第二章医学词汇的来源最精简

第二章医学词汇的来源最精简第1页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月-omicsgenomicsmetabolomicsproteomicstranscriptomicslipidomicsimmunomicsglycomicsRnomicsAbenomicsLikonomicsEconomics第2页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月TwoTypesofMedicalTerms

Native=Anglo-saxonBorrowed=loan-word第3页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月TwoTypesofMedicalTerms

Borrowedwords,orloan-words:takenfromotherlanguageslargelybaseduponGreek,LatinandFrenchvocabularyGerman,Italian,Spanishandothershavecontributedsomewordstomedicalterminology.第4页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

MostmedicalwordsfromoldEnglishdenote:anatomicstructuresOrgansSubstancesbasicconceptsofhumanactivities第5页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

Changesconcerningpronunciation(phonological)spelling(morphologic)meaning(semantical)第6页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithoutSemanticalChangesanklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandkneelipliverlungneckthroattongueachebreathfever第7页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesblood

InO.E.,speltasblodperhapsoriginallymeant“toswell,gush,spurt”or‘"thatwhichburstsout”.第8页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesblood

bleedinghemorrhagecerebralhemorrhage脑溢血;脑出血internalhemorrhage内出血subarachnoidhemorrhage蛛网膜下出血subduralhemorrhage硬脑膜下出血第9页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestchest–InO.E.,cestmeaning“box,coffer”.amedicinechest(药箱)第10页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestThemeaningwasextendedto“thorax”in1530andreplacedbreast,onthemetaphorthattheribsareaboxfortheorgans.第11页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestflatchest扁平胸seeninweakpeopleorpeoplewithchronicconsumption第12页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschest桶状胸barrelchestcommonlyseeninpatientwithemphysema第13页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestrachiticchest[rE5kitik]佝偻病胸鸡胸pigeonchestpeoplewithrachitis[rE5kaitis]第14页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestfunnelchest漏斗胸第15页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

Itwasorgane

inO.E.,andorgene

inO.Fr.(OldFrench),bothmeaning“musicalinstrument”.第16页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

SensewasnarrowedinlateM.E.tomodernmusicalinstrumentknownbythatname(风琴).第17页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

GreatOrganWorks伟大管风琴作品OrganFavorites最著名的管风琴曲第18页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

Themeaning“functioningbodypart”appearedinEnglishin1392.Whatarethey?第19页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月第20页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

Process第21页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月

EarlyModernEnglish

(1500-1800)

Time:

1500-1800Event:RenaissanceResult:waveofinnovationinEnglish第22页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acneItwasborrowedfromGk.akmein1570,meaning“(highest)point”.Itcontainsthebase“ak-”,denoting“sharp”.“青春痘”“暗疮”“粉刺”第23页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acnewhiteheads

blackheads

pustules

nodules,orcysts

第24页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acneacnevulgaris寻常性痤疮aconditionoftheepidermisorskintypicallyoccursontheface,neck,upperback,chest,orshoulders.

第25页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

anorexiaanorexia–ItenteredEnglishfromGreekanorexia

in1598.Madefroman-(without)andorexis(appetite,desire),itmeans“lackofappetite”.Anorexianervosa

(emaciationasaresultofsevereemotionaldisturbance)wascoined1873byWilliamWhitneyGull(1816-1890).第26页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnosisWeshowinthisfirstcasereportthatadiagnosisofHairycellleukemia(HCL)canbeaccuratelyrenderedEUS-FNAsamples.Toconsistentlymakeadiagnosisofgastritis,knowledgeofthestructuresseeninnormalstomachisrequired.第27页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnosismisdiagnosis>misdiagnoseManygiftedandtalentedchildren(andadults)arebeingmis-diagnosedbypsychologists,psychiatrists,pediatricians,andotherhealthcareprofessionals.dualdiagnosis第28页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnoseBack-formationdiagnosewasfirstrecorded1861.Diagnosticwasrecordedfrom1625.第29页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

metastasisEnteringEnglishin1577,itwasderivedfromGreekmetastasis(transference,removal,change),whichwasevolvedfrommethistanai

(toremove,change)composedofmeta-(over,across)andhistanai(toplace,causetostand).第30页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

metastasis[mE5tAstEsis]Itwasfirstusedinmedicinereferringto“shiftofdiseasefromonepartofthebodytoanother”inEnglishfrom1663.第31页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

necrosisEnteringEnglishin1665,itwasevolvedfromGreeknekrosis(becomingdead,stateofdeath),formedfromthebasenekros(deadbody,corpse).第32页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGreek

necrosise.g.necrodermatitis坏死性皮炎necromania/necrophilia恋尸狂,恋尸癖necrophobia死亡恐怖,尸体恐怖第33页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

TheearliestinfluenceofLatinlanguageonEnglishmaydatebacktoRomanEmpire.Withtheexpansion,theRomansbroughttheirlanguagetootherpartsoftheentireEmpire.GreaterinfluencewasexertedafterNormanConquest.AsNormaninvadersspokealanguagethatderivesfromAncientLatin,borrowingfromLatinwasinevitable.第34页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

abscessItwasborrowedintoEnglishfromLatinabscessus(anabscess)in1543.Literallymeaning“agoingaway,”itisderivedfromab-

