家禽氨基酸利用的研究进展调控日粮粗蛋白水平的策略和益处美国味之素

家禽氨基酸利用的研究进展:调控日粮粗蛋白水平的策略和益处Advancement

in

Utilization

of

Dietary

Amino

Acids:TheStrategy

and

Benefits

of

Manipulating

Dietary

Crude

Protein

in

Poultry

FeedsDave

Burnham

MS,

MBA味之素哈特兰公司Ajinomoto

Heartland芝加哥，美国Chicago,

USA1.采用可消化氨基酸值配制日粮Formulating

Diets

Using

Digestible

Amino

Acid

Values不采用可消化氨基酸的某些理由Reasons

Given

for

Not

formulating

on

a

Digestible

Basis我配的是玉米豆粕日粮，所以无所谓Doesn’t

matter

since

I

am

mainly

using

a

corn/

soy

diet

其实有所谓，因为我们还用肉粉，鱼粉，DDGS，面包房副产品，卡诺拉等It

does

matter

since

we

use

Meat

Meal,

Fishmeal,

DDGS,

Bakery

Meal,Canola

etc.待用原料数据不明Don’t

have

accurate

numbers使用发表数值配方比使用总氨基酸配方更精确Formulating

on

Published

numbers

is

more

accurate

than

formulating

on

Totals.如果消化系数是84%而我们用82%，结果依然比假设100%更准确If

the

coefficient

is

really

84%

and

we

are

using

an

82%,

that

is

still

closer

thanassuming

it

is

100%

最限制氨基酸，蛋氨酸，赖氨酸和苏氨酸已有晶体产品，如果采用总氨基酸，它们的真实价值被低估15%First

limiting

amino

acids,

Methionine,

Lysine

and

Threonine

are

available

in

crystallineform.

Their

true

value

is

penalized

by

around

15%

if

formulating

on

a

Total

Basis味之素(AHL)和德固赛(Deg)的氨基酸消化系数Digestibility

Coefficients

Ajinomoto

and

DegussaAHLDegAHLDegAHLDeg818291918081838488908079919192938585818884836158798088867978909093938084898992938284949392938485878891918283889290907980氨基酸剂量反应曲线和可消化氨基酸配方Amino

Acid

Dose

Response

Curves

and

Digestible

Formulation用总氨基酸做剂量研究存在的问题-试验日粮Problems

with

Using

Total

AA

Values

in

Dose

Response

Studies

–

Test

Diet天然原料，80%消

化率Intact

Ingredient80%dig合成原料-氨基酸100%消化率Crystalline

AA’s

100%dig用总氨基酸做剂量研究存在的问题-生产日粮Problems

with

Using

Total

AA

Values

in

Dose

ResponseStudies

–

PracticalDiet天然原料，80%消

化率Intact

Ingredient80%dig合成原料-氨基酸100%消化率Crystalline

AA’s

100%dig生产中这意味着什么？What

this

means

in

practice用折线模型或渐近线的95%确立总氨基酸需要Assuming

Broken

Line

or

95%

of

Asymptote

on

Total

Basis最大反应Max

Response生产中这意味着什么？What

this

means

in

practice

例:苏氨酸的剂量反应，14-28日龄肉鸡，使用花生粕和大量氨基酸获得较低的日粮苏氨酸水平Looking

at

a

threonine

doseresponse

14

to

28

days,

using

peanut

meal

and

fairly

large

amounts

of

crystalline

AA’s

to

get

alow

Thr

level

in

test

diet.

最大反应时日粮总苏氨酸的水平是0.795%The

Total

Threonine

level

formax

response

is

0.795%of

diet.

