常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）笔记和考研真题详解

绗?绔犮€€娈栨皯鍦版椂鏈熺殑缇庡浗1.1銆€澶嶄範绗旇鈪?/span>.AmericanPuritanism锛堢編鍥芥竻鏁欎富涔夛級TheBritishbegantoimmigratetoNorthAmericainthefirsthalfofthe17thcentury.ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericawasestablishedatJamestown,Virginiain1607.In1620,theshipMayflowercarriedaboutonehundredPilgrimsarrivedatPlymouth,Massachusetts.ManyearlyAmericanimmigrantswerePuritans,andtheycametotheUnitedStatesforavarietyofreasons.ThePuritanismtheybelievedinlatertookrootintheNewWorldandhadaprofoundimpactonAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.鑻卞浗鍚戝寳缇庣殑绉绘皯娲诲姩寮€濮嬩簬17涓栫邯涓婂崐鍙躲€傝嫳鍥戒簬1607骞村湪鍖楃編寤虹珛浜嗙涓€涓案涔呮€ф捣澶栨畺姘戝尯锛氬紬鍚夊凹浜氬窞鐨勮┕濮嗘柉鏁︺€?620骞粹€滀簲鏈堣姳鈥濆彿杞借繍100浣欏悕绉绘皯鎶佃揪椹惃璇稿宸炵殑鏅埄鑼呮柉銆傚緢澶氱編鍥芥棭鏈熺殑绉绘皯鏄竻鏁欏緬锛屼粬浠嚭浜庡绉嶅師鍥犳潵鍒扮編鍥姐€備粬浠俊濂夌殑娓呮暀涓讳箟鍚庢潵鍦ㄦ柊澶ч檰鐢熸牴鍙戣娊锛屽苟瀵圭編鍥芥€濇兂鍜岀編鍥芥枃瀛︿骇鐢熶簡鏍规繁钂傚浐鐨勫奖鍝嶃€?/p>1DoctrinesofPuritanism锛堟竻鏁欎富涔夌殑鏁欎箟锛?/p>ThePuritansbelievedinthedoctrinepredestinationputforwardbythetheologianJohnCalvin,includingoriginalsin,completedepravity,andlimitedredemption.娓呮暀寰掍俊濂夌瀛﹀绾︾堪路鍔犲皵鏂囧鎵殑棰勮瀹氳锛屽師缃紝褰诲簳鐨勫爼钀斤紝鏈夐檺鍒剁殑鏁戣祹绛夌瀛︿富寮犮€?/p>2TheinfluenceofPuritanismonAmericanliterature锛堟竻鏁欎富涔夊缇庡浗鏂囧鐨勫奖鍝嶏級(1)TheidealismofPuritanhadexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanwriters.Overall,Americanliterature,atleastwhiteAmericanliterature,isbasedonthemythoftheGardenofEdenintheBible.Toalargeextent,itisaliteraryformofpiousidealismasthelegacyofAmericanPuritanism. ThePuritanslongedtoliveinaperfectorder.Withgreatcourage,theyhopetoestablishanewGardenofEdenintheUnitedStatessothattheycanfinallyliveanideallife.Encouragedbythissenseofmission,theywereveryoptimisticinthefaceofdifficultiesandobstacles.ThesehavebecomeimportantnourishmentfortheproductionanddevelopmentofAmericanliterature.OptimismisembodiedintheworksofmanyAmericanwriters.