2024届高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第二册Unit1ScienceandScientists教师用书

UNIT1SCIENCEANDSCIENTISTS一、阅读词汇——在词块中明义1．thecontradictorystatements 相互矛盾的陈述2．multipleinjuries 多处受伤3．substantialdonations 大量的捐赠4．officialstatistics 官方统计数字5．quickthinking 敏捷的思维6．mainfindings 主要发现7．solidevidence 可靠的证据8．castashadow 投下影子9．abstractconcept 抽象的概念10．abrilliantmind 聪颖的头脑二、表达词汇——在语境中活用(一)在括号内写出蓝体词汇在语境中的汉语意思1．Shortagesofprofessionalstaffareverysevereinsomeplaces.(adj.十分严重的)2．MymainreasonforsubscribingtoNewScientististokeepabreastofadvancesinscience.(vt.定期订购)3．Irathersuspectwe'remakingamistake.(vt.怀疑)4．Youcan'tblameanyoneelse;youalonemadethedecision.(vt.责怪)5．Iturnedthehandleandfoundthedoorwasopen.(n.把手)6．Populationgrowthisdecreasingby1.4%eachyear.(vi.降低)7．Industrializationtransformedtheworld.(vt.使改观)8．Themooncastabrightlightoverthegarden.(vt.投射)9．Bloodwaspouringfromhisbrokennose.(vi.喷涌)10．Heisanoutstandingathleteanddeservestowin.(adj.杰出的)11．Shewasanaccomplishedpianist,asuperbswimmer,andagiftedartist.(adj.有天赋的)(二)写出蓝体词汇的语境之义及拓展形式1．Thisisnotnecessarilyproofthatheiswrong.(n.证明)拓展：provev．证明→provenadj.被证明的；已证实的2．Theincidentwasusedasanexcuseforinterventioninthearea.(n.干预)拓展：intervenev．介入；出面；干预3．Myinitialreactionwastodeclinetheoffer.(adj.最初的)拓展：initiallyadv.开始；最初4．Thenewspapercontinuestodefenditspublicationofthephotographs.(vt.辩解)拓展：defencen.防御；防务5．Hepraisedherleadershipduringthecrisis.(n.领导才能)拓展：leadv．领导；导致；通向→leadern．领导→leadingadj.最重要的；一流的6．Wearemakingslowbutsteadyprogress.(adj.稳定的)拓展：steadilyadv.稳定地；坚固地7．Thereportpaintsavividpictureoflifeinthecity.(adj.生动的)拓展：vividlyadv.生动地三、词块短语——在语境中辨义活用写出或选出加蓝部分在语境中的汉语意思1．Thankstoyourhelp,weaccomplishedthetaskaheadofschedule.幸亏2．Itdoesn'tmakesensetoarguewithhim.有意义3．Wecandependonitthathewillarrivehereontime.相信4．Wehavetohandlethismatteronceandforall.彻底地5．Idon'tsubscribetothatviewatall.同意6．Youmustgetthereintimeeveniftheweathershouldchange.及时7．Ihaverarelyhadanychancetoreturntomyhometowninchargeoftheproject.主管；掌管8．Imyselfwillfirmlycarryoutthisplan.__C__A．继续 B．夺去C．执行D．延续9．Whenthewarbrokeout,hewasstilllivinginLondon.__D__A．脱离B．插话C．断绝D．爆发10．Inwinter,peopleoftencomedownwiththeflu.__D__A．发生 B．遇到C．过来 D．感染11．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Aboveall,thepickingactivityalsoinspiredourloveforlabour.__A__A．最为重要的是 B．尤其是C．毕竟 D．首先12．I'vegotsomeunfinishedbusinesstoattendtosoIcan'tbepresentatyourparty.__A__A．处理 B．注意C．照顾D．参加13．AsfarasIamconcerned,theladyishardtodealwith.__C__A．处理B．涉及C．对付D．克服四、经典句式——在佳句背诵中品悟规则用法1.教材原句Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.(so...that...引导结果状语从句)他发现霍乱在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。写作亮句(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)Itstopicsaresowidethatitleadsusintotheouterworldasasilentfriend.它的话题广泛，作为一个沉默的朋友把我们带进外面的世界。2.教材原句Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.(have＋宾语＋宾语补足语)该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。写作亮句YoushouldtryyourbesttohaveyourEnglishimprovedinashortperiod.