2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学历年高频考题带答案难题附详解

2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学历年高频考题带答案难题附详解（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共50题)1.Saussureiscloselyconnectedwith______.A.LangueB.CompetenceC.Etic2.Virtuallyeverysentencethatapersonuttersorunderstandsisabrand-newcombinationofwords,appearingforthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheuniverse.Therefore,alanguagecannotbearepertoireofresponses;thebrainmustcontainarecipeorprogramthatcanbuildanunlimitedsetofsentencesoutofafinitelistofwords.Thatprogrammaybecalleda______grammar.Itshouldbenotconfusedwith______or______grammarsthatarejustguidestotheetiquetteofwrittenprose.A.Proscriptive-teaching-mentalB.Mental-prescriptive-descriptiveC.Teaching-descriptive-mentalD.Mental-teaching-prescriptive3.WhatseparatedtheperiodofMiddleEnglishfromthatofModemEnglishwas______.A.theNormanConquestB.theinfluenceoftheFrenchlanguageC.theEuroperenaissancemovementD.theinfluenceofLatin4.Definetheconceptof"concord"insyntaxwithexamplesfromEnglish.5.Jackrefusedtochangehisdecision.6.UniversalGrammar7.Intheirbook______writtenin1923,C.K.OgdenandI.A.Richardspresenteda"representativelistofthemaindefinitionswhichreputablestudentsofmeaninghavefavoured."Thereare16majorcategoriesofthem,withsub-categoriesalltogether,numbering22.8.Thepartoflinguisticsthatstudiesthelanguageofliteratureiscalled

.Itfocusesonthestudyoflinguisticfeaturesrelatedtoliterarystyle.9.Somesentencesdonotdescribethings.Theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Theutteranceofthesesentencesisorisapartofthedoingofanaction.Theyarecalledp

.10.Phoneme11.Asyllablecanbedividedintotwoparts,theNUCLEUSandtheCODA.12.concord13.register14.Tonereferstothepitchonasyllableofaword.Whenpitchisrelatedtoasentence,itiscalled______.15.Categorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintosamecategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Asamajoringredientinthecreationofhumanknowledge,itallowsustorelatepresentexperiencestopastones.16.Inspiteofthefactthatsheislazy,Ilikeher.17.Whichofthefollowingisanendocentriccompound?A.runawayB.playboyC.self-controlD.breakthrough18.Co-articulation19."formal"and"informal"arefeaturesof.______A.slangB.linguafrancaC.styleD.jargon20.Thefollowingfoursentencespresentfourdifferentusagesoftheword不过.Pleasediscussthedistinctionsandconnectionsamongthefourusages,illustratingyourpointswithyourownexampleswherenecessary.

1)不过二年，君必无患。

2)他十七岁就结婚，一年后当了爸爸，不过十八岁。

3)这是个乖巧不过的孩子。

4)我也没有长策，不过这种事情，其事已迫，不能计出万全的。21.threatened22.coarticulation23.Whathelpdoesitgiveyouwhenyouusethesechunksinyourcommunication?24.guarantee25.synchroniclinguistics26.Judgewhichofthefollowingsentencesaregrammaticallyill-formedorwell-formedandgiveyourreasonswhytheyareacceptableorunacceptable.(100-150words)Hesaidafewwordstothepress.

Hesaidtothepress.

Hesaidtothepressafewwords.

Hesaidafewwords.

Hesaidafewwordsthepress.

Hesaidthepressafewwords.27.ThewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltractisknownasTHEPLACESOFARTICULATION.28.WhatlinguistictheoriesdoAmericanlinguistChomskyandAustralianlinguistHallidayrepresentrespectively?29.Theteachercouldn'tthinkofagoodanswer.30.Discussthefollowingadvertisementextensively:"你不理财,财不理你".31.Somelanguageteachersarguethatweshould"teachthelanguage"ratherthan"teachaboutthelanguage".Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenthesetwoapproachestolanguageteaching?32.CAL33.Whyisitimportanttoknowtherelationsasignhaswithothers,suchassyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations?34.Compareandcontrastthefollowingtermsinlinguistics:turn-takingandadjacencypairs.35.Jackhadaverygoodmathteacher,buttheboyfailedthemathexam.36.Accordingtosystemic-functionalistsandAmericanfunctionalists,languageisnotarbitraryatthe______level.37.Theyareflyingplanes.38.Systemic-functionalGrammar.39.Thefollowingfigureswereveryinfluentialinthefieldoflinguisticsinthefirsttwodecadesofthetwentiethcenturyexcept______.A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.ChomskyD.Firth40.WhataretheEndocentricandexocentricconstructions?41.Wecanusethepattern"itis..."(thecleftconstruction)toemphasizeanypartofasentenceexceptthepredicate.Whatcanwedoifwemustemphasizeit?Pleasegiveexamplestohigh-lightyouremphasisofanypartofthissentence:

