

installedcapacity,deploymenttrends,customertypes,incentives,policies,installedcostsandperformance,andthefutureoutlookarepresentedbelow.

InstalledCapacity

CumulativeU.S.distributedwindcapacityinstalledfrom2003through2022nowstandsat1,104

megawatts(MW)fromover90,000windturbinesacrossall50states,theDistrictofColumbia,PuertoRico,theU.S.VirginIslands,theNorthernMarianaIslands,andGuam.Distributedwindturbinesareconnectedat

thedistributionlevelofanelectricitysystem,orinoff-gridapplications,toservespecificorlocalloads.

In2022,13statesadded29.5MWofnewdistributedwindcapacityfrom1,755turbineunits

representing$84millionininvestment.Thiscomparesto11.7MWofdeployedcapacityacross15statesfrom1,751turbinesrepresenting$41millionininvestmentin2021and21.9MWin11statesfrom1,497turbineunitsrepresenting$44millionininvestmentin2020.

Ofthe29.5MWinstalledin2022,27.2MWcamefromdistributedwindprojectsusinglarge-scale

turbines(greaterthan1MWinsize).Nocapacitycamefromprojectsusingmidsizeturbines(101kilowatts[kW]to1MWinsize)and2.3MWcamefromprojectsusingsmallwindturbines(upthrough100kWin

size).

The27.2MWfromfourprojectsusing10turbinesgreaterthan1MWisanincreasefrom8.7MW

(threeprojectswithfiveturbines)in2021and20MW(fiveprojectswitheightturbines)documentedin2020.Large-scalewindturbinescontinuetoaccountformostofthedistributedwindcapacityadditions.Theannualdeployedcapacityusinglarge-scaleturbinesfluctuatesfromyeartoyearbecausetheseprojectshavelongerproject-developmentcyclesthansmallerdistributedwindenergyprojectsandlarge-scaleturbine

technologycontinuestoincreaseinnameplatecapacity.Overthelastfiveyears,theaverageturbinesizeofturbinesgreaterthan100kWindistributedwindprojectsincreasedfrom2.2MWto2.7MW.

Therewerenoreporteddistributedwindprojectsin2022thatusedmidsizeturbines(101kWto1MWinsize).Projectsusingmidsizeturbineshaveregularlyrepresentedasmallpartofthedistributedwindmarket.

In2021,atotalof1.2MWofmidsizecapacityfromthreeprojectsusingfourturbineswasdeployed

representing$2millionofinvestment,comparedto0.28MWfromtwosingle-turbineprojectsin2020representing$0.4millionofinvestment.

Atotalof2.3MWofsmallwindturbines(upthrough100kWinsize)wasdeployedintheUnitedStatesin2022from1,745turbineunits,representing$14.6millionininvestment.Thisisupfrom1.8MWfrom1,742turbineunitsand$9.2millionininvestmentin2021,and1.6MWfrom1,487turbineunitsand$7.2

millionininvestmentin2020.AllsmallwindmanufacturersandsupplierswhorespondedtothePacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory(PNNL)datarequestreportedhighersalesin2022thanin2021.

Iowa,California,andNebraskaledtheUnitedStatesinnewdistributedwindcapacityadditionsbecauseoftwolargeprojectsinIowaandonelargeprojecteachinCaliforniaandNebraskathatcollectivelyrepresent92%ofthedistributedwindcapacityinstalledin2022.ConEdisonDevelopmentinstalledtwo7.94-MW

projectsconnectedtoload-servingdistributionlinesownedbyInterstatePower&LightinIowa.Foundation

Windpowerinstalleda5.64-MWbehind-the-meterprojectforDoleFreshVegetables,Inc.inCalifornia.AndBluestemEnergySolutionsinstalleda5.64-MWprojectconnectedtoaload-servingdistributionlineownedbySouthernPublicPowerDistrictinNebraska.

Minnesotaaddedthemostsmallwindcapacityin2022with327kW.ThiscanbeattributedtoEocycle’scontinuedpushtosellitsEOX-S16turbinemodeltofarmersinMinnesotatoprovideadecarbonization

solutionfortheemissions-heavyagricultureindustry.

x

DeploymentTrends

GeneralElectric(GE)RenewableEnergyhasbeentheonlyconsistentU.S.-basedmanufacturerof

large-scaleturbinesusedindistributedwindprojectsoverthepast10yearsandwastheonlylarge-scaleturbineproviderfordistributedwindprojectsin2022.