你应该尽力使你的英语在短时间内得到提高。文化典句YoucanhaveyourvocabularyenlargedbyreadingnewspapersandmagazinesinChinese.你可以通过读中文报纸和杂志来扩大你的词汇量。3.教材原句Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.(sothat引导目的状语从句)于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。写作亮句Hestudieshardsothathecanpasstheimportantexam.他努力学习，以便能通过这次重要的考试。4.教材原句However,whatmighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientistwasprobablyhisstronginterestinotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.(make＋宾语＋宾语补足语)然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐、绘画等其他事物有着浓厚的兴趣。写作亮句(2020·天津高考书面表达)Throughtheactivity,whatIfeltisthatIamabletoshouldertheresponsibilityanditalsomakesmestrongerandmoredetermined.通过这次活动，我感到我能够承担起责任，它也让我更加坚强、更加坚定。五、“续写”片段——在背诵中品悟如何写靓写美环境描写之活动场景(二)I'msittinginthewarmnightairwithacolddrinkinmyhandandreflectingontheday—adayofpuremagic!IwentsnorkelingonthereefoffshorethismorninganditwasthemostfantasticthingIhaveeverdone.Seeingsuchextraordinarybeauty,Ithinkeverycellinmybodywokeup.Itwaslikediscoveringawholenewdimensionoflife.我正坐在温暖的夜晚中，手里拿着一杯冷饮，回想着这一天——纯粹魔幻的一天！今天早上我去近海的暗礁潜泳，这是我做过的最奇妙的事。看到如此非凡的美丽，我想我体内的每一个细胞都醒来了。这就像发现了一个全新的生命维度。[点评]本段的活动场景是安静温馨的环境，作者在这样的环境里思想开始奔腾，感觉到自己充满了力量，静中有动的描绘令人回味。1．subscribevi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)[题点全练]写出下列各句中subscribeto的含义①Hesubscribesregularlytocharitiestohelpmorepeopleinpoorregions.捐助②Whenjoiningaclub,youshouldsubscribetoitregularly.缴费③Ihavealwayssubscribedtotheviewthatchildrenshouldbegivenresponsibilityfromanearlyage.赞成[系统归纳]subscribeto短语中to是介词，后接名词或动名词。表示“赞成”时同义短语有：approveof,agreewith等；表示“捐助”时同义短语有：contributeto等。2．suspectvt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象[题点全练](单句语法填空)①Thedrugissuspectedofcausing(cause)over200deaths.②Suspecting(suspect)nothing,hewalkedrightintothetrap.③(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)．..onhiswaytoBukharahegetsatasteofpolicemethodswhensuspected(suspect)ofdrugdealing.④Shesuspectedthatoneofherthreedaughters—thenten,eight,andsix—hadpickeditup.⑤Don'tsuspecthimofhishonestybecauseheisveryreliable.[系统归纳]suspectsb./sth.of... 怀疑某人/某事……suspectsb.ofdoing... 怀疑某人做……suspect＋that... 怀疑……3．breakout(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发[题点全练](单句语法填空/完成句子)①Afirebrokeoutinahospitallastnight，butnoonewaskilled.②See，yourcomputerhasbrokendownagain!Itdoesn'tmakesensetobuythecheapestbrandofcomputerjusttosaveafewdollars.③Tobehonest,itwasonlyacoupleofmonthsbeforethebandbrokeup.④Thesunsoonbroke_throughthemist.太阳很快就冲破了薄雾。⑤Istronglyhopethatyoucanconsidermysuggestionandbreak_away_from_computer_gamesassoonaspossible.我非常希望你能考虑我的建议，尽快脱离电脑游戏。[系统归纳](1)breakup 解散；破碎；结束breakthrough 突破；冲破breakaway(from) 脱离；逃脱breakin 强行进入；插话breakdown 出故障；失败；(身体)垮掉breakinto 强行进入(某处)；突然开始(笑、唱等)(2)breakout,takeplace,happen,occur都有“发生”之意，都不能用于进行时态，也不能用于被动语态。1．blamevt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n．责备；指责[题点全练](单句语法填空/句式升级)①Onceyouformthehabitofblamingsomebodyorsomethingelseforabadsituation,youarealoser.