Iboughtabookinthecityyesterday.42.______isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.43.A."Ialwaysfeelyoungbybeingwithyou."Saidtheprofessor,whoistwoyearspasttheretirementage.

B."Ialwaysfeelyoungbybeingwithyou,"theprofessor,whoistwoyearspasttheretirementage,said.

C."Ialwaysfeelyoungbybeingwithyou,"saidtheprofessor,whoistwoyearspasttheretirementage.

D."Ialwaysfeelyoungbybeingwithyou".Theprofessor,whoistwoyearspasttheretirementage,said.44.TheforeignmountaineersentusthefullstoryofhisrescuefromTibet.45.hybridword46.IntheIPAchart,thesoundsegmentsaregroupedintoconsonantsandvowels.Theconsonantsarethendividedintopulmonicand______consonants.47.phoneme48.(a)Listthe'bound'morphemestobefoundinthefollowingwords:

misleads,shortened,unhappier,fearlessly

(b)Inwhichofthefollowingexamplesshouldthe'a'betreatedasaboundmorpheme:

aboy,apple,atypical,AWOL49.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofComponentialAnalysis50.languageacquisition第1卷参考答案一.历年考点试题黑钻版1.参考答案：A[解析]本题考查索绪尔的“语言”和“言语”。索绪尔将说话者的语言能力和语言的实际现象或语料区分为语言和言语。2.参考答案：D3.参考答案：C4.参考答案：Itisalsoknownasagreement.Itisasyntacticrelationbetweenwordsandphraseswhicharecompatible,inagivenconduction,byvirtueofinflectionscarriedbyatleastoneofthem.Therearetwotypesofconcord:notionalagreementandgrammaticalagreement.Itrequirestheformsoftwoormorewordsthatstandinspecificsyntacticrelationshipwithoneanothershallalsobecharacterizedbythesameparadigmaticallymarkedcategory.Forexample,thesyntacticrelationshipbetweenthatgirlandsheinthefollowingdialogue:A:Whoisthatgirl?B:Oh,sheismysister.5.参考答案：

Thus,thissentenceisunambiguous.6.参考答案：Universalgrammarisatheoryoflinguisticspostulatingprinciplesofgrammarsharedbyalllanguages,thoughttobeinnatetohumans(linguisticnativism).Itattemptstoexplainlanguageacquisitioningeneral,notdescribespecificlanguages.Universalgrammarproposesasetofrulesintendedtoexplainlanguageacquisitioninchilddevelopment.7.参考答案：TheMeaningofMeaning8.参考答案：stylistics9.参考答案：performatives[解析]本题考查施为句的定义。奥斯汀认为，有些句子并不是用来描述事物的，没有真假。说出这些句子是(或者部分是)实施某种行为，所以这些句子称为施为句。10.参考答案：Phoneme.Itreferstotheabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.Forexample,inEnglish,/p/isdescribedasaphoneme.11.参考答案：F[解析]本题考查音节。音节可以分成两个部分，韵基(therhyme)和节首(theonset)，韵基中的元音是核心(thenucleus)，它后面的辅音用术语韵尾(thecoda)来表示。12.参考答案：Concord,alsoknownasagreement,istherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories．[解析]本题考查一致关系的概念。一致关系，又称为协同关系，指两个或更多处于一定语法关系中的词，要在某些范畴上互相保持一致的形式。13.参考答案：Register:Itisaspeechvarietyusedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,usuallysharingthesameoccupationorthesameinterests.Aparticularregisteroftendistinguishesitselffromotherregistersbyhavinganumberofdistinctivewords,byusingwordsorphrasesinaparticularway,andsometimesbyspecialgrammaticalconstructions.Forexample,thereistheregisterofmilitarylanguage,registerofpoliticallanguage,andsoon.14.参考答案：intonation15.参考答案：A16.参考答案：Inspitethatsheislazy,Ilikeher.17.参考答案：C18.参考答案：Co-articulation:Co-articulationreferstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.Forexample,asinlamb,whenaisfollowedbym,thevelumwillbegintoloweritselfduringthearticulationofasothatitisreadyforthefollowingnasal.Whensuchsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved,wecalltheprocessco-articulation.Ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,itisknownasanticipatoryco-articulation.Ifthesounddisplaystheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itisperseverativeco-articulation.19.参考答案：C20.参考答案：Thetermhomonymyisusedwhenoneform(writtenandspoken)hastwoormoreunrelatedmeanings.Thefollowingtypesareofhomonymy.

