生态学考试复习重点

生态学（双语）考试复习重点PartI英文题部分（共计50分）一、选择填空题：从题后所附的专业名词里选择最适宜的概念填写在括号里（每题1分共计10分）重点复习Glossary中的以下词汇：1.AbioticenvironmentNon-biologicalsurroundingsofanorganism,suchastemperature,lightintensityandrainfall.AnnualnetproductivityYearlydifferenceforaplantbetweenitsphotosynthesisanditsrespiration.AnnualprimaryproductivityAmountofcarbonfixedbyplantsinayear.AutecologyStudyoftheecologicalrelationshipsofasinglespecies.AutotrophOrganism,suchasagreenplant,thatcansynthesizeitsorganiccompoundsfrominorganicones.BiodiversityAmeasureofthenumberofspeciesandrangeoflifeformsfoundinanarea.BioticenvironmentInfluenceofotherorganismsonanorganism.CarryingcapacityNumberofindividualsinapopulationthatthehabitatcansupport.ChemoautotrophOrganismthatgetsitsenergyfromchemicalreactionsinvolvingonlyinorganicsubstrates:forexample,somebacteriaobtaintheirenergyfromtheoxidationofFe2+toFe3+.ClimaticclimaxCommunityattheendofasuccession,whosecompositionisdeterminedbytheclimate.ClimaxvegetationFinalplantcommunityattheendofasuccession.19.CommunityInteractingcollectionofspeciesfoundinacommonenvironmentorhabitat.22.CompetitiveexclusionAbsenceofonespeciesduetopresenceofanotherspeciesutilizingthesameresources.24.ConstantlylimitingfactorEnvironmentalfactorthatisalwaysinshortsupplybutvarieslittleovertimesothatapopulationislimitedtoamoreorlessfixedsizebythefactor.25.DecomposerOrganismthatlivesoffdeadorganicmatterwhichitbreaksdowntosimplercompounds.27.DensitydependentDescribesanenvironmentalfactorwhoseinfluenceonpopulationsizeincreasesasthepopulationgrowsinsize.28.DensityindependentDescribesanenvironmentalfactorwhoseinfluenceonpopulationsizeisunrelatedtothenumberofindividualsinthepopulation.31.EcologyScientificstudyoftheinteractionsthatdeterminethedistribution,abundanceandcharacteristicsoforganisms.EcosystemAcommunityoforganismsanditsphysicalenvironment.EcotypeMorphologicallydistinctformwithinaspeciesproducedbynaturalselection.EfficiencyofphotosynthesisPercentageofenergyinsunlightconvertedbyaplantintocarbohydrate.37.EnvironmentSurroundingsofanorganism,includingotherorganismsandphysicalfeatures.38.EquilibriumBalancebetweentowcounteractingfeatures,whichproducesalackofoverallchange.40.EvapotranspirationSumofevaporationandtranspirationfromanareaoflandanditsvegetation.41.ExponentialgrowthIncreaseinpopulationsizebyaconstantfactoreachunitoftime.FoodchainDiagrammaticrepresentationofthefateofasinglecarbonatominacommunity.FoodwebDiagrammaticrepresentationoftheenergyandnutrientflowthroughacommunity.FundamentalnicheTotalnicheanorganismcouldoccupyintheabsenceofcompetitionandpredationbyotherspecies.Gause'scompetitiveexclusionprincipleBeliefthatnotwospeciescanexisttogetheriftheyoccupythesameniche.GreenhouseeffectTrappingofheatwithintheEarth'satmosphere.GrossprimaryproductivityDryweightofcarbohydratemadebyaplantinphotosynthesis.HeterotrophOrganism,suchasananimal,thatneedstotakeinorganiccompoundsfromitsenvironment.InterspecificBetweenspecies.IntraspecificWithinaspecies.K-selectedDescribesaspeciesadaptedbynaturalselectiontolivingatrelativelyconstantpopulationlevels.KeystonespeciesAspeciesthatplaysapivotalroleinthemaintenanceofanecosystemandonwhichmanyotherspeciesdepend.57.LeafareaindexTheareaofleavesfoundoveraunitareaofgroundinthevegetation.59.LitterDeadorganicmatteraddedtothesoilintheformofleaves,etc.61.LogisticequationIdealisedgrowthequation:dN/dt=rN(1-N/K),wheredN/dt=rateofgrowthofthepopulation,r=intrinsicrateofincrease,K=carryingcapacity,andN=numberofindividualsinthepopulationatagiventime.62.ModularorganismOrganism,suchasatreeorcoral,whichismadeupofanindeterminatenumberofrepeatableunits.NetprimaryproductivityOverallgainindryweightofaplantorcommunity,equaltogrossprimaryproductivityminusrespiration.NicheCompleteaccountofhowanorganismusesitsenvironment.NutrientcyclingMovementofsubstancesfromorganismtoorganismandbetweenorganismsandthephysicalenvironment,allowingthesamesubstancestobeavailabletoorganismstimeandtimeagain.ParentmaterialUnderlyingsubstratethatgivesrisetoasoil.PhotoautotrophOrganism,suchasagreenplant,thatgetsitsenergyfromsunlight.PhotosynthesisManufactureoforganiccompoundsbyorganismsusingtheenergyfromsunlight.PhotosyntheticefficiencyPercentageofavailablesunlightthatisusedinphotosynthesis.PhysicalenvironmentInorganicsurroundingsofanorganism,suchastemperature,salinityandpH.PopulationGroupoforganismsofthesamespecieslivingtogetherwithinacommonareaatthesametime.77.Primaryproductionsynthesisoforganiccompoundsbyphotoautotrophsandchemoautotrophs.78PrimarysuccessionSuccessionthatbeginsonbareunclonisedgroundorinnewlyformedlakes.78.ProducerOrganism(photoautotrophorchemoautortoph)whichexistswithoutneedingtotakeinorganiccompounds.PyramidofbiomassDiagrammaticrepresentationoftheweightormassoforganismsatthedifferenttrophiclevelsinacommunity.81.PyramidofenergyDiagrammaticrepresentationoftheflowofenergyfromatrophiclevelofacommunitytotheonesabove.PyramidofnumbersDiagrammaticrepresentationofthenumbersoforganismsatthedifferenttrophiclevelsinacommunity.r-electedDescribesaspecieswhichnaturalselectionhascausedtomaximizeitsrateofincrease.

RealisednicheActualnicheofanorganism,asopposedtoitsfundamentalniche.89.SecondarysuccessionSuccessionthatbeginsinareasthathavepreviouslysupportedvegetationandretainatleastsomeoftheeffectsofthispreviouscolonization.90.Self-thinningRegulationofplantnumbersinapopulationastheindividualsgrowinsizeandcompeteforresources.92.ShadetoleranceAbilityofaplanttogrowwellintheshade.97.SuccessionNaturalchangeinthestructureandspeciescompositionofacommunity.99.SynecologyStudyoftheecologicalrelationshipsofacommunity.101.TopographyPhysicalfeaturesoftheenvironmentsuchasaltitude,slopeandaspect.103.TrophiclevelPositionatwhichanorganismfeedsinacommunity;forinstance,carnivoresfeedoffherbivores.二、 选词填空（从可选项中选择一个与句子意义相同的词汇填写在句前的括号里，只写代码a或b或c）（每题1分共计10分）1.（ ）Non-biologicalsurroundingsofanorganism,suchastemperature,lightintensityandrainfall.a.bioticenvironment b.abioticenvironmentc.ecologicalenvironment2.（）RainwaterwithapHoflessthanabout2.（a.alkalinerain b.precipitationc.acidrain3.4.