描述英国的人文,地理等等

英美文化纵览

English-SpeakingCountries:

ASurvey主讲陈金中

外国语学院英语系9/12/20231英美文化纵览ChenJinzhong

DepartmentofForeignLanguages

ShaoxingUniversity

2008学年第1学期Tel短号:664489)Email:john18582004@9/12/20232英美文化纵览9/12/20233英美文化纵览PartOneTheUnitedKingdom

ofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland9/12/20234英美文化纵览9/12/20235英美文化纵览BritishNationalAnthem

---‘GodSavetheQueen’GodsaveourgraciousQueen

LongliveournobleQueen

GodsavetheQueen

Sendhervictorious

Happyandglorious

Longtoreignoverus

GodsavetheQueen.

Thychoicestgiftsinstore

Onherbepleasedtopour

Longmayshereign

Mayshedefendourlaws

Andgiveusevercause

Tosingwithheartandvoice

GodsavetheQueen

英国国歌笼罩着神奇的色彩。它决不是由某个人作词或作曲,而是在民间逐渐形成的。16世纪时人们首次提到英国国歌,但其歌词(开始是用拉丁文写的)频频变动和增减。英国人在表达对祖国的忠诚时所唱的并不是振奋人心的进行曲,也不是战歌,而是一首普通的祷辞,祝愿国王或女王健康、长寿和富足。难怪英国国歌中最基本的歌词来源于圣经，“上帝佑我国王”在圣经中共出现过3次。9/12/20236英美文化纵览英国社会与文化CourseDescriptionCourseRequirementAttendancePreviewParticipationEvaluation:ThelessonwillbeevaluatedbyI.Finalexamscore:70%II.Others:30%YourattendanceYourclassparticipationYourscoresonfuturetestsorhomeworkYourpresentation9/12/20237英美文化纵览BritishSocietyandCulture

ContentsLandAndPeopleHistoryOriginsoftheNation3000BC-1066ShapingoftheNation1066-1381TransitiontoModernEra1455-1688Rise&FallOfBritishEmpire1688-1990BritishEconomyBritishGovernmentJustice&LawSocialAffairsCulturalAffairs9/12/20238英美文化纵览

I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsPartsII.GeographicalfeaturesIII.RiversandLakesIV.ClimateV.ThepeopleChapter1

LandandPeople9/12/20239英美文化纵览

'WhenpeoplesayEngland,theysometimesmeanGreatBritain,sometimestheUnitedKingdom,sometimestheBritishIsles-butneverEngland.'

'HowtobeanAlien'byGeorge1.

Whatarethenamespeopleoftenreferto英国?(1)Britain(2)GreatBritain(3)England(4)TheBritishIsles(5)TheUnitedKingdomortheU.K.Aretheythesame?I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts9/12/202310英美文化纵览I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts

2.

Whatarethesenamesexactlyreferto?Allthesenamesdonotmeanthesamething.

Strictlyspeaking,theBritishIsles,GreatBritain,andEnglandaregeographicalnames.

Whichiswhich?9/12/202311英美文化纵览BritishIslesIrelandEnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIrelandGreatBritainGreatBritainIrelandEnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIreland9/12/202312英美文化纵览2.

Whatarethesenamesexactlyreferto?GreatBritainEnglandispartofanislandcalledGreatBritain,thelargestislandinEurope.

GreatBritainistheofficialnamegiventothethetwokingdomsofEnglandandScotland,andtheprincipalityofWales.ItalsoincludesthesmalladjacentislandsexcepttheChannelIslandsandtheIsleofMan.SometimespeopleusetheshortennameBritaininsteadofGreatBritain.Theterm"GreatBritain"wasusedforthefirsttimewhenEnglandandScotlandbecameasinglekingdomunderKingJamesVIofScotlandwhobecameKingJamesIofEnglandin1603.9/12/202313英美文化纵览2.

Whatarethesenamesexactlyreferto?UnitedKingdom

TheUnitedKingdomconsistsofGreatBritain-themainislandmadeupofEngland,ScotlandandWales-andNorthernIreland.TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(UK)wasformedinonJanuary11801andconstitutesthegreaterpartoftheBritishIsles.ThelargestoftheislandsisGreatBritain,whichcomprisesEngland,ScotlandandWales.ThenextlargestisIreland,comprisingNorthernIreland,whichispartoftheUK,and,inthesouth,theIrishRepublic.TheBritishIslesTheBritishIslesincludetheUK,GreatBritain,andotherislandssuchasIrelandandtheChannelIslands.

9/12/202314英美文化纵览I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts3.WhatistheofficialnameforBritain?(1)TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIsland(2)Forshort:Britain,theUnitedKingdomorU.K.*UnionJackreferstotheUnionFlagortheNationalFlagoftheUnitedKingdomcalledtheUnionFlagbecauseitrepresentstheemblemsofthefourcountriesunitedunderoneSovereign-thekingdomsofEnglandandWales,ofScotlandandofIreland(althoughsince1921onlyNorthernIrelandhasbeenpartoftheUnitedKingdom).Althoughthename"UnionJack"isthepopularnamebywhichtheflagisknowntotheworld,itshouldstrictly,perhaps,onlybeusedfortheflagwhenitisflownasajack(asmallflagflownatthebowofaship);governmentdocumentsgenerallyprefer"unionflag"asthemoreuniversallycorrectterm

9/12/202315英美文化纵览UKFlag(UnionFlag)

*BritainhasnoflagTheUKflagisactuallythreeinone.Theemblems(flags)thatappearontheUnionFlagarethecrossesofthreepatronsaints（保护神）.ScotlandisrepresentedbytheflagofSt.Andrew.EnglandisrepresentedbytheflagofSt.George.NorthernIrelandisrepresentedbySt.Patrick.TogethertheymaketheUKflag.

