英语最全修辞手法

PAGEPAGE卯英语常用修辞1.Simile明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。或者说是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。标志词常用like,as,seem,asif,asthough,similarto,suchas等.Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.例如:1>.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.2>.Iwanderedlonelyasccloud.3>.Einsteinonlyhadablanketon,asifhehadjustwalkedoutofafairytale.4>.Thiselephantislikeasnakeasanybodycansee.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。5>.Helookedasifhehadjuststeppedoutofmybookoffairytalesandhadpassedmelikeaspirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。6>.Ithaslongleavesthatswayinthewindlikeslimfingersreachingtotouchsomething.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。

7>.CarlosLehderwastococainetransportationwhatHenryFordwastocars.2.Metaphor隐喻,暗喻隐喻是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Forexample,theworldisastage.

例如:1>.Hopeisagoodbreakfast,butitisabadsupper.2>.Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.3>.GermangunsandGermanplanesraineddownbombs,shellsandbullets...德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。4>.Thediamonddepartmentwastheheartandcenterofthestore.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。5>.Alltheworld’sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.6>.Moneyisabottomlesssea,inwhichhonor,conscience,andtruthmaybedrowned.7>.Timeisariver,ofwhichmemoryisthewater.Ohmyfriend,whatIscoopupfromtheriverisallyearningofyou.3.Metonymy借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。就是借用甲来表示乙，但前提条件是甲必须与乙关系密切和本质上有相似之处Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.1>.以容器代替内容,例如:Thekettleboils.水开了.Theroomsatsilent.全屋人安静地坐着.2>.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lendmeyourears,please.请听我说.3>.以作者代替作品,例如:acompleteShakespeare莎士比亚全集4>.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:Ihadthemuscle,andtheymademoneyoutofit.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.5>.Severalyearslater,wordcamethatNapoleonyhhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem...几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。“word”在这里代替了“news,information”（消息、信息）6>.Alspokewithhiseyes,“yes”.艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。“说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。7>.Adoctormmusthavetheheartofalionandthehandofalady.8>.Shewastobesureagirl,whoexcitedtheemoions,butIwasnottheonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.4.Synecdoche提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般一般代替特殊.又称举隅法，举隅指举一反三之意，具有“牵一发而动全身”之功能。主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。它往往因微见著，在提到某人或某物时，不直呼其名，与其密不可分的东西来代替。Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.例如:1>.Thereareabout100handsworkinginhisfactory.他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.Thefoxgoesverywellwithyourcap.