（ ）3.4.a.nitrification b.nitrogenfixationc.ammonification（ ）Yearlydifferenceforaplantbetweenitsphotosynthesisanditsrespiration.a.annualgrossproductivityb.annualnetproductivity5.（ ）Amountofcarbonfixedbyplantsinayear.a.annualprimarybiomassb.primaryproductionc.annualprimaryproductivity6.（ ）Productionofnewindividualswithouttheformationofhaploidcellsbymeiosis.a.sexualreproductionb.asexualreproduction（ ）Uptakebycellsoftheproductsofabsorptionthatarethensynthesizedintomacromolecules.a.ingestionb.Assimilationc.absorption（ ）Percentageoftheenergyandorganismingeststhatisassimilatedratherthanegested.a.growthefficiencyb.reproductiveefficiencyc.Assimilationefficiency（ ）Studyoftheecologicalrelationshipsofasinglespecies.a.Autecologyb.synecology（ ）Organism,suchasagreenplant,thatcansynthesizeitsorganiccompoundsfrominorganicones.a.heterotrophb.Autotroph（ ）Ameasureofthenumberofspeciesandrangeoflifeformsfoundinanarea.a.biomassb.nichec.Biodiversity（ ）Influenceofotherorganismsonanorganism.a.Bioticenvironmentb.abioticenvironmentc.ecologicalenvironment（ ）Numberofindividualsinapopulationthatthehabitatcansupport.a.climaxcommunityb.climaxbiomassc.Carryingcapacity（ ）Organismthatgetsitsenergyfromchemicalreactionsinvolvingonlyinorganicsubstrates:forexample,somebacteriaobtaintheirenergyfromtheoxidationofFe2+toFe3+.a.heterotroph b.Chemoautotrophc.photoautotroph（ ）Communityattheendofasuccession,whosecompositionisdeterminedbytheclimate.a．Climaticclimaxb.Climaticcommunityc.Climaticend（ ）Finalplantcommunityattheendofasuccession.a.endvegetationb.Climaxvegetationc.successionvagetationCloneGroupoforganismsformedfromasingleindividualandthuscontainingthesamegeneticmaterial,forexample,themanyindividualsinalargefragmentedclumpofbracken.CommunityInteractingcollectionofspeciesfoundinacommonenvironmentorhabitat.（ ）Lightintensityatwhichtherateofcarbohydratemanufactureinphotosynthesisequalstherateatwhichcarbohydratesarelostinrespiration.a.saturationpointb.lightpointc.Compensationpoint（ ）Utilizationofaresourceinshortsupplybytwoormoreorganismswiththeresultthatatleastoneoftheorganismsgrowsorreproducesless.a.Competitionb.partitionc.resourcessharing（ ）Absenceofonespeciesduetopresenceofanotherspeciesutilizingthesameresources.a.spicesexclusionb.Competitiveexclusionc.resourcesexclusionConservationManagementoftheEarth'essourrcesinawaywhichrestoresandmaintainsthebalancebetweenhumanrequirementsandtheotherspeciesintheworld.ConstantlylimitingfactorEnvironmentalfactorthatisalwaysinshortsupplybutvarieslittleovertimesothatapopulationislimitedtoamoreorlessfixedsizebythefactor.（ ）Organismthatlivesoffdeadorganicmatterwhichitbreaksdowntosimplercompounds.a.producerb.Decomposerc.consummerDemographyStudyofchangesinpopulationsizes.