ThisistheWelshflag(WelshDragon).ItisnotrepresentedintheUKFlagbecauseWaleswasruleddirectlyfromLondon.(beforethe1stversionofUKflag,WaleshadalreadybeenconqueredandconsideredtobepartofEngland)9/12/202316英美文化纵览9/12/202317英美文化纵览英国国徽，也是英王徽。盾面上两组三只金狮象征英格兰，红狮象征苏格兰，竖琴象征爱尔兰。两侧是代表英格兰的狮子和代表苏格兰的独角兽。盾徽周围用法文写着“恶有恶报”。下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利。”盾徽上端为头盔、帝国王冠和狮子。9/12/202318英美文化纵览4.Whydopeopleoftenuse“England”and“English”toreferto“Britain”and“British”?Englandisthelargest,mostpopulousandprosperous.

Largenesssizepop.

Englandbiggest60%85%Scotland2ndlargest30%1/10Walessmallest9%5%9/12/202319英美文化纵览9/12/202320英美文化纵览I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts5.WhatistheinfluenceofBritishimperialexpansion?

“ThesunneversetsontheBritishEmpire”(1)Ruled1/4oftheworld’spopulationand1/4ofworld’sland(2)HadcoloniesinNorthAmerica,Asia,Africa,Australia

6.WhatisBritishCommonwealth(CommonwealthofNations)?Theterm‘Commonwealth’hasbeenusedtoreplacetheword‘Empire’todescribecollectivelytheindependentcountriesassociatedundertheBritishcrown(1)AfreeassociationofcountriesusedtobeEnglishcolonies(2)53membercountriesatpresent.Its1.8billioncitizens,about30percentoftheworld'spopulationaredrawnfromthebroadestrangeoffaiths,races,culturesandtraditions.9/12/202321英美文化纵览II.Geographicalfeatures1.Geographicalposition(1)inNorthwestofEurope(2)tothenorthofFrance,tothewestoftheNetherlands,DenmarkandNorway(3)SeparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannel海底隧道ChannelTunnelbetweenBritain&France9/12/202322英美文化纵览GeorgraphicalPosition5400N200WBritainisinnorth-westEuropeandisanislandcountryGreatBritainisseparatedfromBelgiumandHollandbytheNorthSea,andfromIrelandbytheIrishSea.TheEnglishChannelseparatesGreatBritainfromthemainlandintheSouth.Itisonly35kmfromFranceandisnowlinkedbyatunnelundertheEnglishChannel9/12/202323英美文化纵览II.Geographicalfeatures

2.Geographicalfeatures(1)Anislandcountry,surroundedbysea(2)Highlandsinthenorthandwest(3)LowlandsintheeastandsoutheastA.PartofthegreatEuropeanPlainB.LevellandandfertilesoilC.farming(4)3naturalzonesinScotlandA.thehighlandsinthenorthB.thecentrallowlandsC.thesouthernuplandsBenNevis(1343metershigh)thehighestmountainintheUKPhysicalMapofBritain9/12/202324英美文化纵览III.RiversandLakes

1.ImportantRivers(1)

theSevernRiverA.

thelongestinthecountryB.

only338kiloslong(2)

theThamesRiverA.

the2ndlongestB.

themostimportantriverC.

336kiloslongD.

OxfordandLondonareontheriver(3)

RiverClydeA.

themostimportantinScotlandB.importantcommercialwaterway9/12/202325英美文化纵览III.RiversandLakes2.theLakeDistrict(1)

innorthwestEnglandandNorthWalesTheLakedistrictisneartheScottishborder(2)

populartouristattractions(3)

thehomeoftheLakePoetsA.

WilliamWordsworthB.

SamuelTaylorColeridgeC.RobertSouthey9/12/202326英美文化纵览IV.Climate

1.TypicalfeatureofBritain’sclimate

Amaritimetypeofclimate

“Othercountrieshaveaclimate;inEnglandwehaveweather.”

ThestatementisoftenmadebyEnglishmentodescribethepeculiarmeteorologicalconditionsoftheircountry.(1)

rainy---abundantrainfallTheuncertaintyabouttheweathertendstomaketheEnglishmencautious.“AforeignermaylaughwhenheseestheEnglishmansettingforthonabrilliantlysunnymorningwearingaraincoatandcarryinganumbrella,buthemaywellregrethislaughterlaterintheday!”9/12/202327英美文化纵览IV.Climate(2)

Changeableandunpredictable,noclearcutof4seasons

“InnocountryotherthanEngland,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday!Daymaybreakasabalmyspringmorning;anhourorsolaterblackcloudsmayhaveappearedfromnowhereandtherainmaybepouringdown.Atmiddayconditionsmaybereallywintrywiththetemperaturedownbyabouteightdegreesormorecentigrade.Andthen,inthelateafternoontheskywillclear,thesunwillbegintoshine,andforanhourortwobeforedarknessfalls,itwillbesummer.”(3)

mild:noextremesInEnglandonecanexperiencealmosteverykindofweatherexceptthemostextreme.

temperature:4-6℃inwinter,12-17℃insummer9/12/202328英美文化纵览IV.Climate2.

Factorsinfluencingtheclimate(1)

thesurroundingwaters(2)

theprevailingsouth-westwinds(3)

theNorthAtlanticDrift(warmcurrent)3.Rainfall(1)

asteadyreliablerainfallthroughouttheyear(2)

unevendistributionofrainA.

awatersurplusinthenorthandwestB.awaterdeficitinthesouthandeast