②Lotsofpeoplefindithardtogetupinthemorning,andputtheblameonthealarmclock.③Somesocialappcompanieswereto_blame(blame)becausetheydidn'tadequatelychecktheirusers'registration.④因为被指责要为学校电脑网络的崩溃负责，简的情绪很低落。→(普通表达)Janewasinlowspiritsbecauseshewas_blamed_forthebreakdownoftheschoolcomputernetwork.→(高级表达)Blamed_forthebreakdownoftheschoolcomputernetwork,Janewasinlowspirits.(分词短语作状语)[进阶学习]系统归纳(1)blamesb./sth.forsth.因某事而责备某人/某物blamesth.onsb.把某事怪到某人头上(2)get/taketheblamefor...为……承担责任lay/puttheblameforsth.onsb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某物(3)betoblame(for)应受指责难点释解betoblameforsth.意为“应为某事负责或受指责”，其中不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。[练重难点](单句语法填空/完成句子)⑤Shelaidtheblameforthefailureoftheirmarriageonherhusband.⑥Iam_not_to_blame_fortheresult.我不该为这个结果受指责。2．defendvt.保卫；防守；辩解[题点全练](单句语法填空)①Theyhelpedthebodydefenditselfagainst/fromsomekindsofinfections.②Whenthedogattackedme,Idefendedmyself(I)withastick.③Thetownwallswerebuiltasadefence(defend)againstenemyattacksinthepast.④Thewallwasbuilttodefendtheroadfrombeing_washed(wash)away.[进阶学习]系统归纳(1)defend...from/against保护……免受；防御defendoneself为自己辩护；自卫(2)defencen．防御；保卫；防御能力；防御物indefenceof为了保卫；为……辩护联想拓展与defend...from/against用法类似的还有：prevent/stop...(from),keep...from,protect...from/against等，上述短语若用于被动语态，from都不可省略。[练重难点](一句多译)有些人认为应该训练学生保护自己免遭某些攻击。⑤Somethinkthatstudentsshouldbetrainedto_defend_themselves_againstsomeattacks.(defend)⑥Somethinkthatstudentsshouldbetrainedin_defence_ofsomeattacks.(defence)3．inchargeof主管；掌管[题点全练](单句语法填空)①ThehousehasbeeninthechargeofMrBellformorethanayear.②Withherincharge,IwasconfidentallwouldbeOK.③Ticketsareavailablefreeofchargefromtheschool.[进阶学习]系统归纳incharge负责inthechargeof由……负责takechargeof负责freeofcharge免费辨析比较inchargeof与inthechargeof的用法区别:前者是“掌管；负责”，一般用人作主语;后者是“由……负责；在……的掌管之下”，一般用物作主语。[练重难点](完成句子)④Whodoyoubelieveshouldbein_charge_ofsuchasituation?你认为谁应该对这种情况负责？⑤Thepatientisin_the_charge_ofthatdoctor.这个病人由那位医生负责。4．dependon/upon依靠；信赖；取决于；相信[题点全练](单句语法填空)①YoucandependonitthatIwillhelpyouwhenyouareintrouble.②Youcanneverdependonhisarriving(arrive)ontime.③Hedependsonhisparentsto_take(take)careofhischildren.④Childrendependontheirparentsforfoodandclothing.[进阶学习]系统归纳(1)dependon/uponsb.todosth.＝dependonsb./sb.'sdoingsth.依靠/指望某人做某事dependonitthat从句相信；指望dependonsb.forsth.依靠某人提供某物(2)It/That(all)depends.那得看情况。难点解释relyon,dependon/upon,seeto等词后不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，通常要用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句放在后面。[练重难点](完成句子)⑤Youmayrely_on_it_thathewillcometomeetyou.你放心好了，他会来见你的。⑥Hesaw_to_it_thatthesamemistakedidn'thappenagain.他确保同样的错误今后不再发生。sothat引导目的状语从句[用法规则](1)sothat可引导目的状语从句，作“以便；为的是”讲，从句中通常用may(might)或can(could)。(2)inorderthat也可引导目的状语从句，但sothat一般不用于句首，而inorderthat可用于句首。(3)当sothat/inorderthat引导的从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致时，可将从句转化为不定式或inorderto/soasto句型。(4)sothat也可引导结果状语从句，意为“因此；所以”。[应用体验](完成句子/句型转换)①(2021·浙江6月高考)Sheaskedforthewoman'snameandaddressso_thatshecouldrepayher.她要这个女士的姓名和地址，以便她能还钱给她。