科技论文写作整理系列(5)-Result

-科技论文写作整理系列 (6)——Result此部分分为―内容－要点－写法－数据－图表 ‖五部分。内容1-1ResultsPurpose:TotellwhathappenedduringthestudyTopresentthefindingsofthestudyExplainanydeviationsfromthestudyasplannedProvideaschematicsummaryofthestudyto:a.Showthestudydesignb.Indicatetheflowofsubjectsthroughoutthestudyc.AccountforallsubjectsorobservationsPresenttheresultsofthestudya.Usefiguresortableswhenpossible-Table1comparesgroupsatbaselinePresentdatainSystemsInternationale(SI)unitsifrequiredbyjournalb.Focusontheprimarycomparisonsfirstandgive:-Theactualchangeordifferencebetweengroups(the ―estimatedtreatmenteffect ‖The95%confidenceintervalforthisestimateIfreported,theexactPvalueofthedifference(untilP<0.001)ThetestusedinthestatisticalanalysisAssurancethattheassumptionsoftheanalysisweremet(werethedatanormallydistributedorskewed?Independentorpaired?Linearlyrelatedornot?)c.Acknowledgeposthocandsubgroupanalyses(avoid ―datadredging ‖)d.Explainanydropoutsoranymissingdata1-2结果的中心内容是经过科学地统计学处理得来的数据，而不是原始数据，更不是原始记录。结果应当客观完整和可靠，所有的结果项目，均要围绕研究主题，有逻辑、有层次地层开，与主题无关的部分，不宜全部列出，但在材料与方法中列出的项目与标准，在结果中必须反映出来，并且要吻合一致。1-3采用文字、图、表并用的方式给出图表中的具体数据说明与对照组比较的结果也应告知意想不到的结果1-4结果应该是客观的 (objective)，一般不包括作者对结果的评述结果应该是经过归纳的(summarized) 、有意义的(significant) 、与研究结论有关的(conclusion-related)2.要点2-1试验结束后，就要立即进行总结数据，写文章，我的步骤如下：将所有的试验结果整理成图和表，尽力挖掘图和表中的信息，越多越好。在这个过程中你尽可能和不同的研究人员探讨你的试验结果，因为不同的人对同一张表和图有不同的看法。这样会给你写文章的思路。2.分析完图表好，你应该找到你这个试验结果的 Keypoint，一定要保证这个 Keypoint 具有较大的新意，或者说一个到这个Keypoint有一种振奋人心的感觉。然后从所有图表中找出能够论证你这个Keypoint的图和表。合理安排你的图和表，如果可能的话尽可能用图。2-2缺少论文写作经验与素养的人容易将这一部分写成实验报告将实验过程一一罗列无遗总希望把自己辛苦做过的工作都写入论文可是其效果适得其反易使那些必须让人知道的重要内容淹没在一大片令人生大厌的冗长文字中因此应当阐述主要的关键的和非一般常用的内容凡属通过的标准的和常见的仪器设备只需提供型号规格及主要性能指标2-3一份好的―结果‖,必须让读者顺着你的思维 ,一步一步地获得答案。通过文字告诉读者本研究发现了什么;通过表格将具体的数据有条理地展现给读者;通过图形使读者能够直观地理解研究的结果。2-4Whatyoufound(text,tables&figures)lGivenumbersaswellaspercentageslAvoidover-complicatedtablesandfigureslTablesandfiguresshouldstandalonelDon’trepeatyourselfGuidethereadertotheresultsyouwantthemtoknowaboutlResponserate(<70%consideredbad)lCharacteristicsofrespondersandnon-responders-anysignificantdifferences?lPvalues&confidenceintervals2Avoiddiscussingresultsinthissection1、可按照试验先后或结果重要的顺序介绍，按后一种较好2、对结果的描述要能让读者看出你的目的是什么，逻辑结构是什么，试验前后的顺序如何2-5结果撰写按逻辑顺序、不是实验时间顺序不要罗列结果，要分析，各结果间有逻辑联系2-6Display of data with logical development showing how your findings satisfy yourobjectivesTheresultsshouldbeshortandsweet,withnoexcess verbiagePresentanddiscussresultsconciselyusingfiguresandtablesas neededFindingsdescribedinpasttenseGenerallydoesNOTinclude explanationsordiscussionoftheresultsTableandfigure legendsshould beaccompanied withsufficient information formainpoint.Tableand figureshouldbeabletostandaloneAlltablesandfiguresmustbe numberedintheorderinwhichtheyarementionedinthetextNumerical datawiththecorrectnumberofsignificantdigits2-7副标题这一部分应根据主题来进行组织。分段应有黑体字的副标题，目的是使文章更有条理，能帮助读者清楚地通览全文，并找到他们感兴趣的内容。尽可能使副标题具体并且内容丰富。例如， ―TheRateofSelf-ExchangeDecreasesWithThePolarityofTheSolvent 这个短语明显‖比MeasurementofRates长，但‖是对读者更有帮助。一般来说，尽量概括该段落的共同点。记住把文章看作实验结果的集合，并尽可能清晰和简洁地总结在图表，表格，方程和示意图中。论文中的正文是为解释数据服务的，因而它是次要的。可以被压缩进表格和方程里的信息越多，文章越短，越易读。