这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.4>.TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyofstonesandearth,butofthefleshandbloodofmillionsofmen.长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中的“thefleshandblood”喻为“thegreatsacrifice”巨大的牺牲DowningStreet（唐宁街）→theBritishgovernment（英国政府）FleetStreet（舰队街）→TheBritishpress（英国新闻界）DownUnder（对跖地）→AustraliaorNewZealand（澳大利亚或新西兰）Thefieldwaswonaftertwohoursofbloodyfighting.thebattle经过2小时的浴血奋战，战斗取得了胜利。（用“战斗场地”指代“战斗”。）提喻（Synecdoche）的定义与用法：定义：用局部代替全体或全体代替局部，用属代替种或种代替属，用具体代替抽象或抽象代替具体的修辞手法叫做提喻。(Asynecdocheisafigureofspeechthatinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewholeorthewholeforthepart,andthesubstitutionofthespeciesforthegenusorthegenusforthespecies,andalsothesubstitutionoftheconcretefortheabstractortheabstractfortheconcrete.)用法：①以局部代全体：Thepoormanhadsixmouthstofeed.这可怜的人要养六口人people（“口”只是人体的一部分，在此用来指代“人”。）Thepoormanisnowleftwithoutaroof.这可怜的人落得个上无片瓦。house（“屋顶”只是房子的一部分，在此用来指代“房屋”。）Hecan'trideawheel.他不会骑自行车。bicycle（“轮子”只是自行车的一个部件，在此用来指代“自行车”。）②以全体代局部：Thebirdssangtowelcomethesmilingyear.小鸟歌唱迎新春。thespring（“春季”只是“一年”中的一个季节，句中用“欢笑的年”指代“春天”。）Hehasgainedafootinginthemusicalworld.他在音乐界站住了脚。field（“世界”包括一切，表示“领域”的“界”。）③以属代替种：Springvanisheswiththerose.花谢春尽。flowers“玫瑰”属于“花”中的一种Itwillcostyouaprettypenny这恐怕会花你许多钱money便士属于钱中的一种④以种代替属：Idon'tliketoeatmeat.我不想吃猪肉。pork肉包括“猪肉”在内的任何一种肉Whatalovelycreature!多么美丽的女人啊！abeautifulwoman（“人”包括“女人”在内的任何一种人。）⑤以具体代抽象：Heearnedhisbreadasateacher.他以教书为生living面包指代抽象名词生计Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinhisface.他的脸上带着凶残和贪婪的神色。fiercenessgreediness（用“狼”指代其“凶残的”本性，用“猪”指代其“贪婪的”本性。）⑥以抽象代具体：Allthewitandlearningoftheworldwereassembledthere.thewiseandlearnedscholars所有聪明博学的人都聚集在那里。（“聪颖”和“学问”都是抽象名词，在此指代“学者”。）Itwassicknessandpovertytogetherthatshecametovisit.patientspoorpeople她来探望的是病人和穷人。（“疾病”和“贫穷”都是抽象名词，在此分别用来指代“病人”和“穷人”。）换称（Antonomasia）的定义与用法：定义：用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓或用专有名词代替普通名词的修辞手法叫做换称。(Anantonomasiaisafigureofspeechthatinvolvestheuseofanepithetortitleinplaceofaname,andalsotheuseofapropernameinplaceofacommonnoun.)Antonomasia（换称、代类名）指用形容词、头衔等代替专有名词，比如用theAlmighty代指上帝，用hisHonour指法官，用Fatheroflies（谎言之父）指Satan。同时也可以用来表示用专有名词代替普通概念，UncleSam代替USA，Hercules（赫格立斯）代verystrongperson（力大无穷者）。换称中的专有名词通常有这几种来源：宗教、古代及当代的历史和文学，这也是它和喻代的不同之处。用法：’①用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓：HisMajesty（陛下）→akingorthenameoftheking（国王或国王的姓名）HisHonor（阁下）→ajudgeorthenameofthejudge（法官或法官的姓名）IronChancellor（铁血宰相）→Bismarck（俾斯麦）②用专有名词代替普通名词：a.源于宗教或神话：Solomon（所罗门）→awiseman（聪明人）Judas（犹大）→atraitor（叛徒）Helen（海伦）→abeautifulwoman（美女）b.源于历史：Hitler（希特勒）→atyrant（暴君）HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.他是本世纪的牛顿。agreatscientistMilton（弥尔顿）→apoet（诗人）c.源于文学作品：Romeo（罗米欧）→alover（情人）Holmes（福尔摩斯）→adetective（侦探）转喻（metonymy）与换称（antonomasia）的比较：metonymy与antonomasia共同之处是它们都可以用人名或地名来借代人物或事物；它们的不同点在于：metonymy中的借代物与被借代物之间通常具有等同关系或密切相关的联系，而antonomasia通常是利用人的头衔、绰号，或利用历史上的名人、名胜以及小说、典故中的典型人物的特点来借代。