②Heinjuredhisfootso_that_he_was_unable_to_playinthematch.他的脚受伤了，因此无法参加比赛。③In_order_thatshecouldcatchthefirstbus,shegotupveryearly.为了能够赶上第一班公共汽车，她起得很早。④Theymadealotoflivelyprogramssothattheycouldattractmorechildren.→Theymadealotoflivelyprogramsso_as_to/in_order_to_attract_more_children.eq\a\vs4\al(\b\lc\|\rc\|(\a\vs4\al\co1(写作主题——科学精神)))“科学精神”主题旨在激发青少年对科学研究的兴趣和好奇心，引导他们思考科学研究的方法，积极开展科学研究，探究科学家的必备品质和科学精神的基本要素。科学的未来在青少年手中，学生应注重培养科学素养，并向伟大科学家学习，塑造科学精神和科学品质，这样未来才能承担起推动科学进步的光荣使命。高考对这一主题的考查也常有涉及。如：2018年的天津高考书面表达与在天津举行的世界青少年机器人技能竞赛有关。FRANKLIN'SEXPERIMENT：HOWMUCHISTRUE?(节选自外研版教材必修第三册UNIT3)BenjaminFranklin'sfamousexperimentwithlightninghasintroducedgenerationsofchildrentoscience.However,newresearchsuggeststhatthestorymaybefictioninsteadoffact.(用however引出文章主题)Thewell-knownstoryisthattheAmericanFoundingFatherandscientistflewakiteduringastormin1752...(讲述了富兰克林的闪电实验过程)Formanyyears,schoolshavetaughtthestoryofFranklin'slightningexperiment.Morethanonegenerationofschoolchildrenhasbeenamazedbyhisbraveryandhisscientificapproachtolookingforthetruth.Franklin,alongwithmanyotherscientists,hasinspiredusandtaughtusthatscientificexperimentsareimportantinordertoestablishthetruthandtocontributetowardslaterscientificdiscoveriesandinventions.(闪电实验对科学的影响)❶However,neitherthestorynorthedetailsoftheexperimentareentirelytrue.❷AlthoughithasbeenprovedthatFranklin'sexperimenttookplace,morethanonescientisthasquestionedwhatreallyhappened.Thedetailaboutthestringandthekeyistrue.ButscientistsallagreethatifFranklinhadactuallytouchedthekey,hewouldcertainlyhavediedfromtheelectricshock.(提出对闪电实验的质疑)...Admittedly,fictionisoftenmoreinterestingthanthetruth.❸PeoplehavebeenmoreinspiredbyFranklin'sspiritofscientificexplorationthanbythefactsthemselves.Butinscience,factsshouldbeprovedbyexperimentsandresearch,andweshouldnotalwaysbelieveeverythingwereadorhear—evenifitisagreatstory.(总结科学探索精神)由教材学写法1．学亮点词汇第三段中的amazed一词形象地写出了富兰克林闪电实验对学生的影响；inspire一词则展现了富兰克林及其他科学家的激励作用。第四段中用question一词写出了科学家严谨的科研态度。第五段中admittedly用于句首，恰当地表达了对虚构故事作用的认可。2．学高级句式句❶是一个简单句，句中“neither...nor...”结构连接并列主语。该结构连接并列主语时，谓语动词主谓一致要遵循“就近原则”，即与nor后名词在人称和数上保持一致。本句中用这一结构来对富兰克林做闪电实验这一故事，及实验的细节都提出了质疑。句❷是一个主从复合句，句中although引导让步状语从句，该从句中that引导名词性从句作真正的主语，it在句中作形式主语。主句中what引导名词性从句作动词question的宾语。该句式融状语从句、主语从句、宾语从句于一体，体现了深厚的语言功底。句❸是一个简单句，句子运用了“more...than...”结构，表示“比……更……”，对两个方面进行了比较，强调了前者。3．学行文逻辑本文写作结构为“剥笋式”。文章开门见山，引入话题：本杰明·富兰克林关于闪电的著名实验可能是虚构的，而并非事实。然后按照由现象到本质、由原因到结果等层层深入的方式，详述实验过程及科学家质疑其真实性的理由。最后揭示本质：能被实验与研究所证明的东西才算作事实，我们不应全盘相信我们读到或听到的事——即使它是一个精彩的故事。Ⅰ.多积词块——丰富表达方式1．haveaccessto/beaccessibleto 拥有……的机会； 可以接近/进入2．bebusywith 忙于……3．concentrateon 全神贯注于4．lightup 点燃；点亮5．takein 理解；吸收6．do/make/perform/carryoutanexperiment做实验7．cometo/reach/drawaconclusion 得出结论8．gothrough 浏览；翻阅；经历9．referto 参考；查阅；涉及10．haveagoodcommand/knowledgeof精通……11．achievesuccess 获得成功12．beadmittedas 作为……被接受13．oneofthefourgreatinventions 四大发明之一14．link...with... 把……与……连接起来15．approachto 接近；约等于；……的方法Ⅱ.多积佳句——彰显表达功底1．Ifweareinthehabitofraisingdoubtsastowhetherwhatwearetoldistrue,wecanfindthecorrectanswerandlearnmore.