2-8按照逻辑顺序通过正文、表、图摆出所得结果；表、图中的所有数据不要在文字中再次重复，只需对一些重要的观察所得加以强调或概括。2-9结果：用简述和说明方法列出研究结果，强调主要发现、创新成果材料要核实、验证，数据必须进行统计学处理，给出误差范围。结构方式：纵式—按时空顺序组织材料3（讨论同此） 横式—按并列方式组织材料纵横式—时空与并列 总说与分说2-10对实验或观察结果的表达要高度概括和提炼，不能简单地将实验记录数据或观察事实堆积到论文中，尤其是要突出有科学意义和具代表性的数据，而不是没完没了地重复一般性数据。(3)数据表达可采用文字与图表相结合的形式。如果只有一个或很少的测定结果，在正文中用文字描述即可；如果数据较多，可采用图表形式来完整、详细的表述，文字部分则用来指出图表中资料的重要特性或趋势。切忌在文字中简单地重复图表中的数据，而忽略叙述其趋势、意义以及相关推论。 (4) 适当解释原始数据，以帮助读者的理解。如果论文中还包括独立的―讨论‖章节，应将对于研究结果的详细讨论留到该部分，但 ―结果‖中应该提及必要的解释，以便让读者能清楚地了解作者此次研究结果意义或重要性。 (5) 文字表达应准确、简洁、清楚。避免使用冗长的词汇或句子来介绍或解释图表。为简洁、清楚起见，不要把图表的序号作为段落的主题句，应在句子中指出图表所揭示的结论，并把图表的序号放入括号中。例如―Figure1showstherelationshipbetweenAandB 不如‖―AwasSignificantlyhigherthanBatalltimepointshecked(Figure1) 又如，―Itisclearly‖.showninTable1thatnocillininhibited the growth of N. gonorrhoeae. 不‖发―Nocillininhibited the growth of N.gonorrhoeae(Table1). ‖时态的运用 (1) 即指出结果在哪些图表中列出，常用一般现在时。如： Figure2showsthevariationinthetemperatureofthesamplesovertime.(2) 叙述或总结研究结果的内容为关于过去的事实，所以通常采用过去时。如： Afterflightsoflessthantwohours,11%ofthearmypilotsand33%ofthecivilianpilotsreportedbackpain.(3) 对研究结果进行说明或由其得出一般性推论时，多用现在时。如： Thehigherincidenceofbackpainincivilianpilotsmaybeduetotheirgreateraccumulatedflyingtime.(4) 不同结果之间或实验数据与理论模型之间进行比较时，多采一般现在时（这种比较关系多为不受时间影响的逻辑上的事实） 。如：TheseresultsagreewellwiththefindingsofSmith,etal.3.写法3-1ResultsandDiscussion论述普遍现象通常用一般现在时有时也用一般过去时注意在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃 ,但这不是绝对的ResultsandDiscussion 的内容是说明实验现象 报告实验结果 分析实验数据11阐明自己的观点一实验现象﹑数据和结果的论述1各类仪器测试结果的论述﹑分析NMRFigure1shows the300MHz1H-NMRspectrum of[G-3]-Br inwhich three main regionscanbeseen.Theresonances for theexterior phenyl groups occurat7.25-7.45 ppm, theres4onancesforthearomaticprotonsofthemonomerunitsoccurintheregion6.50-6.70ppm,separateresonancesareobservedintheappropriateratioforeach―layerof‖monomerunits,andathighfield,resonancesforthemethyleneprotonsoccurintheregion4.90-5.10ppm.Inaddition,themethyleneresonancefortheunique–CH2Brfunctionalgroupatthefocalpointofthedendriticwedgeisseenat4.40ppm.Inthe13CNMRspectrumtheresonancesofthequaternaryC-atomandoftheC-atominthecarbonategroupareshiftedtolowerfieldcomparedtothemonomer,whiletheresonancesofC-atom ofthemethylene groups areshifted tohigher field.FTIRFTIRanalysisshowedthattheproductscontained–OHgroup(3400cm-1)andCOO-group(1650cm-1,1400cm-1).ThetypicalFTIRspectrumof2aisshowninFig.2.Thepresenceofcarbonategroup(C=O)inthepolymerbackboneissupportedbythestrongabsorptionpeakat=1746cm-1,andthetwopeaksat=1262cm-1and1116cm-1areascribedtoester(CO(C=O)CO)andetherlinkage(COC),respectively.Thebandat1685cm-1isνC=Oof-COOHgroupandbandat1759cm-1isνC=OofCH3COO-group.Thebroadbandaround3000cm-1canbeattributedtoνO-HofcarboxylandνC-Hofacetoxy.DSCConsideringthesamethermalhistoryofthepreparedsamples,theresultsofthesecondheatingrunarediscussed.CopolymerL6exhibitsmeltingendothermsat43.3and169.3°C.AdecreaseinmeltingpointscomparedwithparentPEOandPLLAhomopolymersisduetotheirincorporationintoablockcopolymerandindicatespartialphasecompatibility,inagreementwithdataintheliterature[9,16].Theendothermat43.3°Ccorrespondstothemeltingof5crystallineregionsofPEOsegmentsonly,thusindicatingthepresenceofaseparatedPEOphasewithacertaindegreeofcrystallinity.InthecopolymerwithshorterPEOsegments(L3),nomeltingendothermwasobserved.ThisismightbeduetoanincreasedphasecompatibilityofashortPEOblockwithindominantPLAblocksandinsufficientphaseseparation.Abroadendothermappearinginthefirstheatingrunisnotreproducibleinthesecondheatingcurve.12Uponfirstheating,weobservedtwomeltingtransitionsat88and188°C,whileatsecondheatingonlyonetransitionat188°Ccanbeobserved.Asaresultofthecrystallinityofthesamples,theglasstransitionscanhardlybeidentifiedatthefirstheatingcycle.Atthesecondheatingamixedphaseglasstransitionisobserved.SEMFigures1-4showtheSEMpicturesofcross-sections,outersurfaces,outeredgesandinnersurfacesofhollowfibermembranesspunwithdifferentshearrates.AsshowninFigure1,thereisnoobviousdifferenceamongtheoverallmorphologiesofthefiberswithdifferentshearratesunderthislowmagnification.Thefinger-likemacrovoidscanbeobservedforallthefibers.Withahighermagnification,Figure2illustratestheouterskinmorphology.Novisibledefectscanbeobservedinouterskin.FromtheouteredgesshowninFigure3,thethicknessofthedenselayer,varyingfromabout300?to800?,canbefoundincreasingwithincreasingshearrate.Figure4exhibitsthattheinnersurfacesofhollowfibersareporous,ShowsahomogeneousstructureinSEM.exhibitsaheterogeneous structure because ofthe phaseseparation.Atahigher resolution, atendency toform anorganized structure canbefound insomeofthePEOdomains.6WAXSFigure4showsthepowderscatteringdataoverthe2rangefrom14to32.Boththe7:3and9:1copolymershaveWAXSpatterns[Fig.4and,respectively]withpoorlyresolvedcrystallinereflectionssuperimposedonamorphoushalos,indicatingpoorlyformedcrystals.ThePDOXTChomopolymer[Fig.4]hasmorepronouncedandbetterresolvedpeaksthanthecorrespondingcopolymers,indicatingahigherlevelofcrystallinityandcrystallineorder.TGAThethermalstabilitiesofP(cHTC)andPTMCwerecomparedbyTGA(seeFigure5).TheonsetofdecompositiontemperaturesforP(cHTC)andPTMCwere300and260°C,respectively.OurresultonthethermalstabilityofPTMCwasconsistentwithapreviousreport.37FromtheTGAcurve,5%weightlosswasfoundat453°C.133-2通常用以描述图的语言还有Intheregion of0-6mole% PEG,where overall FNbioactivity remains uniformly high,thespecificbioactivity increased monotonically with PEGconcentration (Fig.4b), whereasthesurfacetopography(asrevealedbyAFM)exhibitedabiphasicdependenceonPEGconcentration.OneofthepossiblemechanisticexplanationsforourobservationmaybethatIncontrast,forthehighPEGregime(above8mole%PEG),FNadsorptionelicitedlittlechangeinsurfacetopography.Furthermore,afewadsorbedFNmoleculesmayhavereducedtheoverallsurfaceroughnessslightlybyservingas―cavityfillersin‖thesparseDTEareasbridgingPEGdomains.CellattachmentexhibitedasigmoidaldependencyonPEGconcentration,whichwasanalogoustothedependenceobservedfortheoverallFNbioactivity.7IncontrasttothesigmoidaldependenceofcellattachmentoncopolymerPEGconcentration,thecelladhesionstrengthvaluesdecreasedlinearlywithPEGconcentration.ItisnoteworthythatasimilarnatureofPEGdependencewasobservedforthetotalamountoffibronectinadsorbed.Indeed,suchalineardependenceonligandconcentrationhasbeenshownexperimentally