(1)Homographs—wordswhichareidenticalinspelling,butdifferentinmeaningandpronunciation:tear

(2)Homophones—wordswhichareidenticalinpronunciation,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning:see/sea.

(3)Completehomonyms—wordswhichareidenticalinspellingandpronunciation,butdifferentinmeaning:bear(v.togivebirthtoababy/tostand)/bear(n.akindofanimal).

Whenwelookatthefour“不过”inthefoursentences.wewillfindtheyarecompletehomonymsbecausetheyareidenticalinspellingandpronunciation,butdifferentinmeaning.“不过”insentence1)means"within"or"nolongerthan";insentence2)“不过”means"only"whichfunctionsasanadverb,implyingthatthefatherisquiteyoung;insentence3)“不过”means"very","quite"or"extremely";insentence4)“不过”means"but",functioningasaconjunction.

WecanfindsomesimilarcasesinEnglishasfollows:

i.Asastudent,Ishouldstudyhard.(preposition)

ii.Thegirldancesasshesingsonthestage.(conjunction)

iii.Heisastallashisfather.(adverb)

Thethree"as"sabovearehomonymsbecausetheyareidenticalinbothsoundandform,butdifferentinmeaning.AndwehavegotsomeChinesecasesofhomonyms.Forexample,

a)他走得很快。("fast",adverb)

b)这把刀不快。("notsharp",adjective)

C)他的话令我不快。("unhappy",adjective)[解析]本题考查同音/形异义(homonymy)问题。在语言中，有些词的意义不同，但是它们的形式发音或拼写却相同，这种现象叫同音/同形异义，这种词叫同音/同形异义词(homonyms)。如果两个词的读音和拼写都相同而意义不同，成为完全同音同形异义词(perfecthomonyms)。如英语中的pupil(student)—pupil(oftheeye)；date(offruit)—date(aboyorgirlfriend)；汉语中的“杜鹃”可以指“杜鹃花”，亦可以指“杜鹃鸟”。21.参考答案：threatened—//22.参考答案：Coarticulationisakindofphoneticprocessinwhichsilnultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.[解析]本题考查语音中协同发音的概念，协同发音是一种涉及到同时或重合发音的语音过程。23.参考答案：Whenyouusethesechunksinyourcommunication,itwillhelpyouformanewandpurespeakinghabit.Themorechunksyoucanusecorrectly,themoreabilityyouhavetospeakalanguage.24.参考答案：25.参考答案：Synchroniclinguistics:thestudyofalanguageatagivenpointinhistory.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics(orhistoricallinguistics),thestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.26.参考答案：Fromtheperspectiveoftraditionalgrammar,wewouldusuallyusethe"say"inthephrasestructureof"saysomethingtosomebody"or"saysomething"or"saytosomebody".Therefore,theHesaidafewwords.Hesaidafewwordstothepress,andHesaidtothepress,areallgrammaticallywell-formedandacceptable.OtherwiseHesaidtothepressafewwords,isgrammaticallyill-formedbutacceptablesincethelistenercouldunderstandthemeaningofthesentence.Hesaidafewwordsthepress.Hesaidthepressafewwords,arebothgrammaticallyill-formedandunacceptable.[解析](考生如果从转换生成语法的角度分析，言之成理亦可酌情给分。)27.参考答案：F[解析]本题考查发音方法(mannersofarticulation)和发音部位(placesofarticulation)的概念。前者指发音器官之间的关系，以及气流经过声道的某些部位时的方式，后者指声带的哪些部位发生气流的摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍。本题给出的是发音方法的定义。28.参考答案：Astothequestionabouthowtounderstanddifferentsentencestructures,therearetwoimportantlanguagetheories,oneisthetransformational-generativegrammarproposedbyNoamChomsky,andtheotheristhesystemic-functionalgrammarproposedbyHalliday.