(1)娓呮暀寰掔殑鐞嗘兂涓讳箟瀵圭編鍥戒綔瀹剁殑鏂囧鍒涗綔浜х敓浜嗘繁杩滅殑褰卞搷銆?/p>浠庢€讳綋鏉ョ湅锛岀編鍥芥枃瀛︹€斺€旇嚦灏戞槸鐧戒汉鐨勭編鍥芥枃瀛︹€斺€旀槸寤虹瓚鍦ㄣ€婂湥缁忋€嬩紛鐢稿洯绁炶瘽鍩虹涓婄殑鏂囧銆傚湪寰堝ぇ绋嬪害涓婏紝瀹冩槸缇庡浗娓呮暀涓讳箟閬椾骇鈥斺€旇檾璇氱悊鎯充富涔夌殑涓€绉嶆枃瀛﹀舰寮忋€傛竻鏁欏緬姊︽兂鐫€鐢熸椿鍦ㄤ竴绉嶅畬鍠勭殑绉╁簭涔嬩笅锛屾€€鐫€鍕囨皵鍜屽笇鏈涘湪缇庡浗寤虹珛鏂扮殑浼婄敻鍥紝浠ヤ娇寰椾粬浠兘鏈€缁堣繃涓婄悊鎯崇殑鐢熸椿銆傚湪杩欑浣垮懡鎰熺殑榧撹垶涓嬶紝浠栦滑闈㈠鑹伴毦闄╅樆鍗村厖婊′箰瑙備富涔夋儏缁€傝繖浜涢兘鎴愪负缇庡浗鏂囧浜х敓鍙戝睍鐨勯噸瑕佹粙鍏汇€備箰瑙備富涔夊讥婕湪璁稿缇庡浗浣滃鐨勪綔鍝侀噷銆?/p>(2)AmericanPuritans鈥?metaphoricalwayofobservingthingsledtotheemergenceofsymbolism,whichistypicalinAmericanliterature.PuritantheologyandPuritanliterarypracticearethemainreasonsforthedevelopmentofnativesymbolismintheUnitedStates.TothepiousPuritans,therealityoftheworldisjustthesymbolofGod.AllphenomenainlifearepartandconcretemanifestationofGod鈥檚intention.ItiseasytospotthissymbolicprocesswhichoftenoccurredinPuritanthinking.Overtime,thisprocessbecamepartoftheculturaltraditionsonwhichtheAmericanpeopleandwritersgrewup.SymbolismiscommonlyusedbyJonathanEdwards,Emerson,Hawthorne,andMelville.ThisuniquewayofobservingtheworldbythePuritansisabasiccomponentoftheireducation.(2)缇庡浗娓呮暀寰掑舰璞″湴瑙傚療浜嬬墿鐨勬柟寮忓鑷翠簡鍏锋湁鍏稿瀷缇庡浗鏂囧鐗圭偣鐨勮薄寰佷富涔夌殑浜х敓銆?/p>娓呮暀绁炲鍜屾竻鏁欏緬鐨勬枃瀛﹀疄璺垫槸缇庡浗鏈湡璞″緛涓讳箟鍙戝睍鐨勪富瑕佸師鍥犮€傚湪铏旇瘹鐨勬竻鏁欏緬鐪嬫潵锛岀幇瀹炵殑澶у崈涓栫晫鍙槸涓婂笣鐨勮薄寰佽€屽凡銆傜敓娲讳腑鐨勪竴鍒囩幇璞￠兘鏄笂甯濇剰鍥剧殑缁勬垚閮ㄥ垎鍜屽叿浣撹〃鐜般€傚緢瀹规槗鍙戠幇杩欑鍦ㄦ竻鏁欏緬鎬濈淮涓粡甯稿彂鐢熺殑璞″緛杩囩▼銆傞殢鐫€鏃堕棿鐨勬帹绉伙紝杩欎竴杩囩▼渚挎垚涓虹編鍥戒汉姘戝拰浣滃璧栦互鎴愰暱鐨勬枃鍖栦紶缁熺殑涓€閮ㄥ垎銆備箶绾虫．路鐖卞痉鍗庡吂锛岀埍榛樼敓锛岄湇妗戯紝楹﹀皵缁村皵鏉ヨ锛岃薄寰佷富涔夊凡鎴愪负涓€绉嶅父鐢ㄧ殑鎶€宸с€傛竻鏁欏緬杩欑鐙壒鐨勮瀵熶笘鐣岀殑鏂瑰紡鏄粬浠墍鍙楁暀鑲茬殑涓€涓熀鏈瀯鎴愰儴鍒嗐€?