吴定柏《美国文学大纲》（第2版）笔记和考研真题详解

绗?绔犮€€娈栨皯鍦版椂鏈熺殑缇庡浗鏂囧1.1銆€澶嶄範绗旇鈪?/span>.NativeAmericanLiterature1Background2TraditionalLiterature3TransitionalLiterature4ModemLiterature鈪?/span>.LiteratureofColonialSettlements1Background2Puritanism3LiteratureofEarlySettlements4Characteristics鈪?/span>.LiteratureoftheEighteenthCentury1Background2JonathanEdwards(1703鈥?758)(1)Life(2)LiteraryAchievements3BenjaminFranklin(1706鈥?790)(1)Life(2)LiteraryAchievements(3)Autobiography(4)Style4ThomasPaine(1737鈥?809)(1)Life(2)LiteraryAchievements5PhilipFreneau(1752鈥?832)(1)Life(2)LiteraryAchievements鈪?/span>.NativeAmericanLiterature锛堢編鍥芥湰鍦熸枃瀛︼級1Background锛堣儗鏅級(1)In1492,ChristopherColumbusarrivedinNorthAmerica,wherethereweremorethantwothousandindependenttribesandaboutonemillionnativesofAsianorigin.(2)TheoralliteratureofallIndiantribesisrichinliterarytastesandforms,includingsongs,prayers,spells,charms,riddles,andstories.(1)1492骞达紝鍏嬮噷鏂寮椔峰摜浼﹀竷鍒拌揪鍖楃編娲诧紝閭ｉ噷鏈変袱鍗冨鐙珛鐨勯儴钀斤紝澶х害涓€鐧句竾鍦熻憲浜氭床灞呮皯銆?/p>(2)鎵€鏈夊嵃绗畨閮ㄨ惤鐨勫彛澶存枃瀛﹂兘寰堜赴瀵岋紝褰㈠紡澶氱澶氭牱锛屽寘鎷瓕鏇诧紝绁堢シ锛岀鍜掞紝璋滆鍜屾晠浜嬬瓑銆備笉鍚岀殑閮ㄨ惤鏂囧椋庢牸涓嶅悓銆?/p>2TraditionalLiterature锛堜紶缁熸枃瀛︼級Traditionalliteraturewasalmostalwaystransmittedorally.Foralongtime,NativeAmericanssawliteratureasfunctional.浼犵粺鏂囧鍑犱箮閮芥槸浠ュ彛澶村舰寮忎紶鎾€傚緢闀夸竴娈垫椂闂达紝鍗扮瀹変汉璁や负鏂囧鏄姛鑳芥€х殑銆?/p>3TransitionalLiterature锛堣繃娓℃枃瀛︼級Transitionliteraturereferstothetranslationof19th-centuryIndianspeakersandtherecollectionofthedominanceofAmericanwhiteinIndianlife.杩囨浮鏂囧鎸囩殑鏄?9涓栫邯鍗扮瀹夋紨璁茶€呯殑缈昏瘧鍜屽嵃绗畨鐢熸椿涓秹鍙婄櫧浜哄崰涓诲鍦颁綅鐨勫洖蹇嗐€?/p>4ModernLiterature锛堢幇浠ｆ枃瀛︼級Themodernliteratureincludesnovels,shortstories,andpoetrywritteninEnglishbyNativeAmericansofthe19thcenturytothe21stcentury.鐜颁唬鏂囧鍖呮嫭19涓栫邯鍒?1涓栫邯缇庡浗鏂囧瀹跺垱浣滅殑鑻辫闀跨瘒灏忚锛岀煭绡囧皬璇村拰璇楁瓕銆?/p>鈪?/span>.LiteratureofColonialSettlements锛堟畺姘戝湴鏃舵湡鐨勬枃瀛︼級1Background锛堣儗鏅級(1)ThefirstsettlersinNorthAmericaweretheSpanish.