Accordingly,Chomskysuggestsustomakeadistinctionbetweentwolevelsofstructures:deepandsurfacestructures.Andtheaimoflinguisticsistoproduceagenerativegrammar.

Asthenamesuggests,systemic-functionalgrammarhastwocharacteristics:systematicandfunctional.Itexplainstheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasysternicnetwork,ormeaningpotential.Itviewslanguageasaformofdoingratherthanaformofknowing,anditdistinguisheslinguisticpotentialfromactuallanguagebehavior.

Halliday'stheorypaidmoreattentiontoparadigmaticrelationsthantosyntagmaticrelationswhichisthemainconcernofChomsky.[解析]

本题考查乔姆斯基和韩礼德的不同理论。乔姆斯基提出转换生成语法。转换生成语法是将句法根据深层结构和表层结构来进行描述。韩礼德提出的系统功能语法可以分成“系统语法”和“功能语法”两个部分。他认为语言的性质决定人们对语言的要求，即它所必须完成的功能。同时，韩礼德在研究语言时，更关注语言的聚合父系，这一点是他的理论与乔姆斯基的思想最大的不同所在。29.参考答案：Thereisaphrasalverb"thinkof"inthissentence,butitisinseparablesincewecannotsay"thinkitof".30.参考答案：Thisadvertisementisaninterestingone,foritswittyuseofpunwords.Therearetwoplacesofpunning.First,"理财"couldbeinterpretedintwodifferentways:oneis"tomanageone'smoney",theotheris"nottoignoremoney".Second,inthesecondpartofthesentence,"财"ispunnedthroughhomophony:itcouldbeinterpretedas"财",therefore,thewholepart"财不理你"couldmean"fortunewillignoreyou",orrather,"fortunewillpassyouaway".Thischaractercouldalsointerpretedas"才",therefore,thewholepart"财不理你"couldmean"Iwillignoreyou",orrather,"Iwillshowyoumycoldshoulder"(Here"I"referstothecompanywhichputoutthisadvertisement).

Therefore,thisutterancecouldbepossiblyinterpretedinthefollowingways.1)Ifyoudonothandleyourmoneyinaproperway,thenmoneywillpassyouby.2)Ifyoudonothandleyourmoneyproperly,thenIwon'ttakecareofanyofyourbusiness.3)Ifyouignoremoney,anddonotpayanyattentiontoit,thenmoneywillpassyouby.4)Ifyouignoremoney,thenIwillignoreyou,too,andIwon'ttakecareofanyofyourbusiness.Inthesefourinterpretations,itiscleartoseethatin1and4,theadvertiserconveyedthemessagestothereadersasifhewashavingaface-to-facetalktoafriend.Thishasinsomewaymadethepieceofadinterestingtoread.

Itisknownthepunningisbynatureambiguous.Therefore,accordingtoGrice,theadvertisementhasviolatedtheprincipleofavoidingambiguityunderMannerMaxim.Bysuchaviolation,theadvertiserhaspossiblyintendedtomakethepotentialconsumerspaymoreattentiontoit,andspendmoretimeonit,sinceitisknownthatambiguitywillincreasethetimeforprocessingthesentence;andbyinterpretingitinadditionalways,thereadersarealsoexpectedtogetanotherinterestingmessagefromthisad.Allofthesecouldeventuallycometoahighermemorabilityoftheadvertisement.31.参考答案：Inlinguisticstudies,therearetwogeneralapproaches:descriptiveandprescriptive.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifitaimstolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior,i.e.,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.Consistentwiththetwoapproaches,therearetwoapproachestolanguageteaching:"teachingthelanguage"and"teachingaboutthelanguage".