/p>(3)Intermsofthewritingskills,theconcisenessofPuritanworksalsoprofoundlyaffectedAmericanliterature.TheworksofPuritanwritersshowafreshandconcisestyle.Theyusesimpleandsincererhetoric,withthenobletemperamentunderthedirectinfluenceoftheBible.TheirworkshaveleftalastinginfluenceonAmericanliterature.(3)鍦ㄥ啓浣滄妧宸ф柟闈紝娓呮暀寰掍綔鍝佺殑鏈村疄鏃犲崕涔熸繁鍒诲湴褰卞搷浜嗙編鍥芥枃瀛︺€?/p>娓呮暀寰掍綔瀹剁殑鍐欎綔椋庢牸鏄瑷€娓呮柊銆佺畝鍗曘€佺洿鎺ワ紱淇緸绠€鏈淬€佽瘹鎸氾紝甯︽湁鍦ｇ粡鐩存帴褰卞搷涓嬬殑楂樿吹姘旇川銆傝繖浜涢兘缁欑編鍥芥枃瀛︾暀涓嬩簡鎸佷箙鐨勫嵃杩广€?/p>鈪?/span>.Overviewofthecolonialliterature锛堟畺姘戝湴鏂囧绠€浠嬶級Americanliteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,commonplacebooks,travelbooks,sermons,inshort,personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupiedamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.缇庡浗鏂囧鐢卞緢澶氱矖绯欑殑鏂囦綋鍙戝睍鑰屾潵銆傛棩璁般€佺鍙层€佹湱璁般€佷功淇°€佸蹇樺綍銆佹父璁板強甯冮亾鏂囩绛夊湪鍐呯殑鍚勭褰㈠紡鐨勭浜烘枃瀛楋紝鍦ㄦ棭鏈熸畺姘戞椂鏈熺殑鏂囧涓崰鎹潃涓昏鍦颁綅銆?/p>1Majorwritersofcolonialperiod锛堟畺姘戝湴鏃舵湡涓昏浣滃锛?/p>(1)JohnSmith(1580-1631)CaptainJohnSmithwasoneofthefoundersofthecolonyJamestown,Virginia.HiswritingaboutNorthAmericabecamethesourceofinformationabouttheNewWorldforlatersettlers.InTheGeneralHistoryofVirginiahewroteabouthiscapturebytheIndiansandhisrescuebythefamousIndianPrincess,Pocahontas.AnotherthinghewroteaboutthatbecamehistoricallyimportantwashisdescriptionofthefertileandvastnewcontinentinhisADescriptionofNewEngland.(1)绾︾堪路鏂瘑鏂?/p>绾︾堪路鏂瘑鏂笂鏍℃槸寮楀悏灏间簹宸炶┕濮嗘柉鏁︽畺姘戝湴鐨勫缓绔嬭€呬箣涓€銆備粬鐨勪綔鍝佷腑鏈夊叧鍖楃編鐨勫彊杩版垚涓哄悗鏉ョЩ姘戜簡瑙ｅ寳缇庢柊澶ч檰鐨勪俊鎭潵婧愩€?/p>绾︾堪路鍙插瘑鏂湪銆婂紬鍚夊凹浜氶€氬彶銆嬩腑璁茶堪浜嗕粬琚嵃绗畨浜轰繕铏忓強琚憲鍚嶇殑鍗扮瀹夊叕涓婚儙娉㈠厠鏉壒涓濊惀鏁戠殑鏁呬簨銆?/p>浠栫殑鍙︿竴閮ㄥ叿鏈夐噸澶у巻鍙叉剰涔夌殑浣滃搧鏄€婃柊鑻辨牸鍏版瑙堛€嬶紝鍏朵腑鎻忚堪浜嗚偉娌冧笖骞胯ⅳ鐨勭編娲叉柊澶ч檰銆?/p>(2)WilliamBradford(1590-1657)In1620WilliamBradfordledtheMayflowerendeavorandbecamethefirstgovernorofthePlymouthPlantationwithhisgroupofpilgrimfathers.HismajorworkisOfPlymouthPlantation.