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如何展开论点?因果展开举例展开对比/类比展开让步展开假设展开下定义(解释说明)展开限定范围(取舍)展开1.因果展开Many
innovations
are
made
with
the
aim
of
makingmoney
for
a
few.
This
is
because
it
is
the rich
andpowerful
people
in
our
society
who
have
enoughmoney
to
impose
changes
(such
as
working
conditions)that
are
in
their
own
interests.In
many
countries,
the
birth
rate
is
decreasing
so
thatfamilies
are
smaller
with
fewer
children.
Thesechildren
are
often
spoilt,
not
in
terms
of
love
andattention
because
working
parents
do
not
have
the
timefor
this,
but
in
more
material
ways.Firstly,
a
person
needs
to
feel
that
they
are
doingvalued
and
valuable
work,
so
positive
feedback
fromsuperiors
is
very
important
in
this
respect.Their
adult
world
will
be
changing
constantly
in
termsof
technology
and
the
Internet
is
the
key
to
all
theknowledge
and
information
available
in
the
worldtoday.
Therefore
it
is
important
that
children
learn
at
anearly
age
to
use
the
equipment
enthusiastically
and
with
confidence.The
greater
flexibility
of
the
primary
timetable
allowsfor
more
frequent,
shorter
sessions
and
for
a
play-centred
approach,
thus
maintaining
learners’enthusiasm
and
progress.2.举例展开To
do
this,
we
need
to
improve
the
choice
of
public
transportservices
available
to
travellers.
For
example,
if
sufficient
skytrains
and
underground
train
systems
were
built
and
effectivelymaintained
in
our
major
cities,
then
traffic
on
the
roads
would
bedramatically
reduced.Physical
activity
could
be
encouraged
relatively
cheaply,
forexample
by
installing
exercise
equipment
in
parks.We
have
been
moving
on from
previous
ways
of
doing
things.Some
technologies,
such
as
weapons
of
mass
destruction,
are
ofnegative
impact.
Others,
such
as
medical
advances,
positivelyhelp
people
to
live
better
or
longer,
and
so
very
much
helptraditional
ways
of
life.Give
reasons
for
your
answer
and
includeany
relevant
examples
from
your
ownknowledge
or
experience.3.对比或类比展开The
majority
of
stars
do
not
hold
their
top
position
long.
Sportsstars
and
pop
stars,
for
example,
are
soon
replaced
by
the
nextyounger,
more
energetic
generation,
while
the
good
looks
ofmost
film
stars
quickly
fade.A
young
adult
who
passes
directly
from
school
to
university
israther
restricted
in
terms
of
general
knowledge
and
experience
ofthe
world.
By
contrast,
those
who
have
spent
some
time
earning
a
living
or
travelling
to
other
places
have
a
broader
view
of
lifeand
better
personal
resources
to
draw
on.Tips:while和whereas都是用来在一个复杂句里引导从句与主句形成对比,而bycontrast,则是引导一个完整句子去与它前面的一个完整句子之间形成对比,而while和whereas的后面不能跟逗号。The
greatest
benefit,
though,
is
that
maturity
gives
usgreater
confidence
in
our
own
judgement,
in
all
areas
oflife.
We
are
no
afraid
to
express
our
opinion
when
others
disagree
and,
unlike
a
teenager,
we
know
when
tolet
things
go.It
allows
more
equally
among
pupils
and
gives
moreopportunity
to
all
those
at
the
school
to
choose
subjectsmore
freely
without
gender
prejudice.
For
example,
amuch
higher
proportion
of
girls
study
science
to
a
highlevel
when
they
attend
girls’
schools
than
theircounterparts
in
mixed
schools
do.
Similarly,
boys
insingle-sex
schools
are
more
likely
to
take
cookeryclasses
and
to
study
languages,
which
are
often
thoughtof
as
traditional
subjects
for
girls.4.让步展开In
my
country,
many
advertising
companies
produce
advertisementswith
famous
and
popular
actors
or
singers.
People,
especiallyyoungsters,
buy
goods
that
their
favourite
singer
advertise,
althoughthey
do
not
really
need
the
products.Those
who
believe
teenagers
are
the
happiest
people
cite
their
lackof
responsibilities
as
a
significant
factor.
They
are
supportedfinancially
and
emotionally
by
their
parents,
and
although
they
maybe
included
in
family
decisions,
they
are
not
ultimately
responsible.Reaching
the
conclusion
that
change
is
inevitable
is
not
the
same
asassuming
that
change
is
always
for
the
better.
Unfortunately,
it
is
notalways
the
case
that
new
things
are
promoted
because
they
havegood
impacts
for
the
majority
of
people.5.假设展开Today,
education
has
become
a
priority
for
many
parents
seeking
tosecure
a
good
future
to
their
children
in
this
rapidly
changing
world.They
believe
that
if
their
children
work
hard
at
school,
then
they
will
increase
their
opportunities
for
going
to
higher
education
andeventually
getting
a
good
job.In
better
economic
circumstances,
few
patents
would
choose
to
sendtheir
children
out
to
full-time
paid
work.
If
learning
responsibilitiesand
work
experience
are
considered
to
be
important,
then
childrencan
acquire
these
by
having
light,
part-time
job.Primary
school
teachers
are
generalists,
and
may
not
have
thenecessary
language
skills
themselves.
If
specialists
have
to
bebrought
in
to
deliver
these
sessions,
the
flexibility
referred
to
aboveis
diminished.Tips:除了直接使用if...,...或者if..,then...来搭建起假设逻辑关系外,还经常使用be
likely
to...,
be
less
likely
to...,
beunlikely
to...,
may和虚拟语气等手段来展开支持关系。To
do
this,
we
need
to
improve
the
choice
of
publictransport
services
available
to
travelers.
For
example,
ifsufficient
sky
trains
and
underground
train
systems
werebuilt
and
effectively
maintained
in
our
major
cities,
thentraffic
on
the
roads
would
be
dramatically
reduced.Advocates
of
this
believe
that
today’s
sedentarylifestyle
and
stressful
working
conditions
meanthat
physical
activity
is
no
longer
part
ofeitherour
work
or
our
leisure
time.
If
there
were
easy-to-reachlocalsportscenters,
wewould
bemorelikely
to
makeexercise
a
regularpart
ofourlives,
rather
than
just
collapsing
in
front
of
ascreen
every
evening.6.下定义展开They
are
allowed
to
have
whatever
they
want,
regardless
ofprice,
and
to
behave
as
they
please.
This
means
that
the
childrengrow
up
without
consideration
for
others
and
without
anyunderstanding
of
where
their
standard
of
living
comes
from.Those
who
have
spent
some
time
earning
a
living
or
traveling
toother
places
have
a
broader
view
of
life
and
better
personalresources
to
draw
on.
They
tend
to
be
more
independent,
which
is
a
very
important
factor
in
academic
study
and
research,
as
wellas
giving
them
an
advantage
in
terms
of
coping
with
thechallenges
of
student
life.7.限定范围(或取舍)展开In
many
countries,
the
birth
rate
is
decreasing
so
thatfamilies
are
smaller
with
fewer
children.
These
childrenare
often
spoilt,
not
in
terms
of
love
and
attention
becauseworking
parents
do
not
have
the
time
for
this,
but
in
morematerial
ways.
They
are
allowed
to
have
whatever
theywant,
regardless
of
price,
and
to
behave
as
they
please.Those
who
have
spent
some
time
earning
a
living
ortraveling
to
other
places
have
a
broader
view
of
life
andbetter
personal
resources
to
draw
on.
They
tend
to
bemore
independent,
which
is
a
very
import
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