580eceaaac214课程配套学习必备资源帮帮为大家精心了高质量确保同学们

2011年Text 2011年Text 2012年Text 2012年Text 2012年Text 2013年Text 2013年Text 2014年Text 2014年Text 2015年Text Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid”media—suchasevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements—stillyamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned”mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,anda mayleverage“owned”mediabysendingalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomerswithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing’simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suarketersatheinitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmedia eanothermarketer’spaidmedia—forinstance,whenan merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmedownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationscetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhosandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgenerating e,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorn eshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsociaworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetarget atrisk.Insuchacase,the’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsen,whichludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasandthesocial-newssiteDigg.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhenthey obsessedwithonlineshopatcertainWebinspiredbyproduct-promotingssenttoeagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityenthusiastic mendingtheirfavoriteAccordingtoParagraph2,soldmedia asafebusinessrandomstronguserflexibilityinTheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearned inviteconstantswithpassionatecanbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmayberesponsibleforfiercerdeserveallthenegativecommentsaboutToyota perienceiscitedasanexample respondingeffectivelytohijackedpersuadingcustomerstoboycottingcooperatingwithsupportivetakingadvantageofhijackedWhichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyAlternativestoconventionalpaidbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.DominanceofhijackedPopularityofowned本题目是个同义释义题。根据题干，可将答案定位在文章的第一段。原文为Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned”mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends，其大意为“痴迷于某种产品的消费者，可能会乐意将之推passionate同义，且mendpromoteD为正确答案。本题目考查“”媒介的特点，可将答案定位在文章的第二段。原文提到了“收费”媒介的定义：ownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationscetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment，其大意为“拥有巨大流量、其他机构前来投放内容或电子商务引擎的自有媒介”。选项C来自于原文，选项A、B、D在文中都没有涉及。indicate，indicate强调“原文并没有直接讲述，明显地表达观点，挟持媒介施加(原文为theycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinesses)earnedmedia;劫持媒介(hijackedmedia)就是无偿媒介的对立面。也就是说，无偿媒介有可能被劫持，转化为劫持媒介，进而给企业施加。由此可推断，这是一种效果，所以B为正确答案。其他人共同公司产品，从而危及企业声誉。这种情况下，如果企业回应不够断A为正确答案。式，还有很多其他媒介形式;第二段详细讲述了自有媒介和媒介;第三段分析讲述了不同的媒介形式。由此可判断A为正确答案。It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,”isarousingmuchchatter—nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacomple fulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive—andnewlysingle—momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“JenniferAnistonispregnant”news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn’tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildless.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegababy-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneylit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel”mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcan temporaryenjoymentinhappinessinlastingWelearnfromParagraph2 celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforsinglemotherswithbabiesdeserve newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesishavingchildrenishighlyvaluedbytheItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildless areconstantlyexposedtoarelargelyignoredbythefailtofulfilltheirsocialarelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirAccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazines [B] [C] [D]WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastHavingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebrityCelebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildHavingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithWesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchild根据题干中的JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticle，可将答案定位在文章第一段的最后一句话。JenniferSenior在此句话中，正是那些当时压抑 日后却成为满足和欢乐的源泉。要注意此句话中的later，而选项C使用了inretrospect，意为“回顾往事，回想”，因此C为正确答案。第二段是承接第一段“养育孩子能成为后来快乐的源泉”而来的，符合中段首句接着第二段提到“inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation(在一个如此赞扬的社会中)”，这是一个承上启下的句子，是对第二段的总结，也符合第一段以及第二段对养育孩子的正面评价。选项D是对原文赞扬的同uggt，强调“文中没有直接说明，需要推理判断”才能得到的信息。第三段一开始就说，这个社会不断的庆祝(第二段也举例说明了人们对生养孩子的关注);随后讲有孩子的人不会去考虑他们是不是不该话原使用了语态，强调是外界因素让他们去思考，受到困扰;本段最后批评。选项B、C、D在文中根本没有提及。文章第四段一开始就讲到这些名人所传达的形象，原文为：theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyhugelyunrealistic，既然是不切实际，就很容易误导人。所以，D是正确答案。文章最后一段的句为：It'shardtoimaghatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous.其大意为：ReeseAngelina这种名流使生孩子这件事变得如此体面光鲜，很难想象，人生儿育女。由此可以推断，名人会影响普通人看待生养孩子的态度。因此BComeon—Everybody’sngit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood—drinking,drugsandcasual.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositivethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheRosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredmokingprogramcalledRagetheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromoteamongtheirTheideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthnsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardnaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers—teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RagetheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeer ertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthrougworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemerges asupplementtothesocialastimulustogroupanobstacletoschoolacauseofundesirableRosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocates recruitprofessionallearnfromadvertisers’stayawayfromcommercialrecognizethelimitationsofIntheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfails adequayprobesocialandbiologicaleffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialillustratethefunctionsofstateproducealong-lastingsocialParagraph5showsthatourimitationof isharmfultoouworksofwillmisleadbehavioraloccurswithoutourrealizingcanproducenegativehealthTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressure 。Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasual 通过题干可将答案定位到第三段的最后一句话，Rosenbergarguesconvinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.“Rosenberg争论到，公共卫生提倡者应该向商学习，他们能如此熟练地运用来自同辈的。这一论点很具说服力。”本段说明公共解有严重误区。最后Rosenberg建议这些人应该向商学习，因为他们理解青少年的心理，能熟练运用来自同辈的。因此[B]为正确答案。 文使用了unconsciously，选项[C]中运用了介词短语withoutourrealizing表示同根据题干可将答案定位在文章的最后一段第一句话提及，Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.专家和人员该如何成功地选择同龄段第一句中使用了farlesscertain这一短语。由此可判断D为正确答案。