(2)In1620,thePilgrims,mainlymodestruralfolks,arrivedinPlymouth,NewEngland.(1)鏈€鏃╁埌杈惧寳缇庢床鐨勬畺姘戣€呮槸瑗跨彮鐗欎汉銆?/p>(2)1620骞达紝娓呮暀寰掞紝涓昏鏄唉閫婄殑鍐滄潙浜猴紝鏉ュ埌鏂拌嫳鏍煎叞鍦板尯鐨勬櫘鍒╄寘鏂€?/p>2Puritanism锛堟竻鏁欏緬锛?/p>ThePuritansinAmericawerepracticalidealists.Theylongedforreligiousfreedom,moreeconomicopportunities,land,andadventures.Theywerebothdogmatistsandopportunists.缇庡浗鐨勬竻鏁欏緬鏄疄闄呯殑鐞嗘兂涓讳箟鑰呫€備粬寮虹儓瑕佹眰瀹楁暀鑷敱锛涙复鏈涙洿澶氱殑缁忔祹鏈轰細锛屾复鏈涘湡鍦板拰鍐掗櫓銆傛竻鏁欏緬鏃㈡槸鏁欐潯涓讳箟鑰咃紝鍙堟槸鏈轰細涓讳箟鑰呫€?/p>3LiteratureofEarlySettlements锛堟棭鏈熸枃瀛︼級(1)EarlyNewEnglandliteraturemainlyexpressedPuritanidealism.(2)JohnSmith鈥檚AMapofVirginia(1612)andADescriptionoftheCountry(1616)glorifyhisadventuresinAmerica.(3)AnneBradstreetisapoetesswhosemasterpieceTheTenthMuseLatelySprungupinAmerica(1650)reflectstheproblemsfacedbywomensettlinginthecolonies.(1)鏂拌嫳鏍煎叞鏃╂湡鐨勬枃瀛︿富瑕佽〃杈句簡娓呮暀寰掔殑鍞績涓讳箟銆?/p>(2)绾︾堪路鍙插瘑鏂殑銆婂紬鍚夊凹浜氱殑鍦板浘銆嬪拰銆婂浗瀹舵弿杩般€嬮紦鍚逛簡浠栧湪缇庡浗鐨勬帰闄╁巻绋嬨€?/p>(3)瀹夊Ξ路甯冮浄鍏圭壒閲岀壒鏄竴浣嶅コ璇椾汉锛屽ス鐨勪唬琛ㄤ綔銆婄鍗佷綅缂柉銆嬪弽鏄犱簡鍒版畺姘戝湴瀹夐】涓嬫潵鐨勫コ鎬ф墍闈复鐨勯棶棰樸€?/p>4Characteristics锛堢壒鐐癸級Alltheworksofthisperiodareutilitarian,polemical,ordidactic.ThepurposeofliteratureforPuritanswasaboveallusefulness.杩欎竴鏃舵湡鐨勬墍鏈変綔鍝侀兘鏄姛鍒╃殑锛屽ソ杈╃殑鎴栬鏁欑殑銆備负娓呮暀寰掓湇鍔＄殑鏂囧鐩殑棣栧厛鏄湁鐢ㄦ€с€?/p>鈪?/span>.LiteratureoftheEighteenthCentury锛?8涓栫邯鐨勬枃瀛︼級1Background锛堣儗鏅級JonathanEdwardsandBenjaminFranklinwererepresentativeoftheidealismofPuritansandcrudematerialisminAmericainthe18thcentury,anageofreasonandorder.涔旂撼妫风埍寰峰崕鍏瑰拰鏈澃鏄幝峰瘜鍏板厠鏋楁槸18涓栫邯鐨勪唬琛紝浠栦滑浠ｈ〃浜嗘竻鏁欏緬澶╃湡鐨勫敮蹇冧富涔夊拰鍘熷鐨勫敮鐗╀富涔夈€?8涓栫邯鐨勭編鍥藉厖婊＄悊鎬у拰绉╁簭銆?/p>2JonathanEdwards(1703鈥?758)锛堜箶绾虫．路鐖卞痉鍗庡吂锛?/p>(1)Life锛堢敓骞筹級鈶?/span>EdwardsisthelastrepresentativeofAmericanCalvinism.Headvocatedreligiousfervoranddevotion.鈶?/span>However,Edwardsstrayedfromhisoriginalintention.In1750,hewasdismissedfromthechurch.鈶?/span>鐖卞痉鍗庡吂鏄編鍥芥渶鍚庝竴涓鍙ゅ姞灏旀枃涓讳箟鐨勪唬琛ㄤ汉锛岀埍寰峰崕鍏瑰磭灏氫粬浠殑瀹楁暀鐑儏鍜屽繝璇氥€?/p>鈶?