Smallwindrepowersaccountedforareducedportionofnewsmallwindcapacitydeploymentin2022comparedtopreviousyears.Repowersarenewturbinesinstalledonexistingtowersandfoundationsto

replacenonfunctioningturbinesortoupgradethetechnology.In2022,smallwindrepowersrepresentedjust8%oftotalinstalledsmallwindcapacity,comparedto36%in2021and79%in2020.

In2022,90%ofdistributedwindprojectsweredeployedtoprovideenergyforon-siteuseand10%ofprojectswereinterconnectedtoadistributiongridtoprovideenergyforlocaluse.Historically,while

mostofthedistributedwindprojectsdocumentedareinterconnectedforon-siteuse,theymakeuplessofthetotaldeployeddistributedwindcapacity.In2022,theprojectsforon-siteuseaccountedfor22%ofthe

deployeddistributedwindcapacitywhile78%ofthecapacitywasfromprojectsconnectedtothedistributiongrid.

CustomerTypes

In2022,projectsforagriculturalcustomersaccountedfor33%ofthenumberofallprojectsinstalled.

Residentialandcommercialcustomerseachrepresented26%,utilitycustomersrepresented10%,andindustrialandinstitutionalcustomerseachrepresentedjustunder3%ofinstalledprojects.

Distributedwinddeployedforutilitycustomersrepresentedthelargestshareoftotaldistributedwindcapacityinstalledin2022,accountingfor78%ofthedocumentedcapacity.Industrialcustomersrepresentthesecondlargestpercentageofdistributedwindcapacityinstalledin2022,accountingfor20%ofinstalled

capacity.Threeofthefourprojectsusinglarge-scalewindturbineswereforutilities—theotherwasforanindustrialcustomer.Distributedwindforagricultural,residential,commercial,institutional,andgovernmentcustomerseachaccountedfor1%orlessofthedistributedwindcapacityinstalledin2022.

IncentivesandPolicies

TheInflationReductionAct(IRA)of2022enactedlong-termincentivesfordistributedwindthatwillbeavailableforatleastthenextdecade.TheIRAextendstheResidentialRenewableEnergyTaxCredit

applicabletosmallwindturbinesthrough2034.TheIRAalsoextendstheBusinessEnergyInvestmentTax

Credit(ITC)through2024.Startingin2025,thecurrenttechnology-specificITCsandProductionTaxCredit(PTC)optionswillbereplacedwithatechnology-neutralITCandPTCthatwillbeavailabletoallenergy-

generationtechnologieswithzeroornet-negativecarbonemissionsbeforebeginningtophaseoutin2032or

whenU.S.powersectoremissionshavedroppedbyatleast75%comparedwith2022levels,whichevercomeslater.Theextendedandnewtaxcreditshavenewprovisionsforadditional,stackablebonuscreditsof10

percentagepointsfortheITCand10%forthePTCforlocatingfacilitiesin“energycommunities”orfor

meetingdomesticcontentrequirements.FurtherITCbonusesupto20percentagepointsareavailableona

limited,competitivebasisforwindorsolarprojectslessthan5MW(andfrom2025onforothercleanenergy)thatarelocatedinorbenefitlow-incomecommunitiesorarelocatedontriballands.TheIRAalsoincludes

direct-payprovisionsfornon-taxpayingentitiesthatwillenableaccesstothecreditsfororganizationslikemunicipalutilitiesandruralelectriccooperatives.

TheIRAalsoprovidessignificantnewloanandgrantauthorityfromwhichdistributedwindcould

benefit.TheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture’s(USDA)RuralEnergyforAmericaProgram(REAP)receivedafundingallocationofover$2billion,with$303millionsetasideforunderutilizedtechnologiesandtechnical

assistance.Windisaneligibleunderutilizedtechnology.ThenewIRAprovisionsforREAPalsodoubledthemaximumallowablegrantsizefrom$500,000,or25%ofcosts,to$1,000,000,orupto50%ofcosts,for

renewableenergyprojects.

xi

Distributedwindprojectsacrosseightstatesreceivedatotalof$5millioninstate-levelPTCsandUSDAREAPgrantsin2022.Thisisroughlythesameasthe$5.2millionpaidacrosseightstatesin2021andthe

$4.8millionpaidacrosssixstatesin2020,althoughthosepastyeartotalsincludeotherincentivepaymentsinadditiontoUSDAREAPgrantsandstatePTCs.