惯常的做法是取渐近线的95%，即0.78%It

is

common

practice

to

take95%of

Asymptote

say

0.78%

这个日粮的可消化苏氨酸水平为0.70%The

digestible

Threonine

levelin

this

diet

is

0.70%

如果用玉米豆粕鸡肉粉配制总苏氨酸为0.78%的日粮If

we

formulate

adiet

at

0.78%Total

using

corn/soy

and

poultry

meal

to

meet

this

level

该日粮的可消化苏氨酸水平实为0.67%The

Digestible

Threonine

levelof

this

diet

is

0.67%

这意味着比需求低了约3%，比最大反应低5%This

means

weare

around

3

points

low

of

expected

requirement

and

up

to

5

points

below

max

response.2.理想比例Ideal

Ratios理想比例的评价Comments

on

Ideal

Ratios

理想比例很实用，可用来确定不同生长阶段肉鸡饲料的氨基酸水平Ideal

Ratios

offer

a

practical

means

ofdefining

amino

acid

levels

of

broiler

feeds

at

various

ages

在我们有准确的生物学生长模型之前，理想比例是现有的最精确的方法Most

accurate

method

of

determiningamino

acid

levels

until

we

have

accurate

biological

growth

models.比较NRC确定需要量的方法和用赖氨酸和理想比例的方法NRC

Method

of

Looking

at

Requirements

vs.Using

Lysine

Requirement

and

Ideal

Ratios理想比例可确定特定日龄下的氨基酸水平IdealRatiosAllow

AA

Levels

To

be

Set

at

specific

Ages味之素AHL比例RatiosNRC推荐量0

–

21日龄days理想Ideal计算量0

–

10日龄days理想Ideal计算量10

–

21日龄days100%1.1045%0.5075%0.9067%0.8066%0.8077%0.90103%1.2515.5%0.20理想比例的评价Comments

on

Ideal

Ratios

理想比例很实用，可用来确定不同生长阶段肉鸡饲料的氨基酸水平Ideal

Ratios

offer

a

practical

means

of

defining

amino

acid

levels

ofbroiler

feeds

at

various

ages

在我们有准确的生物学生长模型之前，理想比例是现有的最精确的方法Most

accurate

method

of

determining

amino

acid

levels

until

we

haveaccurate

biological

growth

models.其他氨基酸和赖氨酸的比例可能会随日龄而变化Ratios

ofother

amino

acids

to

Lysine

may

change

with

age

比例可能会因代谢功能而变化，精氨酸，甘氨酸，色氨酸Ratios

may

change

based

on

metabolic

function,Arginine,Glycine,Tryptophan

比例可能会在患病时变化，苏氨酸和胃肠疾病Ratios

maychange

under

disease

conditions,Threonine

and

gastric

disorders.3.低蛋白日粮Lower

Protein

Diets“低蛋白日粮不行”“Low

Protein

Diets

do

not

Work”有些发表的研究支持此论点，一些人接受了这个论点，并作为不改变的理由A

number

of

studies

have

been

published

that

support

this

statement

and

it

hasbecome

the

accepted

argument

and

reason

not

to

change.然而，一般而言However

generally:粗蛋白水平下降太大，被降低了4-8%CP

levels

of

diets

are

generally

lowered

bylarge

amounts

–

4

to

8

percentage

points这些日粮是不实用的日粮:These

are

impractical

feeds当前，只有蛋氨酸，赖氨酸和苏氨酸可供选用，并真正具有价格优势而进入配方。其他氨基酸仍然太昂贵。Currently

Methionine,Lysine

andThreonine

are

available

and

price

in.