forosteoblast adhesion strength and3-3通常用以描述表格的语言还有AstheresultsinTable3show,athigherinitiatorconcentrationsandreactiontemperatureshighconversionandhighmolecularweightsarereached,buttheMnvaluesobviouslypassthroughamaximum.Itisevident,thatbesidesthepreviouslymentionedreversibleequilibriumbetweenpolymerandcyclicester,irreversibledegradationreactionsalsoplayarole,whichappearsveryclearlyundercertainconditions.Thering-openingpolymerizationproceedswithaconsiderablyhigherreactionratewithdiglycolidethanwithD,L-dilactide.InagreementwithGildingandReedthereactivityofthediglycolideis~15timeshigherthanthatoftheD,L-dilactide.Theexponentandconstantoftheviscosityequationarechangedinoppositedirections(Table5).Comparableviscosityvaluesmaycorrespondtodifferentmolecularweights.AsmallmonomeroroligomercontentdecreasesthesolutionviscositytoalesserdegreethantheMnvalue.TheresultsinTable1ofthering-openingpolymerizationofD,L-dilactideat130°Cinthepresenceofdifferentinitiatorsshowthatcertaintin(II)compoundswereespeciallyactive.Intheliterature,partlycontradictoryresultsandcontroversialdiscussionsarefoundconcerningthemechanismofcoordinative-chemicalinitiatedorcatalyzedring-openingpolymerizationsandtheinfluenceofdifferentreactionconditions.Thenumberofunansweredquestionsri8sesifcopolymersareincluded.Abasicprerequisitetoachieveahighdegreeofpolymerizationistheuseofverypuremonomers.Theyshouldnotcontainanyimpuritiesthatinitiateadditionalchains,orhinderthebuildupofchainsbyformingnon-reactingendgroups.10So,thecontentoffreecarboxylicgroupsinthemonomershouldnotexceedavalueof0.08meq/g.Thereactiontemperatureandtheinitiatorconcentrationhaveagreatinfluenceonthereactionrateandonthenatureoftheproductsformed.Thecourseofmonomerconversionwithtimeatdifferenttemperaturesshowsthatanincreaseintemperatureresultsintheexpectedaccelerationofthepolymerization;anearlycompleteconversionataninitiatorconcentrationof5x10-5mole/moledilactideisapparentlyonlyreachedatt150°C.Somewhatsurprisingistheinfluenceoftemperatureintherange130-180°Contheattainableaveragemolecularweightofthepolyester.Ascanbeseen,ariseintemperature,connectedwithanincreaseinthereactionrate,resultsinanunexpectedriseofMnvalues.Itisreversedbyreturningtolowertemperatures.TheresultsinTable2makeitclearthatdistinctlyhigherMnvaluesarereachedat130°C.Table2alsoshowsthatanaccelerationofthereactionbyincreasinginitiatorconcentrationleadsagaintotheformationofhighermolecularweightproducts.Thiseffectisunusualinpolymerizationreactions.arelistedinTablen.aresummarizedinTablen.arecomparedinTablen.3-4Ourresults confirm that thereaction of doesnotfurnish in,contrast towidely citedreport byKonigandGeiger.Rather, ourresults establish that