Whileatleast23differentsmallwindturbinemodelshavebeencertifiedtotheAmericanWindEnergyAssociation(AWEA)9.1-2009standardortheInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)61400standardssince2011,atotalofninesmallwindturbinemodelshavecurrentcertificationsasof

June2023.Smallwindturbinemanufacturersmustrenewcertificationsannually.ManufacturersmayoptnottorenewiftheynolongerwanttoparticipateintheU.S.marketorifthecompanyhasdiscontinuedoperations.SmallwindturbinesmustmeeteitherofthesestandardstobeeligibletoreceivethefederalBusinessEnergy

ITCpertheU.S.InternalRevenueService.

TheAmericanCleanPowerAssociation(ACP),thesuccessortoAWEA,publisheditsnewAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)consensusstandard,ANSI/ACP101-1-2021,inOctober2022.The

DistributedWindEnergyAssociationandtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyhaverecommendedthattheU.S.InternalRevenueServicerecognizelegacycertificationstoAWEA9.1-2009newcertificationstoANSI/ACP101-1goingforwardforsmallwindBusinessEnergyITCeligibility.

InstalledCostsandPerformance

Theoverallaveragecapacity-weightedinstalledcostfornewsmallwindprojectsfrom2013through

2022was$10,670/kW.Smallsamplesizesforcostdatain2018,2020,and2022,alongwithhighvarianceindistributedwindprojectcosts,preventclearidentificationofcosttrendsforsmallwindturbineinstallations

overtime.

Theoverallaveragecapacity-weightedinstalledcostforprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kWfortheperiodof2013through2022is$4,050/kW.ThePNNLteamdocumentedfourdistributedwindprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kWfor2022andonlyoneofthemhasareportedinstalledcost,sonoaveragecostwascalculatedfor2022.

Theoverallaveragecapacityfactorin2022forasampleofsmallwindprojectswas15%.Observedcapacityfactorsrangedfrom1%to37%forthesampleof101turbinestotaling1.4MWinratedcapacity.

Theoverallaveragecapacityfactorin2022forasampleofdistributedwindprojectsusingturbines

greaterthan100kWwas23%.Observedcapacityfactorsrangedfrom6%to39%.Thesampleincludes27distributedwindprojectsinstalledfrom2005to2018,across14states,totaling95MWincombinedcapacitywithturbinenominalcapacitiesrangingfrom600kWto3MW.

Atotalof60%ofthedistributedwindprojectsPNNLanalyzedhadhighercapacityfactorsin2022thanin2021.ThiscanlargelybeattributedtoastrongerwindresourceyearintheMidwestandNortheastUnited

States.Ofthe122distributedwindprojectsusingturbinesofallsizesthatPNNLanalyzed,atotalof73had

capacityfactorsin2022thatexceededtheircapacityfactorsin2021(with25ofthemintheMidwestand20intheNortheast).Atotalof28projectsunderperformedin2022relativetotheircapacityfactorsin2021andtheremaining21projectsperformedsimilarlybetweenthetwoyears.

FutureOutlook

WiththepassageoftheIRAandassociatedlong-termincentivesfordistributedwind,theoutlookfor

futuredistributedwinddeploymentlooksmuchimproved.TheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory’sDistributedWindEnergyFuturesStudyestimatesdistributedwindeconomicpotentialat919gigawatts(GW)forbehind-the-meterinstallationsand474GWforfront-of-the-meterinstallationsina2022baselinescenario.Economicpotentialincreasessubstantiallyto1.7TWforbehind-the-meterapplicationsandmorethan4TW

forfront-of-the-meterinstallationsina2035futurescenariothatincludesreducedbarrierstopermittingandanextensionofthefederalITCroughlyequivalenttothatprovidedundertheIRA.