如果我们习惯于对我们被告知的事情是否是真的提出疑问，我们就能发现正确答案并学会更多。2．It'sapparentthatscientificandtechnologicalprogressbringshugebenefits.很明显，科技进步带来了巨大的好处。3．AsfarasI'mconcerned,thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyhelpsincreasethequalityofourlifeandmakesoursocietyabetterone.在我看来，科学技术的发展有助于提高我们的生活质量，使我们的社会更美好。4．Theeffortsofscientistsandengineersmakesocietydevelopfaster,enhancenationalstrengthandprovideconvenienceforpeople.科学家和工程师的努力使社会发展更快，增强国家实力，为人民提供便利。一、作文提升练习下面是一篇学生习作，主题是介绍中国四大发明之一的印刷术。请根据上面所学，对习作进行润色、升级。Hello,everyone，Now,I'dliketotellyousomethingaboutprinting,oneofthefourgreatinventionsintheancientChina.TheprintingwasinventedinChinamanyyearsago,makingitpossiblefortheChineseculturetobespreadallovertheworld,whichwasgivengreatsignificancetointhedevelopmentoftheworld.❶ThisinventionaswellastheotherthreeonesisdisplayedintheChineseMuseumanditiswellworthavisit.❷Asmiddleschoolstudentsaffectedbytheamazingancientinventions,wehavethedutytostudyhard.________，wecandoscientificresearchandmakesomenewgreatinventionsinthefuture!Thankyou!(一)将文中加蓝词汇升级1．given→attached2．affected→inspired(二)根据提示将文中句子升级1．用with复合结构升级句❶_With_this_invention_as_well_as_the_other_three_ones_displayed,_the_Chinese_Museum_is_well_worth_a_visit.2．用it作形式主语升级句❷As_middle_school_students_inspired_by_the_amazing_ancient_inventions,_it_is_our_duty_to_study_hard.(三)在文中设空处加上衔接词Thus二、续写语段思维活结合主题，根据下面给出的开头语和情节脉络续写一个80词左右的片段。情节脉络：Edith准备参加一个科技发明比赛，她的偶像，发明家Matthew将担任裁判→Edith制作了一个巨大的音乐盒，当转动把手的时候，音乐盒能发出明亮的光，并放出优美的音乐→比赛当天，Edith早早来到会场，信心满满→不幸的是，因为力气小，当Edith转动把手的时候，音乐盒电力不足，没有取得应有的效果。Edith只收获了别人的嘲笑→意外发生，比赛会场忽然停电，比赛不得不取消。Matthew骑上自行车准备离开……Inthedark,EdithcouldjustseeMatthewclimbingontohisbike,withhispedalsglimmering(发出微光)．参考范文：Inthedark,EdithcouldjustseeMatthewclimbingontohisbike,withhispedalsglimmering．“Don'tgo！”Edithshouted,“Iknowhowtolightuptheroom！”Edithsaid,“Themachineneedsalotofpowertoturnthehandle.Thefasterpeopleturnthehandle,thebrighterthelightis.However,I'mnotstrongenoughtoturnthehandle.Ithinkyouandyourbikecanbehelpful.”HearingthemethodthatEdithoffered,Matthewagreedandhelpedhertolinkhisbikewiththemusicbox.AsMatthewrodethebike,themusicboxgraduallylituptheroom.Everyonejumpedwithjoyaslightandmusicfromthemachinefilledtheroom.EveryonewasgratefulthatEdithhadletthecompetitioncarryon.课时作业(一)语篇阅读训练——保准度Ⅰ.阅读理解AWithoutbreaksofinfectious(感染性的)diseasesmakingheadlinesaroundtheworld,scientistsareunderpressuretounderstandthedriversthatinfluencethetransmissionofpathogens(病菌的传播)inordertobetterpredictandcontroldiseaseoutbreaks.InthewildsofBotswana,apathogencalledM.mungihasadifferentwayofinfectingthebandedmongoose(asmallfurryanimalthatkillssnakesandrats).Thepathogenspreadsfromanimaltoanimalthroughscent(气味)marks.