海外发展研究所-英国在尼日利亚的二十年治理方案：成就、挑战、教训和对未来支持的影响（英）-2021.10-113正式版

FlagshipReportꢀTwentyyearsofUKgovernanceprogrammesinNigeriaꢀAchievements,challenges,lessonsandimplicationsforfuturesupportLaure-HélènePiron,ClareCummings,GarethWilliams,HelenDerbyshireandSierdHadleyOctober2021Readersareencouragedtoreproducematerialfortheirownpublications,aslongastheyarenotbeingsoldcommercially.ODIrequestsdueacknowledgementandacopyofthepublication.Foronlineuse,weaskreaderstolinktotheoriginalresourceontheODIwebsite.Theviewspresentedinthispaperarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofODIorourpartners.ThisworkislicensedunderCCBY-NC-ND4.0.Howtocite:Piron,L.-H.,Cummings,C.,Williams,G.,Derbyshire,H.andHadley,S.(2021)TwentyyearsofUKGovernanceProgrammesinNigeria:Achievements,challenges,lessonsandimplicationsforfuturesupport.ODIreport.London:ODI(/en/publications/twenty-years-of-uk-governance-programmes-in-nigeria-achievements-challenges-lessons-and-implications-for-future-support)Coverphotography:Allrightsreserved:PERLAcknowledgementsAboutthispublicationThisFlagshipreportistheoutcomeofacollectiveeffort.TheresearchteamwasledbyLaure-HélènePiron,leadauthorofthesynthesisreportandco-authoroftheJigawacasestudytogetherwithSuwaibaSaidAhmad.Synthesisco-authorsincludeClareCummings,whopreparedtheliteraturereviewandwrotetheKadunaandKanocasestudiesincollaborationwithSunnyKulutuye;GarethWilliams,whoresearchedtheYobecasestudywithImranaAlhajiBubaandledtheanalysisofoutcomesindicators;HelenDerbyshire,wholedtheanalysisofUKgovernance,healthandeducationprogrammeinterventionsandapproaches,aswellassocialdevelopmentdimensions;andSierdHadley,whopreparedabackgroundpaperonfiscalfederalismandprovidedadviceonpublicfinancialmanagementandaiddata.TobechukwuNneliwastheprojectmanagerandprovidedvaluableresearchassistance.MichaelMbateanalysedquantitativedata.TomAstonprovidedadviceonresearchandevaluationmethods,inparticulartherealistsynthesismethodology.TheprojectbenefitedfromwisesteeringandadvicefromMyaniBukar,LEAPNationalTeamLeader,KathrynNwajiaku-Dahou,Director,ODIPoliticsandGovernanceProgramme,andAlinaRochaMenocal,LEAPProgrammeDirectorandFlagshippeerreviewer.EarlierODI/LEAPcontributorstotheresearchprojectshapedtheoriginalconcept,researchmethodsandquestions;wewouldliketorecogniseKatherineBain,TimKelsall,AndrewLawson,MarcusManuelandBrynWelham.TheresearchteamwouldalsoliketothankPERLdeliveryteamsandmembersofthePERLResearchAdvisoryPanelwhowereinterviewed,facilitatedaccesstodocumentationandstatestakeholdersandwhotookpartinvalidationsessions.TheauthorsappreciatedveryhelpfulguidanceandfeedbackfromtheExternalAdvisoryGroup:OladipupoAdamolekun,PatriciaDonli,RosieMcGee,GrahamTeskeyandLeniWild.TheresearchprojectwouldnothavetakenplacewithoutthesupportandusefulfeedbackfromSonyaMaldar,ChrisOkekeandSamWaldock,FCDONigeria.TheprojecthasbenefitedfromcommunicationsandpublicationsupportfromPaolaAbis,HannahBass,EmmaCarter,DeborahEade,AaronGriffiths,SaraHussain,MarcusLangley,OnyinyeOkakwu,JessicaRennoldson,andNickMartinfromYoubiquity.ThisreportisdedicatedtothememoryofFlorencePiron.ContentsAcknowledgements/iDisplayitems/iiiAcronyms/Glossary/ivExecutivesummary/viii1Introduction/12Theoryofchange:howcangovernanceinterventionsaffectgovernance,healthandeducationoutcomes?