（ ）Describesanenvironmentalfactorwhoseinfluenceonpopulationsizeincreasesasthepopulationgrowsinsize.a.densityindependentb.Densitydependentc.densityfactor（ ）Describesanenvironmentalfactorwhoseinfluenceonpopulationsizeisunrelatedtothenumberofindividualsinthepopulation.a.densitydependentb.densityfactorc.Densityindependent（ ）Thespreadofdesertsintosemi-aridlands.a.sandificationb.Desertificationc.soildegradation（ ）Smallparticlesoforganicmatterderivedformtheremainsofdeadorganisms.a.Detritusb.litterc.hummus（ ）Scientificstudyoftheinteractionsthatdeterminethedistribution,abundanceandcharacteristicsoforganisms.a.biologyb.nichec.Ecology（ ）Acommunityoforganismsanditsphysicalenvironment.a.communitysystemb.biosystemc.Ecosystem（ ）Morphologicallydistinctformwithinaspeciesproducedbynaturalselection.a.biotypeb.Ecotypec.lifeform（ ）Percentageofenergyinsunlightconvertedbyaplantintocarbohydrate.a.Efficiencyofphotosynthesisb.efficiencyofenergyc.efficiencyoflight（ ）Tablewhichshowsthepercentageoftheenergygatheredbyanorganismthatisdivertedtovariousmetabolicactivitiessuchasmaintenance,growthandreproduction.a.energytableb.Energybudgetc.energybalance（ ）Surroundingsofanorganism,includingotherorganismsandphysicalfeatures.a.siteb.conditionc.EnvironmentEquilibriumBalancebetweentowcounteractingfeatures,whichproducesalackofoverallchange.EquilibriumtheoryofislandbiogeographyNotionthatthenumberofspeciesonanislandisdeterminedbyabalancebetweentherateatwhichspeciesarriveattheislandandtherateatwhichtheygoextinct.（ ）Sumofevaporationandtranspirationfromanareaoflandanditsvegetation.a.waterlossb.waterinterceptionc.Evapotranspiration（ ）Increaseinpopulationsizebyaconstantfactoreachunitoftime.a.logisticgrowthb.Exponentialgrowthc.populationgrowth（ ）Observationandrecordingoforganismsintheirnaturalenvironment.a.experimentb.investigationc.Fieldwork（ ）Diagrammaticrepresentationofthefateofasinglecarbonatominacommunity.a.trophiclevelb.Foodchainc.foodwebs（ ）Diagrammaticrepresentationoftheenergyandnutrientflowthroughacommunity.a.foodchainb.trophiclevelc.Foodweb（ ）Totalnicheanorganismcouldoccupyintheabsenceofcompetitionandpredationbyotherspecies.a.realizednicheb.Fundamentalnichec.totalnich（ ）Beliefthatnotwospeciescanexisttogetheriftheyoccupythesameniche.a.Gause'scompetitiveexclusionprincipleb.Raukier'scompetitiveexclusionprinciplec.Tansley'scompetitiveexclusionprinciple（ ）GradientanalysisTechniquethatallowscommunitiestobestudiedacrossarangeofenvironments.（ ）TrappingofheatwithintheEarth'satmosphere.a.photosysthisb.Greenhouseeffectc.heateffect（ ）Dryweightofcarbohydratemadebyaplantinphotosynthesis.a.netprimaryproductivityb.Grossprimaryproductivityc.totalprimaryproductivity（ ）Organism,suchasananimal,thatneedstotakeinorganiccompoundsfromitsenvironment.a.autotroph b.Heterotroph（ ）Seriesofcommunitiesfoundinanaquatichabitatasaresultofprimarysuccession.a.Xeroseresb.Hydrosere50.(）Betweenspecies.a.Interspecificb.intraspecific51.(）Withinaspecies.a.Interspecificb.intraspecific52.(）Describesaspeciesadaptedbynaturalselectiontolivingatrelativelyconstantpopulationlevels.a.r-selectedb.K-selectedKeystonespeciesAspeciesthatplaysapivotalroleinthemaintenanceofanecosystemandonwhichmanyotherspeciesdepend.LawofconservationofenergyStatementthatenergycanneitherbecreatednordestroyed.LeafareaindexTheareaofleavesfoundoveraunitareaofgroundinthevegetation.LifetablePresentationofnumericaldatacollectedduringapopulationstudytoshowage-specificsurvivalandreproduction.