(away)andcedere(togo)Thenotionisthathumors“gofrom”thebodythroughthepusintheswelling.第35页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

aortaBorrowedintoEnglishin1578fromMiddleLatinaorta,thetermwasappliedbyAristotletothegreatarteryoftheheart.Itliterallymeant“whatishungup.”第36页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

autopsyBorrowedintoEnglishfromModernLatinautopsia(aneye-witnessing)in1651,itisformedfromautos-“self”(comb.form)+opsis“asight.”Senseof“dissectionofabodytodeterminecauseofdeath”isfirstrecorded1678.第37页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

autopsyalsocallednecropsypostmortempostmortemexamination第38页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

bacteriaThepluralformofModernLatinofbacterium,itcomesintoEnglishin1847.TheoriginalLatinwordisfromGreekbakterion(smallstaff),thediminitutiveofbaktron(stick,rod).Itissocalledbecausethefirstonesobservedwererod-shaped.

第39页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

cell

ItismadefromLatincella(smallroom,hut),relatedtoLatincelare(tohide,conceal).Theearliestsensewasformonasticrooms,thenprisonrooms.Itbegantobeusedinbiologyinthe17thcenturybutnotinmodernsenseuntil1845.第40页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

clinicItwasborrowedin1626fromLatinclinicus(physician),whichwasformedfromGreekklinike

(practiceatthesickbed).fromklinikos“ofthebed.”ItwasoriginallyusedasanadjectiveinEnglish,thentorefera“sickperson.”Thesenseof“hospital”wasfirstrecordedin1884.第41页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

cortexEnteringEnglishin1653fromLatin,originallymeaning“barkofatree.”Specificreferenceof“theouterlayerofthebrain”wasfirstrecordedin1741.第42页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

thecortexofthebrain>theadrenalgland>thekidney>thecerebellum>braincortex/cerebralcortexadrenalcortexrenalcortexcerebellarcortex第43页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

hydrophobiaItwasfromlateLatinhydrophobia,fromhydros(water)andphobos(dread,fear).Itissocalledbecausehumansufferersshowaversiontowaterandhavedifficultyswallowingit.第44页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

hydrophobiaalsocalledrabies/maddogdisease第45页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

inflameItwasmadefromLatininflammare(tosetonfire,kindle),fromin–(in)+flammare(toflame).Literalsenseof“tocausetoburn”wasfirstrecordedinEnglishin1382.Inflammation(rednessorswellinginabodypart)begantobeusedfrom1533.第46页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Wordsoriginated

fromLatin

symptomsofinflammation红肿热痛othertermsofinflammation浸润渗出渗出液第47页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月Wordsoriginated

fromLatin

symptomsofinflammation红:rubor/redness肿:tumor/swelling热:calor/hotness痛:dolor/painothertermsofinflammation浸润:filtration渗出:exudation渗出液:exudate第48页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

medicineOriginallyarsmedicina(themedicalart)inLatin,itenteringEnglisharound1225frommedicina.第49页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

muscleMadein1533fromLatinmusculus(amuscle),whichliterallymeans“littlemouse,”thediminutiveofmus(mouse).第50页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

muscleItissocalledbecausetheshapeandmovementofsomemuscles(notablybiceps)werethoughttoresemblemice.analogyinGreek:mysisboth“mouse”and“muscle,”anditscombingformgivesthemedicalprefixmy–/myo–.

第51页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

obstetricsItwasborrowedin1742fromModernLatinobstetricus(pertainingtoamidwife),whichwasformedfromobstetrix(midwife).Madefromobstare(standoppositeto),itliterallymeans“onewhostandsopposite(thewomangivingbirth)”.第52页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

placeboItisMiddleEnglishfromLatinplacebo(Ishallplease).ItwasoriginallyusedfortheriteofVespersoftheOfficeoftheDead,beingthefirstwordofthefirstantiphon,thatis,“PlaceboDominoinregionevivorum”(Iwillplease(我愿意)theLordinthelandoftheliving).

第53页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

placeboMedicalsense(amedicinegivenmoretopleasethantobenefitthepatient)isfirstrecorded1785.

第54页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

panacea[7pAnE5siE]ItcameintoEnglishin1548fromLatinpanacea

(anall–healingherb),whichoriginatedfromGreekpanakeia(cure–all),frompan–(all)andakos(cure).第55页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromLatin

panacea“hygiene（卫生，卫生学）”一词源于希腊神话健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是医神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）的女儿。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女儿、被奉为治疗之神的帕娜赛娅（Panacea）的名字。第56页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromArabian

第57页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromArabian

Chemistry<alchemy炼金术duramater<duramatercerebri=hardmotherofbrainpiamater<piamatercerebri=softmotherofbrain第58页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromArabian

cephalicvein头静脉：该静脉可以治疗头痛有关？basilicvein贵要静脉，放血治疗的重要选择syrup第59页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