/span>鐒惰€岋紝鐖卞痉鍗庡吂鍋忕浜嗗垵琛枫€?750骞达紝浠栬鏁欏爞瑙ｉ泧銆?/p>(2)LiteraryAchievements锛堟枃瀛︽垚灏憋級ThePersonalNarrative,writtenaround1740,recountshowhebecamepiousandhisfeelingsafterward.銆婁釜浜哄彊杩般€嬪啓浜?740骞达紝璁拌堪浠栧浣曚俊浠板畻鏁欎互鍙婁俊浠板畻鏁欎箣鍚庣殑鎰熷彈銆?/p>3BenjaminFranklin(1706鈥?790)锛堟湰鏉版槑路瀵屽叞鍏嬫灄锛?/p>(1)Life锛堢敓骞筹級鈶?/span>FranklinwasborninBoston.By1729,healreadyhadhisownprintingshopandpublishednewspaperPennsylvaniaGazette.鈶?/span>Hishumbleorigins,insistenceonself-improvement,andtalentforbusinessmadehimanexampleofself-relianceandsuccess.鈶?/span>瀵屽叞鍏嬫灄鐢熶簬娉㈠＋椤裤€?729骞达紝浠栧凡缁忔嫢鏈変簡鑷繁鐨勫鍗板簵锛屽嚭鐗堜簡鎶ョ焊銆婂澶曟硶灏间簹宸炲叕鎶ャ€嬨€?/p>鈶?/span>浠栧崙寰殑鍑鸿韩锛屽潥鎸佽嚜鎴戣繘姝ュ拰鍟嗕笟澶╄祴锛屼娇浠栨垚涓鸿嚜绔嬫垚鍔熺殑浠ｈ〃銆?/p>(2)LiteraryAchievements锛堟枃瀛︽垚灏憋級FranklincreatedtheimageoftheYankee,asimpleandintelligentordinaryman.Hisliterarystatuswaslargelyestablishedbyhisalmanacsandautobiographies,notablyPoorRichard鈥檚Almanac.瀵屽叞鍏嬫灄鍒涢€犱簡缇庡浗浣殑褰㈣薄锛屼竴涓畝鍗曡€屽張鏅烘収鐨勬櫘閫氫汉銆傚瘜鍏板厠鏋楁枃瀛﹀湴浣嶇殑濂犲畾涓昏鏄洜涓轰粬鐨勫勾閴村拰鑷紶锛屼唬琛ㄤ綔鏄€婄┓鏌ョ悊骞撮壌銆嬨€?/p>(3)Autobiography锛堣嚜浼狅級EconomicindividualismandsocialmobilityarediscussedinhisAutobiographywrittenbetween1771and1790.瀵屽叞鍏嬫灄鐨勭粡娴庡埄宸变富涔夊拰绀句細娴佸姩閮藉湪浠栫殑銆婅嚜浼犮€?1771鈥?790)涓緱浠ヤ綋鐜般€?/p>(4)Style锛堥鏍硷級Franklin鈥檚style,thoughsimpleandunsophisticatedforhistime,isdifficulttounderstandformodernreaders.瀵屽叞鍏嬫灄鐨勫啓浣滈鏍煎湪褰撴椂鏄畝鍗曟湸绱狅紝浣嗘槸瀵圭幇浠ｈ鑰呮潵璇达紝姣旇緝闅炬噦銆?/p>4ThomasPaine(1737鈥?809)锛堟墭椹柉路娼樻仼锛?/p>(1)Life锛堢敓骞筹級鈶?/span>PaineisapoliticalpamphleteersandthemostpersuasiverhetoricianduringtheWarofIndependence.鈶?/span>Paineisarevolutionaryinbothreligionandpolitics.鈶?/span>娼樻仼鏄斂娌诲皬鍐屽瓙浣滃锛屼篃鏄嫭绔嬫垬浜変簨涓氭渶鏈夎鏈嶅姏鐨勯泟杈╁銆?/p>鈶?/span>娼樻仼鏄畻鏁欏拰鏀挎不鏂归潰鐨勪竴鍚嶉潻鍛借€呫€?/p>(2)LiteraryAchievements锛堟枃瀛︿綔鍝侊級Paine鈥檚mostfamouspoliticalpamphletisCommonSense.娼樻仼鏈€钁楀悕鐨勬斂娌诲浼犲唽瀛愭槸銆婂父璇嗐€嬨€?/p>5PhilipFreneau(1752鈥?832)锛堣彶鍒╂櫘路寮椾鸡璇猴級(1)Life锛堢敓骞筹級鈶?/span>FreneauisthefirstAmerican-bornpoetwhoseworksmarkedthebe