(2)濞佸粔濮喡峰竷闆风寰?/p>鍦?620濞佸粔濮喡峰竷闆风寰风巼棰嗘竻鏁欏緬鍓嶈緢绉绘皯涔樷€滀簲鏈堣姳鈥濆彿鍒拌揪缇庢床锛屼粬鍚庢潵鎴愪负鏅埄鑼呮柉鐨勯浠绘€荤潱銆?/p>浠栫殑涓昏浣滃搧鏄€婃櫘鍒╄寘鏂紑鍙戝彶銆嬨€?/p>(3)JohnWinthrop(1588-1649)JohnWinthropwasthefirstgovernoroftheMassachusettsBaycolony.InhisfamousspeechAModelofChristianCharityhestatedthat鈥渨emustconsiderthatweshallbeasacityuponahill,theeyesofallpeopleareuponus.鈥?/p>ThetwomajorpoetsinthecolonialperiodwereAnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor.(3)绾︾堪路娓╂€濈綏鏅?/p>绾︾堪路娓╂€濈綏鏅槸椹惃璇稿婀炬畺姘戝湴鐨勯浠绘€荤潱銆?/p>鍦ㄥ叾钁楀悕婕旇銆婂熀鐫ｆ暀鍗氱埍鐨勫吀鑼冦€嬩腑浠栬鍒扳€滄垜浠皢鎴愪负灞卞穮涔嬪煄锛屽叏涓栫晫浜烘皯鐨勭溂鍏夐兘鍦ㄦ敞瑙嗙潃鎴戜滑銆傗€?/p>娈栨皯鏃舵湡鐨勪袱澶ц瘲浜烘槸瀹壜峰竷闆峰吂鐗归噷鐗瑰拰鐖卞痉鍗幝锋嘲鍕掋€?/p>(4)AnneBradstreet锛?612-1672锛?/p>AnneBradstreetwasknownasthe鈥淭enthMuse鈥?whoappearedinAmerica.鈶?/span>MajorworksTheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmericaContemplations鈥淯pontheBurningofOurHouse鈥?/p>鈥淭oMyDearandLovingHusband鈥?/p>鈥淚nReferencetoHerChildren鈥?/p>鈥淭heFleshandtheSpirit鈥?/p>鈥淎sWearyPilgrim鈥?/p>鈶?/span>Analysisofhermajorworks鈼咰ontemplations锛?锛?/p>Whenthepoetheardthegrasshopperandcricketsing,shethoughtofthisastheirpraisingoftheirCreatorandsearchedherownsoulaccordingly.Itisevidentthatshesawsomethingmetaphysical,inheringinthephysical,amodeofperceptionthatwassingularlyPuritan.鈼嗏€淭heFleshandtheSpirit鈥?/p>Thispoemdepictstwosistersarguingabouttheirvalues.What鈥渇lesh鈥?representsistheseductivepowerofsecularmaterials.The鈥渟pirit鈥?triestopersuadethe鈥渇lesh鈥?tobelieveinthedivinemajestyofGod.ThetwinsistersareevidentlytheintegralpartsofonePuritanmind.(4)瀹壜峰竷闆峰痉鏂壒閲岀壒濂硅绉颁綔鍦ㄧ編鍥藉嚭鐜扮殑鈥滅鍗佷釜缂柉鈥濄€?/p>鈶?