并且，它通常是用专有名词指代普通名词。试比较：例1：TheWallStreetdefinitelyhasmoresayintheirpolicymaking.Americanfinancialcenter显然华尔街在他们的政策制定方面更有发言权。（美国的各大银行、证券公司等都坐落在华尔街，故而华尔街成了美国金融中心的代名词。“华尔街”与“美国金融中心”具有等同关系，所以该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）例2：ShanghaiistheNewYorkofChina.上海是中国的纽约。abigandflourishingcity（纽约是美国的一个大城市，它具有“繁华”的特点；上海是中国的一个大城市，也同样具有“繁华”的特点，故该句用“纽约”指代“上海”。然而“上海”不能与“纽约”等同，我们不能说“上海”就是“纽约”，所以该句所采用的修辞手法是antonomasia。）例3：IhaveneverreadLiBai.我从未读过李白的诗。LiBai'spoems（通过动词read，可以联想到此句中的“李白”是指“李白的诗”。虽然“李白”是我国唐代著名诗人，但该句并没有利用他的某个特点进行借代，所以它不是antonomasia。而“李白”与“李白的诗”之间具有密切相关的联系，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）例4：YouJudas!你这个叛徒！atraitor（根据《圣经》，犹大是耶稣十二个门徒之一，他为了三十枚纹银出卖了耶稣。根据这一典故，“犹大”便成了“出卖朋友的人”和“叛徒”的代名词。该句是利用典故中的典型人物的特点来借代，故它所采用的修辞手法是antonomasia。）转喻（metonymy）与提喻（synecdoche）的比较：metonymy与synecdoche的共同点是它们都可以用人体的各个部位进行借代；它们的不同点在于：metonymy是利用人体部位指代其功能或特点，而synecdoche则是利用人体的部位指代整体。试比较：例1：Herheartruledherhead.她的感情控制了理智。emotionsgoodsense（该句用“心”指代“感情”，用“头”指代“理智”。虽然“心”和“头”都是人体的部位，但说话者并没有用它们来借代“人”这个整体，而是指代根据其特点联想所产生的东西，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）例2：Noeyesawhim,butasecondlatereveryearheardagunshot.man没有人看见他。可是，一秒钟以后每个人都听到一声枪响。（“眼睛”和“耳朵”都是人体的部位，在此用来借代其整体“人”。故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。）例3：Weareallears.我们洗耳恭听。listeningattentively（“耳朵”是人体部位，在此用来指代其“听”的功能，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）例4：Twoheadsarebetterthanone.两个脑袋总比一个脑袋强。people（“头”是人体部位，在此指代整体“人”，故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。）例5：Hehasanoldheadonyoungshoulders.他年轻而有见识。experiencesyoungman（head是人体部位，前面加了形容词old后，产生一种联想意义，即“有见识的”；shoulders也是人体部位，前面加了形容词young后，产生一种象征意义，即“年轻人”。该句没有用人体部位指代整体，而是用人体部位指代其特点，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）例6：Nevershowyourfaceagain.千万不要再露面。body（“脸”是人体部位，在此指代整个“人”，故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。）]5.Synaesthesia通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。例如:1>.Thebirdssatuponatreeandpouredforththeirlilylikevoice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.2>.TastethemusicofMozart.品尝Mozart的音乐.3>.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowedandsomefewtobechewedanddigested.有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。6.Personification拟人拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).Forexample,thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.例如:1>.Thenightgentlylaysherhandatourfeveredheads.2>.Iwasveryhappyandcouldhearthebirdssinginginthewoods.3>.Shemayhavetensofthousandofbabiesinonesummer.(From“WatchingAnts”)一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。4>.MyonlyworrywasthatJanuarywouldfindmehuntingforajobagain.我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。7.Hyperbole夸张夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Forinstance,healmostdiedlaughing.