Others

beyond

this

are

still

much

too

expensive除了苏氨酸外，还有其他同时限制的氨基酸-异亮氨酸，缬氨酸，精氨酸，色氨酸，甘氨酸Beyond

Threonine,have

a

number

of

co-limiting

AA’s,Ile,Val,Arg,Try,Gly

研究人员并没有完全把这些氨基酸加进去Researchers

have

not

donea

good

job

of

adding

back

all

amino

acids.一些人只加入了蛋氨酸，另一些加了蛋氨酸和赖氨酸Some

have

onlyadded

Met,others

only

Met

and

Lysine.更多的人加入谷氨酸以提高粗蛋白水平，但是这样更多地是提高了谷氨酸的水平而不是非必需氨基酸水平A

number

will

add

back

Glutamicacid

to

raise

CP

level,

this

does

not

raise

CP

in

raises

Glutamic

acid

level让苏氨酸进入最低成本配方Allowing

L-Threonine

to

least

cost

into

formulation

结果使粗蛋白下降1-1.5%，而不是4-8%Results

ingenerally

a

1

to

1.5

percentage

point

reduction

in

Crude

Protein,not

4

to

8

points

确定下一个限制性氨基酸至关重要，异亮氨酸，缬氨酸，精氨酸，色氨酸Determining

the

next

limiting

amino

acids,Ile,Val,Arg,Try

become

critical

需要用可消化氨基酸做配方，才能把晶体氨基酸节省的成本最大化It

is

essential

to

formulate

on

a

digestible

basis

tomaximize

the

savings

from

using

crystalline

amino

acids4.确认苏氨酸和赖氨酸的比例Confirming

ThreoninetoLysineRatio试验设计Study

Design基础Basal处理组6Trt

60.000.15其他Other3.583.58基础

Basal处理组6Trt

6肯塔基大学试验Study

at

Univ.of

Kentucky玉米/豆粕日粮-肉中鸡配方Corn/soy

diets–formulated

togrower

specs每笼10只鸡-平板鸡笼10

Birds

per

cage–flat

deck

pulletcages6重复/处理组6

reps

per

treatment7-21日龄增重Gain

7to21

days(gram)目前常用的比例范围Ratio

commonlyused

today采食量Feed

Intake(gram)FCR苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例Threonine:LysineRatios苏/赖比(%)

Thr:Lys氨基酸体系

System日龄AgeBaker

et

al.,

200262/55-58真可消化8-215.确定生产实际中的L-苏氨酸水平Determining

PracticalL-Threonine

Levels平面栏饲试验Floor-pen

Study密西西比Mississippi确定苏氨酸的添加量Determining

Practical

Level

of

L-Threonine

Inclusion试验设计Study

Design

配制的所有日粮均具有最低的可消化氨基酸水平All

diets

formulated

to

the

same

minimum

digestible

aminoamino

acid

levels.基础日粮Basal

Diets:°处理组1

Treatment

1

-不加苏氨酸No

L-Threonine°

处理组5

Treatment

5

-

+

600克苏氨酸/吨+600g

L-Threonine/

MT

将“1”和“5”按比例混合，获得3个中间水平Blend

proportions

of“1”&“5”together

to

get

threeintermediate

levels.仔鸡饲料Starter

Feed1.101.101.101.101.100.720.720.720.720.720.820.820.820.820.820.750.84仔鸡饲料的组成Composition

of

Starter

Feed基础Basal1503004506000.000.0150.0300.0450.060中鸡饲料Grower

Feed基础Basal1.001.001.001.001.000.680.680.680.680.680.750.750.750.750.750.700.80停药饲料Withdrawal

Feed基础Basal0.870.870.870.870.870.580.580.580.580.580.630.630.630.630.630.590.69试验设计Study

Design罗斯308商品代Ross

308

birds

from

a

commercial

flock

were

used按性别饲喂Birds

were

sexed

and

placed

separately每个性别x处理组有6个重复Six

Reps

per

Sex

per

Treatment每栏40只，1平方英尺/只40

Birds

per

Pen,1

sq

ft/bird

分三阶段饲喂日粮，1-20日龄，21-35日龄，

36-49日龄Diets

were

fed

1

to

20

days,21

to

35

and

36

to

49

days

在20，35，和49日龄称体重和耗料Birds

and

FeedWeighed

at

20,35

and

49

days试验设计Study

Design胴体测定Carcass

Analysis每栏随即筛选5只，双翅标记，称重代测Five

birds

per

penwere

randomly

selected,

double

wing-banded,

weighed

and

set

aside.专人处理鸡只，胴体吊起并冷藏过夜，然后分割，以测定胸肉产量。每个部位都由专人分割以保准确。Birds

were

processed

by

staff,carcasses

were

held

in

chiller

over-night,then

cut-up

to

determine

breast

meat

yield.

A

particular

cut

was

assigned

to

an

individual,

whomade

the

same

cut

on

all

birds.处理组小节Summaryof

Treatments体重和FCR

Bodyweight

&

FCR21日龄Day

21BW/kg35日龄Day

35

BW/kg49日龄Day

49

BW/kg校正Corrected

FCR49

日龄体重Day

Bodyweight

(kg)49

日龄Day

FCR胴体产量Carcass

Yield胴体产率CarcassYield

%胸肉产率BreastMeat

Yield

%腹脂Fat

Pad

%胴体产率Carcass

Yield

%胸肉产率Breast

Meat

Yield

%结论Conclusion

只要使用最低可消化氨基酸值，配方时可以忽略粗蛋白水平Crude

Protein

levels

can

be

ignoredwhen

formulating

feeds

as

long

as

minimum

digestible

amino

acid

values

areused.

胴体产量不受降低粗蛋白添加合成氨基酸日粮的影响Carcass

Yield

is

not

affected

by

the“LowerProtein”

amino

acid

fortified

diets.