xii

TableofContents

PreparationandAuthorship iii

Acknowledgments v

ListofAcronyms vii

ExecutiveSummary ix

TableofContents xii

ListofFigures xv

ListofTables xv

1Introduction 1

1.1PurposeofReport 1

1.2DistributedWindApplications 1

1.3WindTurbineSizeClassifications 2

1.4Data-Collection,Categorization,andAnalysisMethodologies 2

2U.S.DistributedWindDeployment 4

2.1TopStatesforDistributedWind:AnnualandCumulativeCapacity 4

2.2Project-DevelopmentTimelines 8

3U.S.DistributedWindProjects,Sales,andExports 9

3.1MidsizeandLarge-ScaleTurbines 9

3.2SmallWind 10

3.3SmallWindExports 11

3.4GlobalSmallWindMarket 12

3.4.1AsianMarkets 12

3.4.2EuropeanMarkets 13

3.4.3NorthandSouthAmericanMarkets 14

4Policies,Incentives,andMarketInsights 15

4.1PoliciesandIncentives 15

4.1.1StatePolicyandCashIncentiveHighlights 16

4.1.2FederalTaxIncentives 16

4.1.3USDAREAP 16

4.2MarketInsights 18

4.2.1SmallWindRepowers 18

4.2.2HybridsandCo-LocatedDistributedEnergyResources 18

4.2.3CompetitivenessImprovementProject 19

4.2.4CertifiedSmallandMediumTurbines 19

5InstalledandOperationsandMaintenanceCosts 23

5.1SmallWindInstalledCosts 23

5.2InstalledCostsforProjectsUsingWindTurbinesGreaterThan100kW 24

5.3OperationandMaintenanceCosts 25

xiii

6Performance 26

6.1SmallWindCapacityFactors 26

6.2CapacityFactorsforProjectsUsingTurbinesGreaterThan100kW 27

6.3AnnualCapacityFactorComparison 28

7LevelizedCostofEnergy 31

8DistributedWindMarkets 32

8.1CustomerTypes 32

8.2InterconnectionTypes 34

8.3WindTurbineSizes 35

8.4TypeofTowers 38

9FutureOutlookandMarketPotential 39

10Conclusions 41

11References 42

AppendixA:WindTurbineManufacturersandSuppliers A.1

AppendixB:Methodology 2

xv

ListofFigures

Figure1.U.S.distributedwindcapacity 4

Figure2.U.S.cumulative(2003–2022)capacityandcapacityadditionsin2022fordistributed

windbystate 5

Figure3.Projectdevelopersusingturbinesgreaterthan100kW,2013–2022 6

Figure4.Stateswithdistributedwindcapacitygreaterthan20MW,2003–2022 7

Figure5.Stateswithsmallwindcapacitygreaterthan2MW,2003–2022 7

Figure6.Windturbinemanufacturersofturbinesgreaterthan100kWwithaU.S.sales

presence,2013–2022 10

Figure7.U.S.smallwindturbinesales,2013–2022 12

Figure8.U.S.distributedwindincentiveawards,2013–2022 15

Figure9.USDAREAPgrantsbytechnology,2013–2022 17

Figure10.SmallWindTurbineCertifications,2011-2022 21

Figure11.Annualaverageandproject-specificnewandrepoweredsmallwindinstalledproject

costs,2013–2022 23

Figure12.Annualaverageandproject-specificnewandrepoweredinstalledcostsforprojects

usingturbinesgreaterthan100kW,2013–2022 24

Figure13.Smallwindcapacityfactorsin2022 26

Figure14.Capacityfactorsin2022forprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kW 27

Figure15.Distributedwindcapacityfactors,2021-2022 28

Figure16.Windresourcemap,2021-2022 30

Figure17.Distributedwindend-usecustomertypesbynumberofprojects,2014–2022 33

Figure18.Distributedwindend-usecustomertypesbycapacityofprojects,2014–2022 33

Figure19.Distributedwindforon-siteuseandlocalloadsbynumberofprojects,2013–2022 34

Figure20.Distributedwindforon-siteuseandlocalloadsbycapacityofprojects,2013–2022 34

Figure21.Averagesizeofturbinesgreaterthan100kWindistributedwindprojectsandaverage

sizeofthoseprojects,2003–2022 36

Figure22.U.S.smallwindsalescapacitybyturbinesize,2013–2022 37

Figure23.U.S.smallwindsalespercentageofcapacitybyturbinesize,2013–2022 37

Figure24.U.S.distributedwindcapacityandfederalpolicies,2003-2022 39

ListofTables

Table1.GlobalSmallWindCapacityReports(MW) 13

Table2.CertifiedSmallWindTurbinesasofJune2023 20

1

1Introduction

TheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’s(DOE)annualDistributedWindMarketReportprovidesstakeholderswithdistributedwindmarketstatisticsandanalysisalongwithinsightsintomarkettrendsandcharacteristics.

Distributedwindturbinesaredistributedenergyresourcesconnectedatthedistributionlevelofanelectricitysystem,orinoff-gridapplications,toservespecificorlocalloads.Distributedwindinstallationscanrange

fromaless-than-1-kilowatt(kW)

1

off-gridwindturbineataremotecabinoroilandgasplatform,toa15-kW

windturbineatahomeorfarm,toseveralmultimegawattwindturbinesatauniversitycampus,atamanufacturingfacility,orconnectedtothedistributionsystemofalocalut