（ ）Deadorganicmatteraddedtothesoilintheformofleaves,etc.a.detritusb.Litterc.hummus（ ）Shapeofthegraphofthenumberofindividualsinapopulationasafunctionoftimewhenthegrowthinthesizeofthepopulationfollowsthelogisticequationandtheinitialnumberofindividualsinthepopulationisverylow.a.expotionalcurveb.Logisticcurve（ ）Idealisedgrowthequation:dN/dt=rN（1-N/K）,wheredN/dt=rateofgrowthofthepopulation,r=intrinsicrateofincrease,K=carryingcapacity,andN=numberofindividualsinthepopulationatagiventime.a.Logisticequationb.expotionalequation（ ）Organism,suchasatreeorcoral,whichismadeupofanindeterminatenumberofrepeatableunits.a.repeatorganismb.Modularorganismc.inmodularorganismMutualismRelationshipbetweentwospeciesfromwhicheachspeciesbenefits.NaturalselectionAmajormechanismofevolutionwheretheindividualswhichsurvivepassontheiradvantageoustraitstotheiroffspring.（ ）Overallgainindryweightofaplantorcommunity,equaltogrossprimaryproductivityminusrespiration.a.Netprimaryproductivityb.totalprimaryproductivity（ ）Completeaccountofhowanorganismusesitsenvironment.a.inhabitatb.Nichec.site（ ）Movementofsubstancesfromorganismtoorganismandbetweenorganismsandthephysicalenvironment,allowingthesamesubstancestobeavailabletoorganismstimeandtimeagain.a.nutrientthansferb.nutrientflowc.Nutrientcycling（ ）Underlyingsubstratethatgivesrisetoasoil.a.Parentmaterialb.parentsoilc.underlyingsoil（ ）Organism,suchasagreenplant,thatgetsitsenergyfromsunlight.a.chemiautotrophb.Photoautotroph

（ ）Manufactureoforganiccompoundsbyorganismsusingtheenergyfromsunlight.a.Photosynthesisb.transpirationPhotosyntheticefficiencyPercentageofavailablesunlightthatisusedinphotosynthesis.（ ）Inorganicsurroundingsofanorganism,suchastemperature,salinityandpH.a.Physicalenvironmentb.bioticenvironment（ ）Groupoforganismsofthesamespecieslivingtogetherwithinacommonareaatthesametime.a.communityb.Populationc.individual（ ）Controlofpopulationsize.a.Populationregulationb.Populationcontrolc.PopulationgrowthPrairieTemperategrasslandfoundincentralNorthAmerica.（ ）Organismthateatsonlyplants.75.（75.（）synthesisoforganiccompoundsbyphotoautotrophsandchemoautotrophs.76.（76.（Successionthatbeginsonbareunclonisedgroundorinnewlyformedlakes.a.secondrysuccessionb.Primarysuccession（ ）Organism（photoautotrophorchemoautortoph）whichexistswithoutneedingtotakeinorganiccompounds.a.Producerb.consummerc.decomposerProductionSumoftheresourcesanorganismdevotestogrowthandreproduction.ProductionefficiencyPercentageofenergyassimilatedthatisdevotedtogrowthorreproduction.PyramidofbiomassDiagrammaticrepresentationoftheweightormassoforganismsatthedifferenttrophiclevelsinacommunity.PyramidofenergyDiagrammaticrepresentationoftheflowofenergyfromatrophiclevelofacommunitytotheonesabove.PyramidofnumbersDiagrammaticrepresentationofthenumbersoforganismsatthedifferenttrophiclevelsinacommunity.（ ）Describesaspecieswhichnaturalselectionhascausedtomaximizeitsrateofincrease.a.r-electedb.k-elected（ ）Actualnicheofanorganism,asopposedtoitsfundamentalniche.a.fundamentalnicheb.totalnichec.Realisedniche（ ）Divisionofaresourcesuchasfoodamongtowormorespeciessothateachspecieshasaccesstoadifferentpartoftheresource.a.Resourcepartitioningb.resourcecompetitionc.resourcesharingRootnoduleSwellingontherootsofplantscontainingsymbioticnitrogenfixingbacteria.（ ）Tropicalgrassland.a.Savannahb.prairiec.marsh