第60页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

AftertheNormanConquest,theconquerorsruledthecountryforalongperiodoftimeandleftadeepinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage.AsFrenchlanguageitselfisamodifiedformofLatin,manyoftheseborrowedwordsultimatelycomefromGreek,sincemanywordsformthislanguagehadpassedintoLatin.第61页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

migraine(asevereformofheadache,usuallyunilateral).French:migraineLatinhemicraniaGreekhemikrania(painononesideofthehead),fromtheprefixhemi-(half)andkranion(skull).第62页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

BenignItcamefromOldFrenchbenigne

(good,kind)inabout1320,derivedfrombene(well)andgignere(tobear,beget).

benefitbenedictionbeneficent第63页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

MortuaryBorrowedintoEnglishin1330fromAnglo–Frenchmortuarie(gifttoaparishpriestfromadeceasedparishioner),itwasfirstusedtoreferto“aplacewherebodiesarekepttemporarily”in1865asaeuphemismforearlierdeadhouse.

第64页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

EmbolismBorrowedintoEnglishin1387fromOldFrenchembolisme,itoriginallymeant“intercalation(置润)ofdaysintoacalendar”astheFrenchwordwasderivedfromlateLatinembolismus(insertionofdaysinacalendartocorrecterrors).Itsmedicalsenseof“obstructionofabloodvessel”isfirstrecordedinEnglishin1855.

第65页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Malaise[mA5leiz]Borrowedin1768fromFrenchmalaise,itliterallymeans“ill–ease”.TheFrenchwordisformedfrommal(bad)andaise(ease).

第66页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

SurgeonItwasborrowedintoEnglishinabout1300fromAnglo–Frenchsurgien(originally,workingordonebyhand).第67页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate[5prCsteit]ItenteredEnglishin1646fromMiddleFrenchprostate,whichwasultimatelybasedonGreekproistanai(setbefore),frompro–(before)andhistanai(causetostand).Itwassocalledbecauseofitspositionatthebaseofthebladder.

第68页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate前列腺炎prostatitis前列腺肥大prostatehypertrophy/enlargement/enlargedprostate前列腺痛prostatodynia第69页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate前列腺切除术

prostatectomyprostaglandin前列腺素第70页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromFrench

bruit杂音chancre下疳debridement清创术goiter甲状腺肿grand/petitmal癫痫大小发作lavage灌洗massage按摩第71页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

German第72页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

Startingfrom19thcentury,Germanmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnology.

Suchadvancesnecessitatenewvocabularytodenotenewfindings,discoveries,conceptsandsubstances.SomemedicaltermswerefirstcoinedinGermanandthenintroducedintoEnglish.

第73页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

aspirin

Itwascoinedin1899inGermanasatrademarknameeitherfromGreeka–(without)andLatinspiraea(ulmaria),theplantinwhoseflowersorleavestheprocessedacidinthemedicineisfoundnaturally.Henceaspirinmeans“acetylo–salicylicacidwhichisgainednotfromtheSpiraea

ulmaria(butinachemicalway)”.第74页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

aspirin

Oritmaybeacontractionofacetyliertespirsäure,theGermannameoftheacid.第75页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

ChemotherapyItcameintoEnglishin1907fromGermanChemotherapiecoinedbyGermanbiochemistPaulEhrlichfromchemo–andtherapie.第76页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

chromosome

ItenteredEnglishin1889fromGermanchromosom,coinedthepreviousyearbyGermananatomistWilhelmvonWaldeyer–HartzfromGreekchroma(color)andsoma(body).Itissocalledbecausethestructurescontainasubstancethatstainsreadilywithbasicdyes.第77页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

gene

ComingintoEnglishin1911fromGermanGen,itwascoinedin1905byDanishscientistWilhelmLudvigJohannsen(1857–1927),fromGreekgenea

“generation,race”.Geneshadearlierbeencalledpangenes.第78页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

GenomeLiterallymeaning“sumtotalofgenesinaset,”itwasborrowedintoEnglishin1930fromGermangenom,whichwascoinedin1920byGermanbotanistHansWinklerfromgen(gene)and(chromos)om(chromosome).第79页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

PsychoanalysisItwasborrowedintoEnglishin1906fromGermanPsychoanalyse,coined1896byFreudfromGreekpsykhe–(mental)andGermananalyse.Psychoanalystandpsychoanalyzewerebothfirstattestedin1911.第80页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromGerman

SchizophreniaItenteredEnglishin1912fromGermanschizophrenie

coinedbyE.Bleulerin1910fromGreekskhizein(tosplit)andphren(mind).Slangshorteningschizowasfirstattestedin1920sasanadjectiveandfrom1945asanoun.e.g.rachischisis

第81页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromItalian

influenza

ItwasborrowedduringanoutbreakofthediseaseinEuropein1743fromItalianinfluenza

(influenza,epidemic).Originally:“visitation,influence(ofthestars),”第82页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromItalian

influenza

UsedinItalianfordiseasessinceatleast1504onthenotionof“astraloroccultinfluence”.The1743outbreakbeganinItaly.Ithasbeenoftenappliedsincemiddle19thcenturytoseverecolds.第83页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromItalian

Whatisaffluenza?第84页，课件共92页，创作于2023年2月WordsoriginatedfromItalian

malari