使用赖氨酸，蛋氨酸，和苏氨酸能够降低成本Diets

formulated

using

DL-Methionine,L-Lysine,and

L-Threonine

can

be

cost

affective.平面栏饲试验Floor-pen

Study马里兰Maryland赖氨酸和苏氨酸反应Lysine

and

Threonine

Responses试验设计Study

Design日粮按工业标准配制Diets

formulated

to“Industry”standards处理组Treatments处理1

Treatment

1;不用苏氨酸L-Threonine

was

excluded处理2

Treatment

2;配方选用苏氨酸并被最低成本配方软件采用，用量以满足下一个限制性氨基酸为准，苏/赖比例65%L-Threonine

was

allowed

to

least

cost

in

to

the

point

of

the

next

limiting

amino

acids

Thr:Lys

65处理3

Treatment

3;按苏/赖比例70%使用苏氨酸

L-Threonine

at

Thr:Lys

70处理4-6

Treatments

4

to

6;在处理组1-3添加赖氨酸使其增加5个百分点L-Lysine

added

to

Trt’s

1

to

3

to

increase

level

by

5

points试验设计Study

Design所有日粮均制粒All

diets

were

pelleted分5阶段饲喂日粮，0-14日龄，15-25日龄，26-32日龄，33-41日龄，和42-49日龄Diets

were

fed

at

0-14,

15-25,

26-32,

33-41

and

42-49

days签定公母，每个处理组6个重复，100只/栏Birds

sexed,

6

reps

per

treatment,

100

birds/

pen

每个处理组按公母各选18只鸡，做各项产量分析Eighteen

birds

treatment

per

sex

were

pulled

for

complete

yield

analysis用当时的生产成本和肉价做经济效益分析Financial

analysis

was

done

using

current

production

costs

and

meat

prices营养成分Nutrient

Composition日粮组成Diet

Composition营养成分Nutrient

Composition体重Body

Mass

(kg)公母混饲combined

sexes处理Treat日龄Day

25日龄Day

42日龄Day

47标准赖氨酸Std

Lys对照Control苏/赖Thr

65苏/赖Thr

70高赖氨酸High

Lys对照+赖

Ctr+L处理2+赖Trt

2+L处理3+赖Trt

3+L体重BodyMass

(47

日龄days)标准赖氨酸Std

Lysine高赖氨酸High

LysinebbabaaaFCR

(47日龄days)公母混饲combined

sexes不处理Treat日龄Day

25日龄Day

42日龄Day

47标准赖氨酸Std

Lys对照

Control苏/赖Thr65苏/赖Thr70高赖氨酸High

Lys显著Nonsignificant

>0.05对照+赖

Ctr+L处理2+赖Trt

2+L处理3+赖Trt

3+LFCR

(47日龄days)标准赖氨酸Std

Lysine高赖氨酸High

LysineNon

significant

>

0.05死亡率Mortality混饲combined

sexes处理

Treat日龄Day

25日龄Day

42日龄Day

47标准赖氨酸Std

Lys对照

Control苏/赖Thr65苏/赖Thr70高赖氨酸High

Lys不显著Nonsignificant

>0.05对照+赖

Ctr+L处理2+赖Trt

2+L处理3+赖Trt

3+L3.755.907.10胴体产量Carcass

Yield

(kg)混饲combined

sexes对照Treat胴体Carcass含骨胸肉重Bone-inBreast无骨胸肉重BonelessBreast标准赖氨酸Std

Lys对照Control苏/赖Thr

65苏/赖Thr

70高赖氨酸High

Lys对照+赖

Ctr+L处理2+赖Trt

2+L处理3+赖Trt

3+L胴体重Carcass

Mass

kg标准赖氨酸Std

Lysine高赖氨酸High

Lysine胴体重，kg胸肉重Breast

Mass

kg标准赖氨酸Std

Lysine高赖氨酸High

LysineBone-in

Breast

Meat含骨胸肉重，kg经济效益分析Financial

Assessment

of

Study蛋鸡低蛋白日粮的策略Dietary

Strategies

to

Lower

Crude

Protein

in

Layers克莱门生大学蛋鸡试验Clemson

LayerStudy海兰W-36

HyLine

W-36生产性能Performance

Results节省饲料成本$3.50/吨-每年每只蛋鸡7美分Feed

Cost

Savings

$3.50/ton-savings

of7c/bird/year

in

feed

cost蛋鸡舍氨气排放Ammonia

Emissions

from

Laying

Houses生产试验70000只/舍Commercial

Study,IA0.940.940.440.44Study

by

Xin,

Liang,