"Teachingthelanguage"meansteachingthelanguageasitis.Inotherwords,learnersshouldonlybetaughthowlanguageisused,suchasitsmeaning,pronunciation,andcontext.Thatis,learnersjustneedtodoaswhatnativespeakersdowiththeirlanguage.

"Teachingaboutthelanguage",however,meansthatlearnersshouldknowwhylanguageisusedinthatway.Inotherwords,learnersshouldknowthegrammaticalrules,wordformationmethods,howsentencesareformed,etc.That'stosay,itreferstothetraditionalapproachtolanguageteachingwhichinvolvesthepresentationofnumerousdefinitions,rulesandexplanations.Usuallyateacher-centeredgrammar-translationmethodisadopted.Intheviewofmanymodernlinguists,suchanapproachisdamagingtolanguagelearning.Theyarguethatoneshouldteachthelanguage,notteachaboutthelanguage.Incommunication,oneshouldlearnfirstto"speak"thelanguage,notto"read"thelanguage.[解析]本题考查教学法中的“teachingthelanguage”和“teachingaboutthelanguage”的区别。传统的语言教学中所采用的以教师为中心的语法翻译法主要就是教语言相关的内容。在许多当代语言学家的眼中，这样的途径是不利于语言学习的。他们认为应该教语言，而不是教与语言相关的内容。可以参见《语言学教程(修订版)》第354页。32.参考答案：Computer-assistedlanguageleamingreferstotheuseofacomputerintheteachingorlearningofasecondorforeignlanguage.AccordingtoRichardsetal(1998),itmaytaketheformof:activitieswhichparallellearningthroughothermediabutwhichusethefacilitiesofthecomputer;activitieswhichareextensionsoradaptationsofprint-basedorclassroombasedactivities;actitivitieswhichareuniquetoCALL.[解析]本题考查计算机辅助学习的定义。计算机辅助语言学习，指的是将计算机运用到第二语言或外语的教学中去。33.参考答案：InSaussure'sview,languageisasystemofsigns,eachofwhichconsistsoftwoparts:"signified"(concept)and"signifier"(soundimage).Andtherelationshipbetweenthesetwopartsisarbitrary.Thereforethelinguistcannotattempttoexplainindividualsignsinapiecemealfashion.Insteadhemusttrytofindthevalueofasignfromitsrelationstoothers,orrather,itspositioninthesystem.

ThetwoprincipaltypesofrelationswhichSaussureidentifiedareSyntagmaticandParadigmaticrelations.Thesyntagmaticrelationisarelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.Theparadigmatic(orassociative)relationisarelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent.Theycansubstituteforeachotherwithoutviolatingsyntacticrules.

Thesyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationstogether,likethetwoaxesofacoordinate,determinetheidentityofalinguisticsign.Syntagmsandparadigmsprovideastructuralcontextwithinwhichsignsmakesense;theyarethestructuralformsthroughwhichsignsareorganizedintocodes.[考点]本题考查符号与符号之间的关系——组合关系和聚合关系的重要性。[解析]作答时先给出组合关系和聚合关系的定义，再阐述其重要性。34.参考答案：Inconversation,therolesofspeakerandlistenerchangeconstantly.Thepersonwhospeaksfirstbecomesalistenerassoonasthepersonaddressedtakeshisorherturnintheconversationbybeginningtospeak.Conversationsneedtobeorganized;therefore,therearerulesorprinciplesforestablishingwhotalksandthenwhotalksnext.Thisprocessiscalledturntaking.

Thestudyofturntakingincludes

·turnconstructionalcomponent

·turnallocationalcomponentorturntakingrules

·implicitandexplicitmarkers.

Sackssuggestedsomeguidingprinciplesfortheorganizationofturntakinginconversation.Heobservedthatthecentralprinciplethatspeakersfollowintakingturnsistoavoidgapsandoverlapinconversation.

Anadjacencypairisaunitofconversationthatcontainsanexchangeofoneturneachbytwospeakers.Theturnsarefunctionallyrelatedtoeachotherinsuchafashionthatthefirstturnrequiresacertaintypeorrangeoftypesofsecondturn.Forexamples,agreeting-greetingpair,andaquestion-answerpair.