/42.1Governanceandtheservicedeliverychain/42.2Identifyingcausalmechanism/62.3WhichgovernanceprocessesdidUKprogrammestarget?/113TheevolvingNigeriancontexts(2000–2020)/143.1TheNigerianfederalcontext/143.2Fiscalfederalismandservicedeliveryresponsibilities/173.3NorthernNigeria:commoncontextualfactors/203.4Summaryofcontextualfactors/234Governance,healthandeducationinterventionsandprogrammes(2000–2020)/254.1TrendsininternationalassistancetoNigeria/254.2OverviewofUKprogramminginNigeria/274.3Threegenerationsofgovernanceprogrammes/285Whatoutcomeshavebeenachievedinthefourstates?/335.1Coregovernanceoutcomes/355.2Healthandeducationintermediateoutcomes/365.3Healthandeducationfinaloutcomes/385.4Whichgroupshavebenefitedfromtheseoutcomes?/396HowhaveUKgovernanceprogrammescontributedtooutcomes?/406.1Howhavegovernanceinterventionscontributedtogovernanceoutcomes?/416.2Howhavegovernanceinterventionscontributedtohealthandeducationoutcomes?/476.3Forwhomhavetherebeenimprovements?/556.4Whichcombinationsoffactorsaffectedoutcomes?/567UKgovernanceprogrammes’waysofworking/617.1Thinkingandworkingpolitically/627.2Governanceandsectorprogrammesworkingtogether/697.3Genderandsocialinclusion,andfederal–statelinkages/728Conclusions,lessonsandrecommendations/748.1Conclusionsandlessons/748.2Recommendations/78Bibliography/82Appendix1ListofInterviewees/98DisplayitemsBoxesBox1Researchquestions/2Box2Whatisapoliticalsettlement?/17Box3UKgovernanceprogrammesincase-studystates/31Box4UKhealthandeducationprogrammesincasestudies/32Box5IncentivesthroughtheStateFiscalTransparencyAccountabilityandSustainability(SFTAS)ProgramforResults/43Box6Understandingincreasesinstatehealthandeducationbudgetsfromafiscalperspective/49Box7Whatdoesthinkingandworkingpolitically(TWP)mean?/62Box8Thinkingandworkingpolitically:evolutionandevaluationofapproaches/63Box9Illustrationsofcausalmechanismsfromthecasestudies/66Box10Evolutionofapproaches/70TablesTable1Mechanismsmotivatingstate-levelstakeholders/9Table2Socioeconomicindicators/22Table3PresidentsandStateGovernors(1999–present)/23Table4Summaryofcontextualfactorsintheanalysis/24Table5Keytrendsforintermediateoutcomesincoregovernance/35Table6Keytrendsforintermediateoutcomesinhealthandeducationsectorgovernance/37Table7Keytrendsforhealthandeducationoutcomes/38Table8Percentageofscoredindicatorswithsustainedimprovementsorgoodperformance/39Table9Illustrationsofcausalmechanismsfromthecasestudies/57FiguresFigure1Nigeria:servicedeliverychain/6Figure2Context,interventions,mechanismsandoutcomescombinations/8Figure3FocusofUKgovernanceandsectorgovernanceinterventions/13Figure4NigeriaWorldGovernanceIndicators2000–2019/16Figure5Nigeriaandfour-casestudystates/20Figure6Aidandgeneralgovernmentrevenues2002–2017/27Figure7TimelineofUKaidtoNigeriabystateandsector/28Acronyms/GlossaryANPPAPCAPPARCASCAllNigeriaPeoplesPartyAllProgressivesCongressAllPeoplesPartyAccountable,ResponsiveandCapablegovernmentpillar(PERL)AnnualSchoolCensusBESDABetterEducationServicesforAllBHCPFBasicHealthcareProvisionFundCContextCBDDCBOCIACapacityBuildingforDemocracyandDevelopmentCommunity-BasedOrganisationConstituencyInfluencingAssessmentCivilSocietyOrganisationCSOCUBEDFIDDHSDoCECPE&ACapacityBuildingforUniversalBasicEducationUKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopmentDemographicandHealthSurveyDriversofChangeEngagedCitizenspillar(PERL)EmpowermentandAccountabilityEDORENEducation,Data,ResearchandEvaluationinNigeriaESSPINEducationSectorSupportProgrammeinNigeriaFCBPEFreeandCompulsoryBasicandPost-BasicEducationFCDOGAUKForeign,CommonwealthandDevelopmentOfficeGovernmentAssessmentGDPGEPGNIHRMIGrossDomesticProductGirlsEducationProgrammeGrossNationalIncomeHumanResourcesManagementInterventionIGRInternallyGeneratedRevenueIndependentMonitoringandEvaluationProjectIMEPISWAPIslamicStateWestAfricaProvinceKADMAMKadunaMaternalAccountabilityMechanismKADBEAMKadunaStateBasicEducationAccountabilityMechanismLEAPLGAMLearning,EvidenceandAdvocacyPartnership(PERL)LocalGovernmentAreaMechanismMDAMinistries,DepartmentsandAgenciesMNCHMaternalNewbornandChildHealthProgrammeMSCMostSignificantChangestudy(PERL)MediumTermExpenditureFrameworkMediumTermSectorStrategyMTEFMTSSM4DMobilisingforDevelopmentNENTADNorthEastNigeriaTransitiontoDevelopmentNSBTSNigerianStatesBudgetTransparencySurveyOOutcomeODAOfficialDevelopmentAssistancePATHSPartnershipforTransformingHealthSystemsPbRPaymentbyResultsPCRPDPPEAPEFAPERLPHCPFMProjectCompletionReportPeople’sDemocraticPartyPoliticalEconomyAnalysisPublicExpenditureandFinancialAccountabilityPartnershiptoEngage,ReformandLearnPrimaryHealthCarePublicFinancialManagementPLANEPartnershipforLearningforAllinNigerianEducationPRRINN-MNCHPartnershipforRevivingRoutineImmunisationinNorthernNigeria–MaternalNewbornandChildHealthPMPProjectMonitoringPartnershipPHCUORPrimaryHealthcareUnderOneRoofPSMPWDSAVISEATPublicSectorManagementPeoplewithDisabilitiesStateAccountabilityandVoiceInitiativeSelfEvaluationAssessmentToolSFTASSHoASIPStateFiscalTransparencyAccountabilityandSustainabilityStateHouseofAssemblySectorInvestmentPlanSLGPSLPStateandLocalGovernmentProgrammeStateLevelProgrammeSOMLSavingOneMillionLivesSPARCStatePartnershipforAccountability,ResponsivenessandCapabilitySPHCDA/BStatePrimaryHealthCareDevelopmentAgency/BoardSUBEBStateUniversalBasicEducationBoardTA(Flagship)TeamAssessmentTeacherDevelopmentProgrammeTheoryofChangeTDPToCTWPUBEUBECThinkingandWorkingPoliticallyUniversalBasicEducationUniversalBasicEducationCommissionUBE-IFUniversalBasicEducationInvestmentFundUKUnitedKingdomW4HWomenforHealthviiiFlagshipReportExecutivesummaryThisFlagshipreportanalyses20yearsofgovernanceprogrammesinNigeriafundedbytheUKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID)andtheForeign,CommonwealthandDevelopmentOffice(FCDO)intheNorth-westernstatesofJigawa(since2001),Kano(since2005)andKaduna(since2006),aswellastheNorth-easternstateofYobe(since2011).Chapter4presentsmoredetailedinformationonUKdevelopmentassistanceinNigeria.TheUKhasbeenthelargestbilateraldonortohealth,educationandgovernancefrom2002to2018.ThreegenerationsofgovernanceprogrammeshaveincludedtheStateandLocalGovernmentProgramme(SLGP,2001–2008);theStatePartnershipforAccountability,ResponsivenessandCapability(SPARC)andStateAccountabilityandVoiceInitiative(SAVI),both2008–2016;andthePartnershiptoEngage,ReformandLearn(PERL,2016–2023).Theseprogrammeshavesupportedcoregovernanceinterventions:publicfinancialmanagement(PFM);publicsectormanagement(PSM);andempowermentandaccountability(E&A),supportingcitizenstoinfluenceStateGovernmentdecision-makingandholdtheauthoritiestoaccount.TheyThereport’smainresearchquestioniswhether,how,underwhatconditionsandforwhomUK-fundedstate-levelgovernanceprogrammesinNigeriahavecontributedtosustainedchangesingovernance,andrelatedchangesinhealthandeducation.Chapter2presentsthemethodology,whichcombinesrealistsynthesiswithprocess-tracing.TheresearchaimstoidentifythecontextualfactorsandcausalmechanismsthathelptoexplainhowUKgovernanceinterventionscancontributetoimprovinggovernance,alsoaddressedhealthandeducationsectorgovernance,operatingalongsidemuchlargerUKhealthandeducationprogrammes.Chapter5analyseshowgovernance,healthandhealthandeducationoutcomesbyinfluencingeducationoutcomeshaveevolvedover20theservicedeliverychainthatconnectstheNigerianfederal,stateandlocalgovernmentstofrontlineserviceprovidersandtousersofhealthandeducationservices.yearsinthefourstates,separatingintermediateoutcomes(stepsalongtheservicedeliverychain)andfinalhealthandeducationoutcomes.Theresearchfoundthattherehadbeensustainableimprovementsinanumberofcoregovernanceandsectorgovernancedimensions,aswellasageneralimprovementacrossmosthealthandeducationservices(exceptimmunisation).Chapter3setsoutthecontextforUKinterventions,bothatthefederallevelandinthefourNorthernstates.Nigeria’scompetitiveclientelistpoliticalsettlementsexplainboththepowerofStateGovernorsandtheconstraintstheyface.KadunaandKanoarelargestatesofnationalinfluence;theyaremorepopulated,urban,richerandmorepoliticallycompetitivethanpoorandruralJigawaandYobe.Jigawa,whichbenefitedfromthelongestperiodofsupport,showedthemostimprovements,notonlyincoregovernancebutalsoinhealthandeducationgovernance,whileYobe,withbothashorterperiodofsupportandaffectedbyconflict,ixFlagshipReportachievedfewersustainedchangesandmostwererestrictedtocoregovernance.Kadunaachievedthesecond-highestnumberofgovernanceimprovementsafterJigawa,withasignificantreformdriveinthepost-2015period,buildingonsomeofthepastUKinitiatives.Bycontrast,Kanoachievedthemosthealthandeducationfinaloutcomesimprovementswithoutmanygovernanceimprovements.onfinancial,bureaucraticorstate–societyincentives,andtheprogrammes’abilitytorespondtothem,varied.UKgovernanceprogrammesclearlycontributedtoinstitutionaltransformationswhichexplainsustainedimprovements,especiallybycreatingnewdynamicsbetweencitizens’representatives,thebureaucracyandpoliticians.MostprogressonoutcomeindicatorswasmadewhentherewereelementsofE&A,thatis,participation,transparencyandaccountability.Bycontrast,PSM,budgetexecutionandparliamentaryoversightshowedlessprogress.Chapter6analysesthecontributionofUKgovernanceprogrammestogovernance,healthandeducationoutcomesinthefourstates.Chapter7summarisesthewaysinwhichUKgovernanceprogrammeshaveoperated,andthechallengestheyhavefaced,whilechapter8drawsthemainconclusionsandsetsoutrecommendations.UKgovernanceprogrammeswereexplicitlydesignedtoensurecollaborationbetweensupply-anddemand-sideinterventions.Theyavoidedconfrontationaladvocacystrategies,andinsteaddevelopedcoalitionsbetweenpoliticians,officials,sectorprofessionals,citizensgroupsandmedia.Themainlessonistoneverfocussolelyonreforminternaltogovernmentsystemswithoutconsideringhowparticipation,transparencyandaccountabilitywillalsobepromoted.Howcangovernancereformscomeaboutandbesustainedovertime?Over20years,UKgovernanceprogrammeshavecontributedtodemonstrableandsustainableinstitutionalchangesinsomeimportantdimensionsofgovernanceandservicedelivery.TheevidenceidentifiesamixofpartialandfirmcontributionofUKgovernanceinterventionstoimprovementsincoregovernanceoutcomes.Governanceprogrammesfallshortongenderandinclusionwhentheyfocusonlyonsystemsandprocesses,anddonotconsiderdifferentserviceusersfromtheoutset.Programmescouldhavebeenmoreexplicitintheirstrategyaboutwhichcitizenstheircivilsocietypartnersrepresent,theirrelativepoliticalpowerandhowtheiradvocacymaygeneratechangefordifferentsocialgroups.Politicaleconomycontextualfactors,andprogrammes’abilitytounderstandandmakeuseofthemthrough‘causalmechanisms’tosupportchange,arethemostimportantdeterminantsofwhetherandhowexternalgovernanceprogrammeswerelikelytoinfluencecoregovernanceorservicedeliveryprocesses.Thelevelofpoliticalcompetitionemergedasthemainfactortounderstandreformprospects.Therespectiveroleofothermechanisms,basedHowdogovernancereformscontributetoservicedeliveryimprovements?Theresearchcanonlyevidenceassociation(ratherthanafirmorpartialcontribution)xFlagshipReportbetweengeneralcoregovernanceHowhaveUKprogrammes’waysofworkingcontributedtogovernance,healthandeducationoutcomes?interventionsandsectorgovernanceimprovements,withPFMandE&AmuchbetterevidencedthanPSMfactors.Improvingfundingflowsandaccountabilityarenecessaryconditionsforservicestobedelivered.AplausibleconnectioncanbemadewithUKPFMandE&Ainterventionswhichstrengthenedthese‘upstream’coresystems,which,asaresultimproved‘downstream’healthandeducationservices.UKgovernanceprogrammeshavebeenattheforefrontofseekingtounderstandthepoliticaleconomyoftheircontexts,useregularpoliticaleconomyanalysis(PEA),andworkinpoliticallysmartandadaptiveways.Thisabilityto‘thinkandworkingpolitically’(TWP)isthemainreasonwhyprogrammeswereabletocontributetotheoutcomesdocumentedbytheresearch.DFID/FCDOhasalsoencouragedclosecollaborationbetweenitsgovernance,healthandeducationprogrammes.Targeted‘downstream’interventionsbyUKgovernanceprogrammesprovidestrongerevidenceoftheircontributionstoservicedelivery.TherewasstrongevidencewhentheysupportedprocessestoaddressspecificProgrammesthereforeneedthecapacitybarrierstohealthoreducation(suchasfundingtoworkinTWPways.Inrecentyears,UKreachinghealthfacilitiesorschools;trainedteachersornursesstayinginpostorimprovinghealthoreducationaccountabilitycommitteesatthelocalorstatelevel)andwhentheyalsocollaboratedwithrelevantUKhealthandeducationprogrammes.governmentdevelopmentpoliciesandprocesses,andtheincentivestheycreateforprogrammemanagementanddelivery,areincreasinglypreventingUKgovernanceprogrammesinNigeriafromoperatinginthisway.The‘authorisingenvironment’hasbecomeincreasinglyconstraining,forinstanceindemandstodemonstrateshort-termresultsandassociatedcontract-managementtoolssuchasPaymentbyResults.FCDOincentivesmightbepreventingtheirprogrammesfromachievingtheirfullpotential.Drasticcutsintheaidbudget,organisationalrestructuring,andchangesinUKpolicyprioritiesin2021indicatethatthistrendisunlikelytobereversedinthenearfuture.ThecontrastingexperienceofKanowithJigawa,KadunaandYobeisthatservicedeliverycanimprove,overtheshorttomediumterm,intheabsenceofimprovedgovernance,butthatlong-term,sustainedimprovementsinservicedeliveryprobablydorequirecoregovernancereform.xiFlagshipReportThereportconcludeswiththefollowingrecommendations:countryteamstorespondtolocalpriorities.8.Re-imagineTWPforFCDONigeria,givingimplementersthespacetooperateinTWPways.9.IncentivisestrongercollaborationbetweenPERL,Lafiya(healthprogramme)andthePartnershipforLearningforAllinNigerianEducation.Tointernationaldevelopmentpartners:1.Investforthelongterm–10to20years–combiningsupportforbothstateandnon-stateactors.10.Investinimpactdataanalysis.2.Ensureprogrammeshavethestrategic-levelmandate,managerialcapacityandfrontlinestaffTopartnergovernmentsinNigeriaandskillstopursuepoliticallysavvyopportunities.3.TakePEAtothenextlevelbyunpackingcausalmechanisms,understandingincentivesanddesigninginterventionstomakechangehappen.4.Givegovernanceprogrammestheabilitytoflexbetweencoregovernanceandservicedeliveryissues.beyond:11.Explicitlysetouttheobjectivesforwhichyouwouldliketoreceiveassistance.12.UseTWPprinciplestodecidehowdevelopmentpartnerscansupportyourpoliticalobjectivesandthescopeforpolitically-feasibleandmutually-beneficialcollaboration.5.Incentivisegreatercollaborationbetweengovernanceandsectorprogrammes.6.Incentivisegreaterattentiontogender,andtosocialinclusionbeyonddisabilityissues,ingovernanceprogramming.13.Investinthecoordinationofdevelopmentpartners.Tonon-statepartnersinNigeriaandbeyond:ToFCDO:14.Joincoalitionstoachieveyourpriorities.15.Selectdevelopmentpartnerswhichcanstrengthenyourskills,notjustfundyouractivities.7.EmpowerandresourceFCDOteamstoenableTWPprogrammes,ensuringdecision-makingby1FlagshipReport1IntroductionFollowingthedeathofGeneralAbachain1998andNigeria’stransitiontoanew‘democraticdispensation’markedbyelectionsin1999,theUKre-engagedwithNigeriaandsignificantlyincreaseditsofficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA).aswellashealthandeducationoutcomes.Onthatbasis,itidentifieslessonsandimplicationsforgovernanceprogramming.Theoverallresearchquestionis‘whether,how,underwhatconditionsandforwhomhaveUK-fundedstate-levelgovernanceprogrammesinNigeriacontributedtosustainedchangesingovernanceandrelatedchangesinhealthandeducationintheNorthernStatesofJigawa,Kaduna,KanoandYobesince2000?’Ithasbeenresearchedthroughfoursub-questions(seeBox1).Overa20-yearperiod,theUKbecamethesecondlargestbilateraldonortoNigeria,includingthelargestinthegovernance,healthandeducationsectors.Inparticular,theUKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID)and,sinceSeptember2020,theForeign,CommonwealthandDevelopmentOffice(FCDO)haveinvestedcontinuouslyingovernancereformsAcomprehensivestudyofNigeria’s‘driversinfourNigerianstateswhichhadlowlevelsofhumandevelopment:theNorth-westernstatesofJigawa(since2001),Kano(since2005)andofchange’in2003enabledDFIDNigeriatoexperimentwithapproachesthatchallengedthereceiveddevelopmentorthodoxy.AsKaduna(since2006),aswellastheNorth-easternaresult,threegenerationsofUKgovernancestateofYobe(since2011),whichhasbeenaffectedprogrammeshavesoughttobebothpoliticallybyinsurgency.TheoverarchingobjectiveoftheUKsmartandadaptive(alsoknownas‘thinkingandgovernanceinvestmenthasbeentoimprovetheeffectivenessofStateGovernmentspendingand,indoingso,enableNigerianStateGovernmentstodeliverimprovedandsustainableeducationandhealthoutcomesfortheirpopulations.workingpolitically’–TWP).Theresearchhasthereforefocusednotonlyonwhat

supporttheUKhasprovided,butalsohow