“Scentmarksaredepositedintotheenvironmentandcontainsmellsignalsthatconveyinformationfromonemongoosetoanother，”explainedKathleenAlexander,awildlifebiologist,wholedthenewstudy.Toconducttheirexperiment,AlexanderandCaroleAnneNicholsmonitoredthemovementsandcommunicationofabout500bandedmongoosesinprotectedparklandscapes,urbanenvironments,andotherplaceswithvaryingcharacteristicsinBotswana.Inthisway,researcherswereabletogaininsightintothemannerinwhichlandtypeandanimalbehaviourinteracttoinfluencethespreadofthepathogen.Theresultwasacomprehensivedatasetofmongoosebehaviouralinteractionsacrossarangeoflandscapetypes.Inhigh­traffic,predator­rich(食肉动物多的)environments,suchasurbancentresornationalparks,themongoosesstayedconstantlyalerted(警觉的),devotingtheirenergytoscanningthesurroundingenvironmentandpreparingthemselvesforescaping.Thissuperawarenesslikelykeptthemsafefromdanger,butitalsogreatlycurtailedtheircontactwithothers,reducingthepossibilitythatM.mungiwouldspread.“Ifyou'rerunningfromapredator,you'renotstoppingtoleaveamessageforotheranimals，”Nicholssays.“You'rerunningforyourlife.”Buttheoppositewastrueattourismcabins,wherepredatorsarescarceandfood,whichisoftenleftbyhumanhands,iseasytofind.Here,themongoosesspentagoodamountoftimemarkingscent,creatingalotofopportunitiesforthepathogentospread.PreviousstudiesbyAlexanderhavepulledbackthemaskonhowanimalbehaviourshapesthespreadofdisease.Thesenewfindings,however,addanotherlayerofdifferencetothespreadofdisease,stressingtheroleofenvironments.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于缟獴(bandedmongoose)的研究，揭示了环境会影响传染病的传播。1．What'sthepurposeofmarkingscentbybandedmongooses?A．Totrackdownsnakesandrats.B．Tobetteradapttotheenvironment.C．Toshareinformationwitheachother.D．Toprotectthemselvesfrompathogens.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Scentmarks...onemongoosetoanother”可知，缟獴之间利用气味相互交流。2．WhatdidAlexanderandNicholsdoduringtheexperiment?A．Analyzedthespreadingwayofthepathogen.B．Markedthecharacteristicsofdifferentlandtypes.C．Collectedpreviousdataaboutbandedmongooses'behaviour.D．Observedbandedmongoosesacrossarangeofenvironments.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，Alexander和Nichols在不同环境下观察缟獴的行为。3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“curtailed”inParagraph4mean?A．Decreased. B．Explained.C．Replaced. D．Repeated.解析：选A词义猜测题。根据第四段画线单词后的“...you'renotstoppingtoleaveamessageforotheranimals”可知，这种状况会“减少”缟獴之间的接触。4．What'sthefindingofAlexanderandNichols'snewresearch?A．Predatorscanspeedupthespreadofdiseases.B．Environmentscaninfluencethespreadofdiseases.C．Animalscansensepotentialdangeraroundthem.D．Thespreadofdiseasescanshapeanimals'behaviour.解析：选B推理判断题。根据文章内容及最后一段的内容可知，缟獴在捕食者少的地方感染病菌的概率会大很多，因此，Alexander和Nichols新的研究表明生存环境会影响疾病的传播。BNewsmartwheelchairsaredesignedtoallowusersmorefreedomofmovement.Someevenallowthemtoraiseorlowertheseatsortogoupanddownstairs.Now,Scewo,aSwisscompany,hasdesignedtheirfuturisticmotorizedwheelchairScewoBrothatisacompletesolutionwithmultitaskinginnovation.ThissmartwheelchairissoadvancedandmultifunctionalthatitwontheDesignPrizein2018andhasbeenrecognizedasapioneerinthemedicaltechnologyindustry.Withclearlydefinedlinesandareductiontotheessentials,thedesignteamdevelopedacleardesignlanguage.Thatway,ScewoBroisseenasanewgenerationofwheelchairsatfirstglance.ScewoBrouserscancontrolthewheelchaireitherbyatouchinterface(界面)orasmartphone.Theycanswitchfromonetotheotherandcanalsochoosefromthreedifferentmodes:theparkmode,thedrivemode,andthetrackmode.Thisallowsforanyterrain(地形)andallowspeoplewithmobilitydisabilitiestobeindependent.Builtwithsafetyinmind,theseatalwaysbalancesitselfsotheuserstaysinasittingposition.Thisfeatureallowsuserstodealwithdifferentterrainswithouttheriskoftippingover.Besides,thefootrests,theseat,andthearmrestsaredesignedtobecomfortableandadjustable.Thesmartwheelchaircangoupto35kilometersononechargeandcango10kilometersperhour.Ifabreakisneeded,justputthechairintotherelaxationposition.Thesmartwheelchaircomeswithtwosecurestorageareasforpeopleonthegotostorevaluables.Itcanfitinthetrunkofacarandcanbechargedinjustfivehours.ScewoBroisavailableinSwitzerland,Austria,andGermany.Whilethefirstbatch(首批)hassoldout,peoplecanpre­orderitattheendoftheyear.Thisfuturisticwheelchairwillallowincreasedmovementandabetterqualityoflifeforpeoplewithmobilityissues.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了瑞士公司Scewo研发的一款智能轮椅的设计理念、功能和市场情况。5．Whatdoweknowaboutthewheelchair?A．Ittargetsmedicalworkers.B．Itfeaturesmorefunctions.C．Itisdesignedforhouseholduse.D．Itisthefirstmotorizedwheelchair.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第一段中的“acompletesolutionwithmultitaskinginnovation...advancedandmultifunctional”可知，该轮椅功能众多。6．WhatismainlydiscussedaboutthewheelchairinParagraph3?A．Itsdesignphilosophy.B．Itsworkingprinciple.C．Itscustomerexperience.D．Itsfashionableelements.解析：选A段落大意题。根据第三段中的“Builtwithsafetyinmind”及本段内容可以判断，本段主要讲述了设计轮椅时的想法，即设计理念。7．HowdoestheauthorintroducethewheelchairinParagraph4?A．Bygivingexactfigures.B．Bymakingcomparisons.C．Byofferingexamples.D．Bylistingreasons.解析：选A写作手法题。根据第四段中的“goupto35kilometers”“go10kilometersperhour”“injustfivehours”可以判断，作者通过罗列精确数据来介绍该轮椅。8．Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?A．Thewheelchairneedsfurtherimprovement.B．ThecompanyScewoisanon­profitorganization.C．Thewheelchairuserscanmovearoundindependently.D．Thedesignteamhasbeenawardedmanydesignprizes.解析：选C推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Newsmartwheelchairs...toallowusersmorefreedomofmovement”和第二段中的“This...allowspeoplewithmobilitydisabilitiestobeindependent”可以推断，轮椅使用者可以自由独立地四处活动。Ⅱ.阅读七选五eq\a\vs4\al(2023·长沙雅礼中学月考)The21stcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybefore:changesforthebetter,changesfortheworse;changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.__9__Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse.__10__Technologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.Thecontinuationofsuchactivitieswillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings;inpurescience—awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience—amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits;andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.