KohigandGeigerobtai9nedlowmolecularweight<>Itmustbeemphasizedthat,duetothespecialbiodegradationmechanismofPECs,comparisonsofbiodegradationofparticularPECscanonlybemadeusingthesameshapeandamountofimplantatesatthesameimplantationsite.Thiseffect,whichisunusualinpolymerizationreaction,hasalwaysbeenobservedwithinthetemperatureinvestigated.AcarefulstudyofrevealedthatItmustbepointedoutthatTheseresultsclearlyindicatethatOurstudiesindicatethatTherefore,itisreasonabletopostulatethatTherefore,wemayconcludethatItappearsclearlythatThismeansthatThiselucidatesthatThissuggeststhatThecauseforthisiscertainlyClearly,Definitely,:Asexpected,copolymersbecamesofterandlostmuchoftheirstiffnessandstrengthinthewetstage.Generally,copolymerscontainingmorethan5mol%ofPEGwereflexible.23ThisisinaccordancewiththeresultsdiscussedintheperviouschapterandsupportstheproposeddegradationmechanismforthePHAC’s.isingoodagreementwithTheseobservationsareconsistentwith:Surprisingly,ourresultdoesnotshowthesametrendreportedintheperviousreferences[3,4].Fromtheseresultswecanconcludethatthepresenceofprimaryamineshasasignificanttoxiceffectontheredbloodcells.Thismeansthatitisveryunlikelythatthesepolymerscanbe10usedasvectorsforvivouse.Allpreliminaryattemptstoelucidatethepolymerizationmechanismfailed.ItisunknownthatThis,.togetherwith,isanarearequiringadditionalstudy.Nevertheless,oneofmostsignificantfindingsofourstudyisthatWithregardto,nounambiguousconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepresentresults.isnotwellunderstoodcurrentlyandthisisanareawarrantingfurtherstudy.isnotfullyexploredand/orunderstood.Thiscanbelittledoubtthat<>Itisexpectedthatthisring-openingreactionofsix-memberedcycliccarbonatecanbeutilizednotonlyforthesynthesisofcarbonate-modifiedacrylicpolymersbutalsointhedevelopmentofnovelpolymerscontainingcarbonateunits.However,theseresultsdonotimplytheabsenceofaninteractionbetweentheparticlesandthealbuminsincethesolutionsbecometurbidafteraddingthealbumin.Thisisprobablyduetotheformationofternarycomplexes.Thiscouldbeexplainedbytheformationofamonolayerofalbuminaroundtheparticles,whichprovidesafurtherstabilizationofthecomplexes.Thereseemstobearelationshipbetweentheamountofpositivechargespresentonthepolymerchainandthedegradationspeed.PHEG,bearingnocharges,degradesveryfast,havingonly12%ofitsinitialmolecularweightafter7.5h.pDMAEGhasthehighestamountofpositivechargesundertheexperimentalconditionsanditsdegradationisslowest.After82h,thepolymerhas24retained52%ofitsoriginalmolecularweight.thiscouldbeduetothepresenceoftheacidfunctions,preventingagoodinteractionbetweenthepolymerandthecells.ThehighhaemolyticeffectsofpEIandpLLareprobablyduetothehigherchargecontent.MaybethelowermolecularweightofthepLLandpEIalsoplaysacrucialrole,butthisneedstobefurtherinvestigated.Thereasonforthisisnotcompletelyclear.Anexplanationcouldbethatthepyridineandthe11acidgroupscauseanextrabufferingoftheendosome,resultinginanenhancedreleasefromtheendosome.Furthertestsneedtobedonetoallowustodrawfurtherconclusions.Thiscouldbeduetotworeasons:1and/or2ItislikelythatThisisplausible,sincemightbeascribedto3-53.ResultsAmeaningfulresultincludesstatementofresultsandexplanatorytext.Theresultsarepresentedinaformatthatisaccessibletothereader(e.g.inagraph,table,diagramorwrittentext).Noticethatrawdataisusuallyputinanappendix,ifitisincludedatall.Allgraphs,tables,diagramsandfiguresshouldbeaccompaniedbytextthatguidesthereader'sattentiontosignificantresults.Thetextmakestheresultsmeaningfulbypointingoutthemostimportantresults,simplifyingtheresults(e.g."nearlyhalf"insteadof"48.9%"),highlightingsignificanttrendsorrelationships(e.g."therateofoxygenationdecreasesasthetemperaturedecreases"),andperhapscommentingonwhethercertainresultswereexpectedorunexpected.Acommonprobleminwritingresultsectionisthatthetextincludestoomuchdetailthatsimplyrepeatsdatapresentedingraphs,tables,etc.withoutmakingtheresultsmeaningful.Asolutiontothisproblemistorememberthattablesetc.areusedtopresentalotofinformationefficiently,butthatyourjobistodirectthereader'sattentiontosignificantpartsofthisinformation.Therearetwobasicwaysoforganizingtheresults:A.Presentingalltheresults,thengivingadiscussion(perhapsinadifferentsection)B.Presentingpartoftheresultsthengivingadiscussion,presentinganotherpartthengivingadiscussion,etc.Themethodoforganizationyouusewilldependonthequantityandtypeofresultsyouobtainfromyourresearch.Youshouldlookforamethodofpresentationthatmakestheinformationandideasyouarepresentingasclearaspossibletothereader.Advice:Referencestothefigureandtotheappendixaregenerallyputinparentheses,e.g."(seeAppendix)"becausethisinformationisofsecondaryimportance.Ofprimaryimportancearetheresultsthemselves,somostofthesentencesfocusesonthem.Examplewaystopresentresults:Anexaminationofthenumberofhoursoftelevisionviewingandthefrequencyofaggressiveactsforeachofthe60childrenrevealedapositiveordirectcorrelationbetweentelevisionviewingandinstancesofaggressivebehavior.AnanalysisusingPearson'scorrelationcoefficientsupportedthisobservation,r(58)=.63,p<.001.12Thecontrolgroup(M=14.1)rememberedmorewordsonthememorytestthanthedruggedgroup(M=12.3).Thisdifferencewastestedusinganindependentgroupsttest,andwasshowntobenonsignificant,t(18)=1.23,p=.283.Thus,thedatafailtosupportthenotionofadrugeffectonmemory.Themeanscoresfortheshort,medium,andlongretentionintervalswere5.9,10.3,and14.2,respectively.Aonewayanalysisofvariancerevealedasignificanteffectofretentioninterval,F(2,34)=123.07,p<.001.While60%ofthemalesagreedthattheirmapreadingskillswerestrong,only35%ofthefemalesdid.A2x2ChiSquareanalysisrevealedthatthiswasasignificantdifference,x2(1,N=119)=10.51,p=.0012,suggestingthattherewasarelationshipbetweengenderandconfidenceinmapreadingskills.Practice1．Example:Belowispartoftheresultssectionfrom"Strategiesoffailurediagnosisincomputer-controlledmanufacturingsystems:empiricalanalysisandimplicationsforthedesignofadaptivedecisionsupportsystems."Task:readthroughthepartoftheresultssectionbelowandtrytofindthepurposeofeachunderlinedsentence.Herearesomeideastohelpyou:explanation,referencetoafigure,statementofresults,makingtheresultsmeaningful,comparison.Strategiesoffailurediagnosisincomputer-controlledmanufacturingsystems:empiricalanalysisandimplicationsforthedesignofadaptivedecisionsupportsystemsKonradt,U.InternationalJournalofHuman-ComputerStudies(1995)43,503-521SUMMARY(adaptedfromtheabstract)Objectiveofthestudy:toinvestigatestrategiesinfailurediagnosisatcutting-machine-toolswithaverbalknowledgeacquisitiontechnique.Method:semi-structuredinterviewswithmechanicalandelectricalmaintenancetechnicians;protocolanalysiswasperformedonthedata.Analysisofstrategieswasperformedaccordingtotechniciansexperience,’familiaritywiththeproblemandtheproblemcomplexity.Thetechnicianswerecategorizedbylevelofexperience.3-63.ResultsFigure2showsthatthemostfrequentdiagnosisstrategieswere―Historicalinformation‖(29%ofthe182observedstrategies),―Leasteffort(11‖.5%),―Reconstruction‖(9.8%)and―Sensorycheck‖(8.7%)(seeAppendix).Strategiessuchas―Historicalinformation‖which,checkavailableinformationaboutthefailurehistory,and―Leasteffort‖aretwolowcosttechnicalcheckswhichshortenthetimeneededfordiagnosisactivities(seeAppendix).Strategiessuchas―Splithalf‖leading,toabinaryreductionoftheproblemspace,and―Informationuncertaintyplay‖onlyaminorroleinreal-lifefailurediagnosisofmachinetools(1.1%,seeFigure2).Figure2:Frequenciesoffailurediagnosisstrategies(n=182)(leftout)Key:suggestedanswers13"Figure2shows"Referencetoafigure.Noticethatthepresenttenseisused("shows").Usuallyreferencestofigures,tablesetc.areputinparenthesisratherthaninthemainbodyofthesentencebecausetheyareofsecondaryimportancetotheresultsthemselves."themostfrequentdiagnosisstrategieswere"Thewriterispointingoutthesignificanceofthreeoftheresults(i.e.thattheywerethemostfrequentdiagnosisstrategies).Noticethatthewritersreferstothefigurecontainingtheinformation("Figure2shows"),andthatdetailedpercentagesarede-emphasizedbybeingincludedonlyinparentheses.Infact,thisdetailedinformationdoesnotneedtobeincludedinthetextsinceitappearsinthefigure.Formoredetailedinformation,thereaderisreferredtotheappendix:"(seeAppendix)."Noticethatthisreferenceisinparenthesestooasitisnotpartofthemainbodyofthesentence."aretwolow-costtechnicalcheckswhich"Thewriterissummarizingthebenefitsoftwoofthestrategiesinordertoindicatewhytheyweremostfrequentlyused.Althoughthisisinfactdiscussion,itishelpfulforthereadertohavethisinformationwhilelookingattheresults."playonlyaminorrole"Thewriterispointingouttheleastfrequentstrategies.Inthiscase,thelowfrequencyofthesestrategiesisofinterestandthereforethereader'sattentionisdirectedtowardsthem.2.Makeajudgment:Lookatthefollowingtwosentences.Whichoneismoreeffective?Rememberthepurposeofthetextinaresultssection.a)Table1showstheresultsfromthelaboratoryexperiment.b)Theresultsfromthelaboratoryexperimentindicatethatthereactionproceedsfasterinthepresenceofthismetal(seeTable1)key:suggestedanswers"a)Table1showstheresultsfromthelaboratoryexperiment."ThepointofthissentenceisjusttotellthereadertolookatTable1.ItdoesnotmaketheresultsinTable1meaningfulbecauseitdoesnotcommentonthem."b)Theresultsfromthelaboratoryexperimentindicatethatthereactionproceedsfasterinthepresenceofthismetal(seeTable1)".Thissentenceismoreeffectivethana)becauseitmakestheresultsinthetablemeaningfulbypointingoutarelationshipbetweenthespeedofthereactionandthepr14esenceofthemetal.Noticethatthereferencetothetableisde-emphasizedbybeingputinparenthesesbecauseitisofonlysecondaryimportance.3-7在Results和Discussion分开写的情况下，Results部分尽量不要设计对结果的评论，最多是总结的陈述结果也就可以了。否则造成这两部分的内容上的重叠，会显得很累赘，对Discussion的描述不利。结果的描述上也要注意层次之间的安排，要按照条理性的要求分别描述，显得有逻辑性一些。不要乱七八糟的堆在一起，只是给出来了就可以了。结果给的一团糟，会大大降低论文的可读性，吃亏的最终是自己。Results中大多都要提供统计性的结果，例如方差分析等。