UKprogrammeshavefacilitatedtheirpartners’agendas,bothinStateGovernmentsandbeyond.ThisuninterruptedandconsistentUKsupportthereforeprovidesauniqueopportunitytoanalysethecontributionofUKgovernanceassistancetostate-levelgovernance,healthandeducationprocessesandoutcomes,andtoanalysetherelationshipThisresearchcoversthreesetsoffindingswhichwillbeofinteresttopolicy-makers,researchersanddevelopmentpartnersbeyondFCDONigeria:1.Howcangovernancereformscomeaboutandbesustainedovertime?between‘core’governance,‘sector’governance,2.Howdogovernancereformscontributetoandhealthandeducationservicedelivery.ThisresearchprojectaimstoidentifythecontextualfactorsandcausalmechanismsthatcanexplainhowUKgovernanceinterventionscancontributetoimprovinggovernanceprocessesservicedeliveryimprovements?3.Whatarethewaysinwhichprogrammesoperateandreformprocessesaremanagedthataremostlikelytocontributetosustainedgovernanceandservicedeliveryimprovements?2FlagshipReportBox1ResearchquestionsOverallresearchquestionWhether,how,underwhatconditionsandforwhomhaveUK-fundedstate-levelgovernanceprogrammesinNigeriacontributedtosustainedchangesingovernanceandrelatedchangesinhealthandeducationintheNorthernStatesofJigawa,Kaduna,KanoandYobesince2000?1.Whatwerethefacilitatinganddisablingcontextualconditionsinthefourstates?a.Whathavebeenthekeycontextualconditions,ofwhichgovernancesystems,atwhichlevel(international,federal,stateorlocal),whichenabledthemechanismstoworkandinwhatway?2.Whatoutcomesingovernance,healthandeducationcanbeevidencedandforwhominthefourstates?a.Whathavebeentheoutcomesingovernance(publicfinancialmanagement(PFM),publicsectormanagement(PSM),andempowermentandaccountability(E&A))?b.Whathavebeentheoutcomesintermsofhealthandeducationsystems?c.Whathavebeentheoutcomesintermsofhealthandeducationservices?d.Whichspecificgroupshavebenefitedorbeenexcludedfromtheseoutcomes?e.Howsustainablehavethegovernancechanges,andrelatededucationandhealthchanges,beenwithinthesestates,inwhatwayandforwhom?3.WhatarethemainmechanismsthroughwhichUK-fundedprogrammeshavecontributedtochangesingovernance,andrelatedhealthandeducationchangesinthefourstates?a.Whatarethemainmechanismsthroughwhichgovernanceinterventionsgeneratechangesincoregovernancesystems?b.Whatarethemainmechanismsbywhichthesecoregovernancesystemsgeneraterelatedchangesineducationsystemsandservices,andinhealthsystemsandservices?c.Inwhichwayshavecontextualconditionsinteractedwiththeoperationofthemechanisms?d.Howdotheinteractionsbetweencontextualconditionsandmechanismsaffecttheoutcomesthataregenerated?4.HowhaveUK-fundedprogrammes’interventionsandwaysofworkingcontributedtochangesingovernance,healthandeducationservicedelivery?a.WhatarethePFM,PSMandE&Ainterventions(inputs,outputsandwaysofworking)deliveredbythesegovernanceprogrammesandgovernancecomponentsofsectorprogrammesinthefourstatessince2000?b.Howhavetheprogrammes’waysofworkingevolvedovertime?c.How(andwhether)havetheyfollowedthinkingandworkingpolitically(TWP)principlesbyadaptingtochangingcontextandensuringa‘goodfit’withthepoliticaleconomy?d.HowhaveUK-fundedprogrammemanagementstructuresandprocessessupportedorunderminedeffectiveworkingpractices?e.HowhaveUKgovernmentincentivessupportedorunderminedeffectiveworkingpractices?3FlagshipReportThisresearchprojectwasundertakenbytheLearning,EvidenceandAdvocacyPartnership(LEAP)pillarofthePartnershiptoEngage,ReformandLearn(PERL)whichconstitutesthethirdgenerationofUKgovernanceprogrammesinNigeria.Theres