例如:1>.Ibegathousandpardons.2>.Loveyou.Youarethewholeworldtome,andthemoonandthestars.3>.Whensheheardthebadnews,ariveroftearspouredout.4>.Mybloodfroze.我的血液都凝固了。5>.WhenItoldourfatheraboutthis,hisheartburst.当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。6>.MyheartalmoststoppedbeatingwhenIheardmydaughter’svoiceonthephone.从电话里一听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。8.Parallelism排比,平行

['pærəlelizəm]这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.例如:1>.Noonecanbeperfectlyfreetillallarefree;noonecanbeperfectlymoraltillallaremoral;noonecanbeperfectlyhappytillallarehappy.2>.Inthedayswhenallthesethingsaretobeansweredfor,Isummonyouandyours,tothelastofyourbadrace,toanswerforthem.Inthedayswhenallthesethingsaretobeansweredfor,Isummonyourbrother,theworstofyourbadrace,toanswerforthemseparately.9.Euphemism委婉,婉辞法用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以避免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫的、沮丧的局面。婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(无冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,wereferto"die"as"passaway".例如:1>.Heisoutvisitingthenecessary.他出去方便一下.2>.Hisrelationwithhiswifehasnotbeenfortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.3>.DengXiaopingpassedawayin1997.4>.Hewasbothoutofpocketandoutofspiritsbythatcatastrophe,failedinhishealthandprophesiedthespeedyruinoftheempire.5>.seniorcitizens代替oldpeople;lowincomebrackets代替poorpeople;handicapped代替crippled;washroom\men’s\women’sroom代替lavatory;emotionallydisturbed代替mad;aslowlearner\anunderachiever代替astupidpupil.10.Allegory讽喻,比方这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.例如:1>.Makethehaywhilethesunshines.2>.It'stimetoturnploughintosword.11.Irony反语反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.例如:1>.Itwouldbeafinethingindeednotknowingwhattimeitwasinthemorning.2>"Ofcourse,youonlycarrylargenotes,nosmallchangeonyou."thewaitersaidtothebeggar.3>.Well,ofcourse,Iknewthatgentlemenlikeyoucarryonlylargenotes.啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beggar”而已。4>.Well,ofcourse,Iknewthatgentlemenlikeyoucarryonlylargenotes.【sarcasm的特点是尖刻，往往蓄意中伤或讥讽；irony的特点是幽默或俏皮，故意使用同本意相反的说法，必须靠其语调或笔调表示真意；satire可用来泛指irony，sarcasm等，其特点是用来讽刺社会向现象或一些人，不像sarcasm那样指个人。】12.Pun双关双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here"arms"hastwomeanings:aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)例如:1>.Sheistoolowforahighpraise,toobrownforafairpraiseandtoolittleforagreatpraise.2>.Anambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforthegoodofhiscountry.3>.Ifwedon'thangtogether,weshallhangseparately.4>.Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both，sir!”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。5>.Whyarelawyersalluneasysleepers?Becausetheylieononeside,andthenontheother,andremainwideawakeallthetime.13.Parody仿拟这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞.例如:1>.Romewasnotbuiltinaday,norinayear.2>.Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.3>.Ifyougiveagirlaninchnowadaysshewillmakeaddressofit.4>.Tosmokeornottosmoke,thatisaquestion.5>.WinewasthickerthanbloodtotheMondavibrothers,whofeudedbitterlyovercontrolofthefamilybusiness,CharlesKrugWinery.14.Rhetoricalquestion修辞疑问它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.例如:1>.Howwasitpossibletowalkforanhourthroughthewoodsandseenothingworthofnote?2>.Shallweallowthoseuntruthstogounanswered?15.Antithesis对照,对比,对偶Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedsructuralformstoachieveemphasis.Forexample,speechissilver;silenceisgolden.Afigureofspeechinwhichsharplycontrastingideasarejuxtaposedinabalancedorparallelphraseorgrammaticalstructure.这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.（将强烈对立的想法并列于稳定、对等的短语或语法结构中的修辞方法。）例如:1>.NotthatIlovedCaeserlessbutthatIlovedRomemore.2>.Youarestaying;Iamgoing.3>.Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath.4>.Takelittle,givemore.5>.Pridehurts,modestybenefits.