Adealisadeal—except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.The ,amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,the hasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerntrunning.It’sastunningmove.Thehasbeensurfacingse2002,whenthecorporationVermont’sonlynuclearpowernt,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,the agreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionofthent’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,the wentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,ludingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthe mademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearallowinganextension.Nowthe issuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. seemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearntisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,ludingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,the hasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthe ’sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Para.1)isclosestinmeaning Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintended obtainprotectionfromVermontseekfavorfromthefederalacquireanextensionofitsbusinessgetpermissiontopurchaseapowerAccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswith managerialtechnicalfinancialbusinessIntheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewill Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitsthenatureofstates’patchworkthefederalauthorityovernuclearthelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbetheauthorityoftheNRCwillbeEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthVermont’sreputationmightberenegingon的含义，根renegeon。从这句话的意renegeon原意为“违约，背信”。而选项C中的dishonor有“拒付”之义，因此[C]为正确答案。该公司同意，2012年后的运营证须向州立机构申请。所以[D]选项符合及Entergy公司经营等方面的严重问题。由此可判断[A]为正确答案。Entergy并不怕与员会了公司的申请时，应该记住Entergy的承诺能有什么样的价值。也就是说，核管理会参考Entergy在其他地区的信誉，所以此次背信弃义之举有可能会影响到Entergy其他地区的业务。因此[A]为正确答案。Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,now thecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaim espublic,thediscovererreceivesinlectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(ludingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryand panyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinctionandbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedas pleteororrect.Littlereward paniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Györgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandlingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedby uncertaintyandmisconceptionandlogicalityandessandItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocess strictsharedindividualpersistentParagraph3showsthatadiscovery escredibleafter hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralhasbeenexaminedbythescientifichasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerAlbertSzent-Györgyiwouldmostlikelyagree scientificclaimswillsurvivediscoveriestodayinspirefutureeffortstomakediscoveriesarescientificworkcallsforacriticalWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleoftheNoveltyasanEngineofScientificCollectiveScrutinyinScientificEvolutionofCredibilityinngChallengetoCredibilityattheGateto为：Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute。选项[A]uncertainty意为“不确定性”，其形容式为complex，是文中complicated的同义词，由此可判断[A]为正确答案。多可能性;然后这个要经过可靠性过程：从发现转化为成发现AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi的原话：seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought，其大意为“看到每个人都看到的东西，响;第二段这个过程需要公众共同的努力;第三段具体论述了不同的人在这到的两个;最后一段用安尼特?拜尔的一句话总结了这个过程。由此可知，[C]项统领全文，为正确答案。A项与原文不符;B是第二段中提到的一个部Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely—thoughbynomeansuniformly—glowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears—sowhyshouldn’twe?Takeabroaderlookatourspecies’ceintheuniverse,andit esclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensinthe“RedList”ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature()andyouwillread:“ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline.”Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganizationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundationhasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit’sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearButtakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshathehistoryofthenet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.Thislongmakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetoOurvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspired ourdesireforlivesofourfaithinscienceandourawarenessofpotentialourbeliefinequal ’s“RedList”suggeststhathumanbeings asustainedathreattothetheworld’sdominantamiscedWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraphArchelpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalTechnologyofferssolutionstosocialTheinterestinsciencefictionisontheOurimmediatefutureishardtoToensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucial exploreournet’sabundantadoptanoptimisticviewofthedrawonourexperiencefromthecurbourambitiontoreshapeWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheUncertaintyaboutOurEvolutionoftheHumanTheEver-brightProspectsofScience,Technologyand有提及任何与“potentialrisks”相关内容，故排除。题干问的是“濒危物种(RedList)”意味着人类怎么样了? 和“RedList”很容易定位到第三段。首段说的是几十年前至今人们对未来所持Red显然也是用来说明这个观点的，并且人类这个物种是widelydistributed， reasing，说的都是人类进化积极的一面。A选项说：濒危物种意味着人类是可以持久的物种，显然是正确选项。由本题的题干可以锁定本题的答案在文章的第五段。该段首句为段落句，来思考也就是说，眼前的未来更难思考，符合D选项含义“ 可以Arc这样一个致力于研究近期未虽在第二句提到科幻小说家，但并未提及对科幻小说的，故排除。正确答案为D项“Ourimmediatefutureishardtoconceive”。由本题的题干可以锁定本题的答案在倒数第二自第二句，“Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture.考查考生对全文的把握。通观全文， 尤其在文章最后一段最后一句“Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.”作者直接借助这句话重申。由此，本题正确答案应既A错在无中生有，全文当中对于未来，并无体现出对于其的不确定;本文讲的是人类对于未来的看法，而不是讲人类的进化史，因此B错误;D选项过于笼统，Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—amodestvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweentheernmentandtheInArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialntohavestateandlocalenfederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalpriplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallawsprecede awsarenon-controversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthatCongresshaddeliberay“occupiedthefield”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonawouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenment.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenmentandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalTwoofthethreeobjectingJustice—SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas—agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsedwithitsenmentpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim. deprivedthefederalofConstitutionaldisturbedthepowerbalancweendifferentoversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationcontradictedboththefederalandstateOnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraphFederalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants’States’cefromfederalimmigrationStates’legitimateroleinimmigrationenCongress’sinterventioninimmigrationen violatedtheunderminedthestates’supportedthefederalstoodinfavoroftheTheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofen outweighsthatheld