/span>涓昏浣滃搧銆婄編娲叉渶杩戝嚭鐜扮殑绗崄浣嶇吉鏂€?/p>銆婃矇鎬濆綍銆?/p>銆婂啓鍦ㄦ垜瀹跺け鐏箣闄呫€?/p>銆婄尞缁欐垜浜茬埍鐨勪笀澶€?/p>銆婂叧浜庡ス鐨勫瀛愪滑銆?/p>銆婄伒涓庤倝銆?/p>銆婄柌鎯殑鏈濆湥鑰呫€?/p>鈶?/span>涓昏浣滃搧鍒嗘瀽鈼嗐€婃矇鎬濆綍銆嬬涔濋褰撹瘲浜哄惉鍒拌潏铦堝拰铔愯洂鍚屾椂楦ｅ彨锛屽ス鎰熷埌杩欐槸瀹冧滑瀵逛笂甯濇仼鎯犵殑璧炴壃銆傚ス鐢辨寮€濮嬪弽鎬濊嚜宸便€傝繖棣栬瘲绐佸嚭鍦拌〃鐜板嚭娓呮暀寰掑舰璞″湴瑙傚療涓栫晫鐨勬柟寮忋€?/p>鈼嗐€婄伒涓庤倝銆?/p>杩欓璇楁弿杩颁簡涓ゅ濡圭殑浜夎銆傗€滆倝鈥濇墍浠ｈ〃鐨勬槸涓栦織鐨勭墿璐ㄧ殑璇辨儜鍔涖€傝€屸€滅伒鈥濆垯璇曞浘璇存湇鈥滆倝鈥濈浉淇′笂甯濈殑绁炲湥浼熷ぇ銆備袱濮愬浠ｈ〃浜嗕竴涓竻鏁欏緬鐨勫畬鏁存€濇兂銆?/p>(5)EdwardTaylor锛?642-1729锛?/p>EdwardTaylorwasaPuritanpoet,concernedabouthowhisimagesspokeforGod.鈶?/span>Analysisofmajorworks鈼嗏€淗uswifery鈥?/p>Thispoemindicatesthatthepoetsawreligioussignificanceinasimpledailyincidentlikeahousewifespinning.Thespinningwheel,thedistaff,theflyers,thespool,thereelandtheyarnhaveallacquiredametaphysicalsignificanceinthesymbolic,Puritaneyesofthepoet.鈼嗏€淯ponaSpiderCatchingaFly鈥?/p>ThepoetseesthespiderasasymbolofHell.Obviously,TaylorbelievesinGodandthinksthatGodcansavepeoplewhohavemademistakes,eventheguilty,fromthedarktrapofhell.(5)鐖卞痉鍗幝锋嘲鍕?/p>鐖卞痉鍗幝锋嘲鍕掓槸涓竻鏁欏緬璇椾汉锛屼粬鐨勮瘲姝屽舰璞′富瑕佷负涓婂笣杈╂姢銆?/p>鈶?/span>涓昏浣滃搧鍒嗘瀽鈼嗐€婂鍔°€?/p>杩欓璇椾腑锛岃瘲浜轰粠瀹跺涵涓诲绾虹粐杩欎竴鏅€氱殑鏃ュ父浜嬩欢涓婄湅鍒板己鐑堢殑瀹楁暀鎰忓懗銆傚湪璇椾汉杩欎釜娓呮暀寰掔殑鐪奸噷锛岀汉杞︺€佺嚎鏉嗐€佹瀛愩€佺嚎绛掑強绾垮嵎锛岃繖浜涙剰璞￠兘鍏锋湁鎶借薄鐨勬剰涔夈€?/p>鈼嗐€婅湗铔涙崟铦囨湁鎰熴€?/p>璇椾汉璁や负铚樿洓鏄湴鐙辩殑璞″緛銆傛樉鐒讹紝娉板嫆淇′话涓婂笣锛岃涓轰笂甯濊兘鎶婄姱閿欎箣浜猴紝鐢氳嚦鏄湁缃箣浜轰粠鍦扮嫳鐨勯偑鎭跺湀濂楅噷鎷晳鍑烘潵銆?/p>(6)ThomasPaine锛?737-1809锛?/p>ThomasPainewasborninEnglandandcametoAmericain1774.Hislifewasoneofcontinual,unswervingfightfortherightsofman.HewasamajorinfluenceintheAmericanRevolution.鈶?/span>MajorworksCommonSenseTheAmericanCrisis鈥淭heTimesthatTryMen鈥檚Souls鈥?/p>TheRightsofManTheAgeofReason鈶?