满招损，谦受益。6>.Allforone,oneforall.人人为我，我为人人。16.Paradox隽语这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法..例如:1>.Morehaste,lessspeed.2>.Thechildisthefathertotheman.三岁看老。3>.Everybody’sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.4>.Therearetwowaysofrisingintheworld,eitherbyyourownindustryorbythefollyofothers.5>.Nothingismorefataltohappinessthantherememberanceofhappiness.6>.Ibelieve,though,thatpraiseshouldbemeasured,iftheremustbeany,itshouldbenegativetobeconstructive.7>.IlovehimsomuchthatIhatehimwhenhelooksatanothergirl.8>.Aloverofpeaceemergedasamagnificentleaderofwar.9>.Infact,itappearsthattheteachersofEnglishteachEnglishsopoorlylargelybecausetheyteachgrammersowell.10>.JohnMcEnroe:TheChampYouLovetoHate.11>.SaturdayNightonSundayMorning.(推销录像机的广告标题)12>.Homeless,theyhaveahundredhomes.13>.Thecoachhadtobecrueltobekindtohistrainees.14>.Nonewsisgoodnews.(尤其在战争年代)17.Oxymoron反意法,逆喻,矛盾修饰法这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.例如:1>.Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible.2>.Thestateofthishouseischeerlesswelcome.3>.Themotherisundergoingthejoyfulpain,andthepainfuljoyofchildbirth.18.Climax渐进法,层进法这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.例如:1>.Iamsorry,Iamsosorry,Iamsoextremelysorry.2>.Eyehadnotseennorearheard,andnothinghadtouchedhisheartofstone.3>.Andherfacelookingup,herlostfacewithbeseechingeyes,anddark,wethair-possessed,haunted,torturedhim.19.Anticlimax渐降法与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.例如:1>.Onhisbreasthewearshisdecorations,athissideasword,onhisfeetapairofboots.2>.Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.3>.Wehadplentyofcompanyinthewayofwagon-loadsandmule-loadsoftouristsandthedust.4>.Onhisbreasthewearshisdecorations,athissideasword,onhisfeetapairofboots.5>.Itistruthuniiversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofafortunemustbeinwantofawife.20.Rhetoricalrepetition叠言，重复叠言Repetition这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。1>.Itmustbecreatedbythebloodandtheworkofallofuswhobelieveinthefuture,whobelieveinmanandhisgloriousman—madedestiny.它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。2>...Becausegoodtechniqueinmedicineandsurgerymeansmorequickly—curedpatients,lesspain,lessdiscomfort,lessdeath,lessdiseaseandlessdeformity.因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少残废。3>.Ihavewritteninbedandwrittenoutofit,writtendayandnight.我卧床写，起床写；白天写，晚上也写。21.Onomatcpocia拟声是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。1>.Ontherootoftheschoolhousesomepigeonsweresoftlycooing.在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。2>.Shebroughtmeintotouchwitheverythingthatcouldbereachedorfelt—sunlight,therustlingofsilk,thenoisesofinsects,thecreakingofadoor,thevoiceofalovedone她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西，如阳光呀，丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开门的吱嗄声呀亲人的说话声呀3>.Thebeggerrattledthecoinsinhistin.4>.Shebroughtmeintotouchwitheverythingthatcouldbereachedorfeltsunlight,therustlingofsilk,thenoisesofinsects,thecreakingofadoor,thevoiceofalovedone.22.Alliteration头韵法在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或音，以增强语言的节奏感。HowandwhyhehadcometoPrinceton,NewJerseyisastoryofstruggle,success,andsadness.23.Analogy:(类比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.将两个本质上不同的事物就其共同点进行比较，是通过比喻手法的综合运用帮助说明道理或描述某种复杂情况。比如说，我们在讨论政府职能的时候，假如我们不了解政府职能，我们可以从我们了解的组织谈起，比如我们可以讨论班级、学校、公司或者一些大型小型组织，从一个具体的问题到另一个问题而避免谈一些不熟悉的问题。具体的陈述可以类似如下开展：Appropriatepraiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.Whileelitecollegesanduniversitiesstillhavehighstandardsofadmissions,someofthemost“exclusive”prisonsnowrequireaboutfivepriorseriouscrimesbeforeaninmateisacceptedintotheircorrectionalprogram.WritingabookofpoetryislikedroppingarosepetaldowntheGrandCanyonandwaitingfortheecho.将写书的动作和把玫瑰花瓣扔到大峡谷等回音类比。