Turn-takingandadjacencypairsarebothintegralpartsofallconversations.AccordingtoLevinson(1983,308),turutakingandadjacencypairsarebothaspectsoflocalorganization:theirinfluenceislimitedtoshortexchanges.Theydonotexplaintheapparentorganizationoperatingoverlongerstretchesofconversation.[解析]本题主要考查话语分析中的话轮和邻近会话对的知识。答题时先要先分别就什么是话轮和邻近会话对进行解释，然后再说明两者之间的关系即可。35.参考答案：Theword"the"isusedtopointoutthefactthat"boy"isthepreviously-mentioned"Jack".36.参考答案：syntactic37.参考答案：AccordingtoGenerativeGrammar,thesentencecanhavetwodifferentdeepstructures.

38.参考答案：Systemic-FunctionalGrammarwasfirstproposedbyHalliday,whichisasociologicallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproachIthastwocomponents:systemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar.Theformeroneindicatesthewaylanguageistreated,thatis,languageisasystemnetworkwhichconsistsofsub-systemsfromwhichchoicesaremade.Thelatteroneindicatesthewaylanguageisdefined,thatis,languageisseenasameansofsocialinteraction,andtomeanistofunction.Thegrammarofhumanlanguageisfunctionallydefinedbecauseitevolvesfromanddevelopsduringtheuseoflanguageinthesocialsystem;itissystemicallyorganizedsincetheactualizationandrealizationofthemeaningpotentialinfactresultsfromthechoicemakingfromasetofavailableoptions.

Thistheoryfirstofallseeslanguageassociallydefined,thatis,itisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman.Then,languageisonewayofmeaning,ofrealizingtheunderlyingsocialsystem;therefore,languageusersareactuallymakingchoicesinasystemofsystemsandtryingtorealizedifferentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction.

Basedonsuchasociologicalpointofview,Systemic-Functionallinguisticshasmadegreatinfluenceonvariousdisciplinesrelatedtolanguage,suchaslanguageteaching,sociolinguistics,discourseanalysis,stylistics,andsoon.39.参考答案：C40.参考答案：Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecenter,orhead.Henceanendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasaheadedconstruction.Nounphraseslikelovelylucyaretypicalendocentricconstructions.

Oppositetoendocentricconstructions,theexocentricconstructionreferstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole.Thereisnonoticeablecentre,orhead,init.Prepositionalphraseslikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.41.参考答案：Thepredicateisthepartofasentenceorclausethatexpresseswhatissaidofthesubjectandthatusuallyconsistsofaverbwithorwithoutobjects,complements,oradverbialmodifiers.Thepredicateexcludesthesubjectitself.Therefore,ifthepredicateistobeemphasized,thenthereisapplicabletoinsertanauxiliaryverb"do(did,does)"beforethepredicateverbwhichshouldbechangedbacktoitsoriginalformaccordingly.Forexample,"Isawtheaccident."canberewrittenas"Ididseetheaccident."

1)emphasisofsubject:

ItisIwhoboughtabookinthecityyesterday.

2)emphasisofpredicate:

Ididbuyabookinthecityyesterday.

3)emphasisofobject:

ItisabookthatIboughtinthecityyesterday.

4)emphasisofadverbialmodifier(place):ItisinthecitythatIboughtabookyesterday.

5)emphasisofadverbialmodifier(time):

ItisyesterdaythatIboughtabookinthecity.42.参考答案：Synonymy[解析]

考查同义关系的定义。43.参考答案：SentenceCwouldberegardedbetterthantheotherthree.InEnglish,ifthesayerandtheverbalactionareputbehindthedirectspeech,theyaremorethanoftentreatedaspartofawholesentence,whichcontainsallthepartsabove.Therefore,inthewrittenform,peoplewouldrathernotcapitalizetheverbalactionsuchas"said",ortheinitialletterofthesayer,suchas"Theprofessor".InsentenceB,theverbalactionwasseparatedfromthesayerbyarelativeclause,whichmakesthesentencefragmentary,especiallywhenthepredicativeisonlyasingleword.44.参考答案：TheforeignmountaineersentusthefullstoryofhisbeingrescuedfromTibet.