/span>Analysisofhismajorworks鈼咰ommonSenseCommonSensecriticizedtheBritishmonarchyandpromotedthedevelopmentoftheupcomingstruggletooverthrowcolonialrule.Paineassertedthatonlybyfollowingthecallofhumanintuition,commonsense,andconscience,thecrisisfacedbytheNorthAmericancoloniescouldberesolved.Thispamphletwaspopularinthecolonies.Itwasnotonlyamanifestoforthelegalizationoftheindependence,butalsoaspiritualencouragementtopeoplewhowerestrugglingwiththepain.鈼員heAmericanCrisisTheAmericanCrisisismadeupof16pamphletswrittenbetween1776and1783.Thefirstpamphlet鈥淭heTimesthatTryMen鈥檚Souls鈥?cameoutatoneofthedarkestmomentoftherevolution.鈥淭heharderthestruggle,themoregloriousthetriumph,鈥?whenWashingtonhaditreadtothetroops,itprovedahearteningstimulus,aspurringexcitementtofurtheractionwithhopeandconfidence.(6)鎵橀┈鏂锋綐鎭?/p>鎵橀┈鏂锋綐鎭╁嚭鐢熶簬鑻卞浗锛屼簬1774骞存潵鍒扮編鍥姐€備粬鐨勪竴鐢熷牚绉颁负浜虹殑鏉冨埄鑰屽潥鎸佷笉鎳堛€佸姫鍔涘鏂楃殑涓€鐢熴€備粬鏄編鍥界嫭绔嬮潻鍛芥椂鏈熸渶鏈夊奖鍝嶅姏鐨勪汉鐗╀箣涓€銆?/p>鈶?/span>涓昏浣滃搧銆婂父璇嗐€?/p>銆婄編鍥藉嵄鏈恒€?/p>銆婅€冮獙浜虹殑鐏甸瓊鐨勬椂浠ｃ€?/p>銆婁汉鐨勬潈鍒┿€?/p>銆婄悊鎬х殑鏃朵唬銆?/p>鈶?/span>涓昏浣滃搧鍒嗘瀽鈼嗐€婂父璇嗐€?/p>銆婂父璇嗐€嬫姩鍑讳簡鑻卞浗鐨勫悰涓诲埗锛屾帹鍔ㄤ簡鍗冲皢鍒版潵鐨勬帹缈绘畺姘戠粺娌荤殑鏂椾簤鐨勫彂灞曘€傛綐鎭╁甯冨彧鏈夐€氳繃鍚粠浜虹殑鐩磋銆佸父璇嗗拰鑹績鐨勫彫鍞わ紝鍖楃編娈栨皯鍦伴潰涓寸殑鍗辨満鎵嶈兘寰椾互瑙ｅ喅銆傝繖涓皬鍐屽瓙鍦ㄦ畺姘戝湴鍙楀埌鐑崸锛屽畠鏃㈡槸鐙珛浜嬩笟鍚堟硶鍖栫殑瀹ｈ█涔︼紝涔熸槸瀵规繁闄风棝鑻︽枟浜変腑鐨勪汉浠殑绮剧榧撳姳銆?/p>鈼嗐€婄編鍥藉嵄鏈恒€?/p>銆婄編鍥藉嵄鏈恒€嬬敱16绡囧啓浜?776骞磋嚦1783骞寸殑灏忓唽瀛愮粍鎴愩€傚叾涓涓€绡囥€婅€冮獙浜虹殑鐏甸瓊鐨勬椂浠ｃ€嬪啓浜庣編鍥界嫭绔嬫垬浜夋渶鐏版殫鐨勬椂鍒汇€傗€滄垬鏂楄秺鑹拌嫤锛岃儨鍒╄秺鍏夎崳锛屸€濆綋鍗庣洓椤挎妸杩欑瘒鏂囩珷蹇电粰澹叺鍚椂锛屽畠瀹涘涓€鍓傚叴濂嬪墏锛岄紦鑸炲啗姘戞弧鎬€淇″績鍜屽笇鏈涘媷寰€鐩村墠銆?/p>(7)PhilipFreneauPhilipFreneau鈥檚greatpositioninthehistoryofAmericanliteratureisreflectedinmanyaspects.Hededicatedhispoetrycreationabilitytothecountry鈥檚struggleforindependence.HispoemspraisedthejusticeofthepeopleandexposedtheatrocitiesoftheBritishcolonists.Inaddition,heisalsooneoftheprominentrepresentativesof