SecondaryconsumerOrganismthateatsonlyherbivores.（ ）Successionthatbeginsinareasthathavepreviouslysupportedvegetationandretainatleastsomeoftheeffectsofthispreviouscolonization.a.primarysuccessionb.Secondarysuccessionc.firstsuccession（ ）Regulationofplantnumbersinapopulationastheindividualsgrowinsizeandcompeteforresources.a.Self-thinningb.self-regulationc.self-controlSemi-desertBiomeintermediatebetweendesertandgrasslandorscrubintheamountofrainfallreceivied.（ ）Abilityofaplanttogrowwellintheshade.a.shadeadaptable b.Shadetolerancec.shadesuitable（ ）Compartmentinanutrientcyclewherethenutrientaccumulates.a.Sinkb.sourcec.storage（ ）Thelossofsoilfromanarea,oftenasanindirectresultofahumanactivitysuchastheremovaloftressortheintroductionofdomesticherbivores.a.soillossb.soildegradationc.SoilerosionSolarradiationsunlight,includingthenon-visiblepartofthespectrum.StandingcropMassoflivingorganismsinanarea.（ ）Naturalchangeinthestructureandspeciescompositionofacommunity.a.vegetationchange b.Successionc.communitychang（ ）Theprinciplethatawayoflifeormethodofobtainingaresourceshouldbecapableofbeingcontinuedindefinitely.99.（99.（Studyoftheecologicalrelationshipsofacommunity.a.Synecologyb.autecology（ ）Borealforestdominatedbyevergreenconiferoustrees.a.Savannahb.Taigac.tundra（ ）Physicalfeaturesoftheenvironmentsuchasaltitude,slopeandaspect.a.geographyb.geologyc.Topography（ ）Altitudeorlatitudebeyondwhichnotreesgrow.a.Treelineb.foreatlinec.altitudelineTrophicefficiencyEfficiencyofenergytransferfromatrophicleveltotheoneabove.TrophiclevelPositionatwhichanorganismfeedsinacommunity;forinstance,carnivoresfeedoffherbivores.（ ）Treelessvegetationfoundathigherlatitudesthanthetreeline.a.Savannahb.taigac.tundraTurnovertimeMeasureofhowlongatypicalatomspendsinaparticularcompartmentinanutrientcycle.（ ）Breakdownofrocksintosmallerparticles.a.decompositionb.Weatheringc.decay（ ）Seriesofcommunitiesthatdevelopondrylandasaresultofprimarysuccession.a.Xerosereb.hydrosere

三、判断正误（在括号里打"或X）,并将错误的地方改正（每题1分共计10分）重点复习summary四、专业翻译（（每题分，共计20分）页码重点阅读内容2〜4Introduction和Summary（Box1除外）52.2Autotrophsandheterotrophs（2.2.1之后除夕卜）15Summary234.1PopulationsandPopulationchange32〜334.6.1〜4.6.2344.7Modularorganisms36Summary50Summary101〜1059.2.6Catastrophes〜Summary10610.1〜10.2（10.2.1〜除夕卜）11010.3Gause'…119Summary12011.1122〜12311.3131Summary149〜15013.3Thegreenhouseeffect167Summary16814.1186Summary205Summary216Summary303Glossary（重点另见说明）Partll中文题部分（共计50分）四、名词解释（每题2分共计10分）重点复习以下森林营养级生物化学循环群落表现面积生态对策生态演替生物学特性树木线优势度偏利共生现实生态位生态系统生产力耐荫性种群调节森林营养级生物化学循环群落表现面积生态对策生态演替生物学特性树木线优势度偏利共生现实生态位生态系统生产力耐荫性种群调节k对策