__11__Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.__12__AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.WilliamShakespearesaid,“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(纱线),goodandilltogether.”__13__Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?A．Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons.B．Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.C．Fortunately,sciencehasbroughtuswiththegreatest.D．Itoffersuslessaccesstonatureaswellassociallife.E．Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.F．Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.G．Ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在21世纪，科学有了很大的进步。科学研究极大地开阔了我们的视野，给人类带来了更大的好处，但另一方面科学的创造力也被用来损害人类。9．选F第一段首句提到关于21世纪的种种变化；选项F意为：许多事情导致了变化，但在我看来，最重要的是科学的进步。选项F顺承上文的话题，其中thechanges与上文中多次出现的changes是词汇复现。故选F。10．选G选项G意为：它使我们对生命本质及其不断发展有了更好的理解。选项G中的“Ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingof...”与上一句中的“Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeof...”是并列句式，其中It都是指代该段首句中的“Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiology”。故选G。11．选B第二段首句提到“科学研究使我们扩大视野”，第三段首句提到“科学研究活动将给人类带来更大的好处”；第四段空后一句提到“科学的创新被用来损害人类”，该段话题与文章上两段的话题出现转折；选项B意为：然而，不幸的是，事情还有另一面。选项B中的however表示转折，承上启下。故选B。12．选A第四段话题是科学创新被利用来损害人类。选项A意为：我们已经在核武器的问题上看到了这种情况。空前一句提到“发展和生产大规模毁灭性武器对人类的继续生存造成了危险”，选项A是顺承上一句的话题，以核武器为例进一步说明上一句的内容。故选A。13．选E选项E意为：以上对人类活动——科学应用的仅仅一部分的简要回顾似乎证明了莎士比亚所说的。选项E中“whatShakespearesaid”即是上一句中“WilliamShakespearesaid”的复现。故选E。Ⅲ.完形填空TheriseofmodernsciencemayperhapsbeconsideredtodateasfarbackasthetimeofRogerBacon,thewonderfulphilosopherofOxford,wholivedbetweentheyears1214and1292.HewasprobablythefirstintheMiddleAgesto__14__thatweshouldlearnscience__15__observingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus,andhehimself__16__manyimportanttruths.Galileo(1564－1642),__17__，wholivedmorethan300yearslater,wasthegreatestofseveralgreatmeninItaly,France,Germany,andEngland,whobegantoshowhowmanyimportant__18__couldbediscoveredbyobservationbydegrees.BeforeGalileo,learnedmenbelievedthatlargebodies__19__morerapidlytowardstheearththansmallones,__20__Aristotlesaidso.ButGalileo,goingtothe__21__oftheLeaningTowerofPisa,letfalltwo__22__stonesandprovedAristotlewaswrong.ItisGalileo's__23__ofgoingdirecttonature,andprovingour__24__andtheoriesbyexperiment,thathas__25__allthediscoveriesofmodernscience.What__26__thosepeoplegoodscientists?FromtheexampleofGalileo,weknowclearlythat__27__scientistsarethosewhoseobservationshave__28__betterresults.语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。一个科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。14．A.command B．suspectC．suggest D．conclude解析：选C根据空后的内容可知，这里应是RogerBacon提出的建议。故C选项正确。15．A.in B．withC．onD．by解析：选D根据空后面的“observingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus”可知，此处表示通过观察我们周围的事物并做实验。故D选项正确。16．A.brought B．discoveredC．handled D．announced解析：选B结合上文和空后的“manyimportanttruths”可知，他本人发现了很多重要的真理。故B选项正确。17．A.however B．thereforeC．seldom D．never解析：选A上文说RogerBacon也许是中世纪第一个建