24.Understatement:(含蓄陈述）降调陈述Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.

1>.Heisnomeanopponentinthecomingdebate.(言外之意，他不是一个弱者，而是一个劲敌)

2>.TherewasaslightdisturbanceintheSovietUnionlastyear,whichcausedthedisintegrationofthecountry.3>.ItwasnotwithoutreasonthattheCouncildecidedtotakesuchmeasures.

25.Syllepsis:(一语双叙）Ithastwoconnotations.Inthefirstcase,itisafigurebywhichaword,oraparticularformorinflectionofaword,referstotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,whileproperlyapplyingtooragreeingwithonlyonofthemingrammarorsyntax(句法).Forexample,Headdressedyouandme,anddesiredustofollowhim.(Hereusisusedtorefertoyouandme.)

Inthesecondcase,itawordmayrefertotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence.Forexample,whilehewasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.(Heretolosingone'slimbsinliteral;toloseone'smindisfigurative,andmeanstogomad.)

例句：1>.Atthenextdoorheshookoffhiscompanyandran.Hehaltedinthedistrictwherebynightarefoundthelighteststreet,heart,vowsandliberttos.2>.ThenewlyelectedmemberforCentralLeedstooktheoathandhisseat.3>.Oldpeoplegatheringinthesocialhallforcomradeshipandahotlunch.4>.Whilethevietnamvetwasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.5>.ThebusinessmanleftinhighspiritsandaCadillac.6>.Themoonwasabove,coldandbeautiful,andthemusicremindedSoapyofthosedayswhenhislifecontainedsuchthingsasmothersandrosesandcleanthoughtsandcollars.7>.Sheopenedthedoorandherheartforthehomelessboy.

26.Sarcasm:(讽刺）ItSarcasmisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Forexample,lawsarelikecobwebs,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwaspsbreakthrough.【irony:1)theamusingorstrangeaspectofasituationthatisverydifferentfromwhatyouexpect2)theuseofwordsthatsaytheoppositeofwhatyoureallymean,oftenasajokeandwithatoneofvoicethatshowsthissatire:awayofcriticizingaperson,anideaoraninstitutioninwhichyouusehumourtoshowtheirfaultsorweaknessessarcasm:awayofusingwordsthataretheoppositeofwhatyoumeaninordertobeunpleasanttosbortomakefunofthem可见irony和sarcasm都有反语的意思而sarcasm通常指对人进行挖苦嘲讽，irony可以指其他事物。satire和上面两个有区别，是指通过幽默对人，想法或机构的讽刺和取笑比如讽刺社会的阴暗面等。】27.Allusion典故它包括引用典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。1>.Auniversitydegreeisnolongertheopensesametoagoodjob.2>.Maryisagooddancerbutshe’sgettingfatlatterly,whichisherAchilles’heel.3>.Hewalkedattheheadofthefuneralprocession,andeverynowangthenwipedawayhiscrocodiletearswithabighadkerchief.28.Transferredepithet移位修辞格1>.TheAmericansocietysawagnawingpovertyduringtheyearoftheGreatDepression.2>.Theyarestillprolongingthenight:dancing,singing,gossiping,postpoingtheunfortunatenecessityofundertakingaday’sworkinthefieldsafterasleeplessnight.3>.Heclosedhisbusylifeattheageofsixty.4>.HeoccasionallyevenengagesinelectronicconversationswithAppleusersaroundthecoungtry.5>.Therewasashort,thoughtfulsilence.出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。6>.Theoldmanputareassuringhandonmyshoulder.一支令人安心的手7>.Thisisthecheapestmarketinthiscountry.最便宜的市场29.Inanimatesubject无灵主语英语里主语常用人称和非人称两种形式来表达。用非人称主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”。而汉语则较常用人称主语表达，侧重“什么人怎么样了”。英语中非人称作主语的句子主要有两种类型：1,从有无生命角度划分，主语可区分为有灵主语(animate)和无灵主语(inanimate)两类。无灵名词作主语，常翻译成各种状语，译成“由于……因此”，“因为……所以”，“在……之后”等等。非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”(inanimatesubject)，表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animateverb)表示人或社会团体的动作和行为，如：see，desert，find，bring，witness，give，escape，surround，kill，deprive，serve，send，know，tell，permit，invite，take，drive，prevent…from等，这类句子往往带有拟人化(personification)的修辞色彩。举几个例子：E.g.1Pastexperiencehastaughtusthatweshouldnotdependonothersforeverything.E.g.2Hisnameslipsmymind.E.g.3Agoodideasuddenlystrikesme.(Isuddenlyhaveagoodidea!)E.g.4Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.(Shewaspeacefulwhenshewasalone.)E.g.5MyonlyworrywasthatJanuarywouldfindmehuntingforajobagain.2.用非人称代词“it”作主语。Itneveroccurredtomethatshewassodishonest.30.Consonance尾韵

31.Regression回环32.Quotation引用33.Innuendo:(暗讽）Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout(曲折)wayatsomethingdisparaging(不一致)oruncomplimentary(不赞美)tothepersonorsubjectmentioned.Forexample,theweathermansaiditwouldbeworm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.34.Zeugma:(轭式搭配）Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.Forexample,Thesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Herenoonisnotstrongenoughto