方差分析的结果形式要根据刊物的格式来给出，有的要求对分析值、自由度和概率都要详细的给出，有的则只要分析值和概率就可以了。概率可以用p=0.02或者p<0.03等形势给出，自由度的表达也有一些特殊要求。这些细节问题虽然关系不大，但是注意格式要统一，不要乱七八糟各自为战。统计分析结果过多时，可以用表格的方式来给出，具体上可以参照SPSS软件分析之后的结果。如果论文结果部分通篇都是统计分析的数据，会显得凌乱不堪，表格的形式会避免这种情况的发生。3-8a)AnalyzeandInterprettheResultsMostscientistslayouttheirTablesandFiguresuponcompletionofthedataanalysisbeforewritingtheResultssection.WritetheTableandFigurelegends（对每个图表进行说明）.ItisgoodpracticetonotetheoneortwokeyresultsthateachTableorFigureconveysandusethisinformationasabasisforwritingtheResultssection.SequenceandnumbertheTablesandFiguresintheorderwhichbestenablesthereadertoreachyourconclusions.（对图表排序，决定哪些能更好地让读者得到你的结论）WritetheResultsSection:RememberthattheResultssectionhasbothtextandillustrativematerials(TablesandFigures).Usethetextcomponenttoguidethereaderthroughyourkeyresults,i.e.,thoseresultswhichanswerthequestionyouinvestigated.EachTableandFiguremustbereferencedinthetextportionoftheresults,andyoumusttellthereaderwhatthekeyresultisthateachTableorFigureconveys.用文字引导读者了解你的主要结果，每张图表必须在文字中都被引用过，告诉读者每张图表表示的关键结果。1.Function: Thefunction ofthe Resultssection istoobjectively present your keyresults,without interpretation, inanorderly andlogical sequence usingboth illustrativematerials (Tables andFigures) andtext. Summaries ofthestatistical analyses mayappear either inthe text (usually parenthetically) orintherelevant TablesorFigures(inthelegend orasfootnotes totheTableorFigure). TheResultssection shouldbeorganized around aseriesofTables and/or Figuressequenced topresent yourke15yfindingsinalogicalorder.ThetextoftheResultssectionfollowsthissequenceandhighlightstheanswerstothequestions/hypothesesyouinvestigated.Importantnegativeresultsshouldbereported,too.AuthorsusuallywritethetextoftheresultssectionbaseduponthissequenceofTablesandFigures.2.Style:WritethetextoftheResultssectionconciselyandobjectively.Thepassivevoicewilllikelydominatehere,butusetheactivevoiceasmuchaspossible.Usethepasttense.Avoidrepetitiveparagraphstructures.Donotinterpretthedatahere.Thetransitionintointerpretivelanguagecanbeaslipperyslope.Considerthefollowingtwoexamples:?Thisexamplehighlightsthetrend/differencethattheauthorwantsthereadertofocus:Thedurationofexposuretorunningwaterhadapronouncedeffectoncumulativeseedgerminationpercentages(Fig.2).Seedsexposedtothe2-daytreatmenthadthehighestcumulativegermination(84%),1.25timesthatofthe12-hor5-daygroupsand4timesthatofcontrols.?Incontrast,thisexamplestrayssubtlyintointerpretationbyreferringtooptimality(aconceptualmodel)andtieingtheobservedresulttothatidea:Theresultsofthegerminationexperiment(Fig.2)suggestthattheoptimaltimeforrunning-watertreatmentis2days.Thisgroupshowedthehighestcumulativegermination(84%),withlonger(5d)orshorter(12h)exposuresproducingsmallergainsingerminationwhencomparedtothecontrolgroup.ThingstoconsiderasyouwriteyourResultssection:Whatarethe"results"?:Whenyouposeatestablehypothesisthatcanbeansweredexperimentally,oraskaquestionthatcanbeansweredbycollectingsamples,youaccumulateobservationsaboutthoseorganismsorphenomena.Thoseobservationsarethenanalyzedtoyieldananswertothequestion.In