武汉大学外国语言文学学院《611基础英语》历年考研真题及详解

2015年武汉大学611基础英语考研真题及详解I.Close(15×1=15points)Direction:Fillinthenumberedblankswithproperwords.Amongthe20expressionsgiven;only15shouldbeused.Makesurethewordscomeincorrectformsintermsofbothgrammarandmeaning.  Lyrics,canon,improvisatory,prolific,bard,stimulate,commencedcompile,figure,instantaneously,sketches,confidential,themes,insurmountable,sham,incorporationovershadowed,authentic,captured,shippedAmongthemanytalentedAfricanAmericanwritersconnectedwiththeHarlemRenaissanceofthe1920sand1930s,LangstonHugheswasthemostpopularinhistime.Histwomostimportantachievementswerethe(1)  oftherhythmsofblackmusicintohispoetryandthecreationofan(2)  blackfolkspeakerinthecharacterofJesseB.Semple.Throughbothpoetryandstorytelling.Hughes(3)  inwrittenformthedominantoraland(4)  traditionsofblackculture.LangstonHugheswasborninMissouriin1902.HebegantowritepoetryinhighschoolandlaterattendedColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Afteroneyearatuniversity,Hughes(5)  anomadiclifeintheUnitedStatesandEurope.He(6)  outasamerchantmarineandworkedinaParisnightclub,allthewhilewritingandpublishingpoetry.His(7)  literarycareerwaslaunchedin1926withthepublicationofhisfirstbook,TheWearyBlues,acollectionofpoemsonAfricanAmerican(8)  settorhythmsfromjazzandblues.Hisfirstnovelappearedin1930,andfromthatpointonHugheswasknownas“the(9)  ofHarlem.”Intheactivist1930s,Hugheswasapublic(10) .Heworkedasajournalist,publishedworksinseveralmedia,andfoundedAfricanAmericantheatersinNewYork,Chicago,andLosAngeles.Hughes’sconcernwithrace,mainlyinanurbansetting,isevidentinhispoetry,plays,screenplays,novels,andshortstories.Hispoetryincludes(11)  aboutblacklifeandblackprideaswellaspoemsofracialprotest.HismajorprosewritingsarethoseconcernedwiththecharacterJesseBScruple,ashrewdbutsupposedlyignorantHarlemresidentnicknamedSimple.Simplewasawisefool,anhonestmanwhosawthrough(12)  andspokeplainly.TheSimplestorieswereoriginallypublishedasnewspaper(13)  andlatercollectedinlivebookvolumes.Bythe1960s,readerspreferredthemesthatreflectedthestrugglesofthetimes,andHughes’swritingswere(14)  bythoseofayoungergenerationofblackpoets.However,inmorerecentdecades,scholarsandreadershaverediscoveredHughesandregardhimasamajorliteraryandsocialinfluence.HispoetryandstoriesremainanenduringlegacyoftheHarlemRenaissance,andforthisreasonhispositionintheAmerican(15)  issecure.【答案与解析】1.incorporation 通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词，使系表结构完整，由and表示并列可知，空格处的词应与creation意思相近。再结合空格后的into，可知空格处应填incorporation，表示“并入，结合”。incorporatesth.intosth.表示“将……融进……”。此处意思为：将黑人音乐的旋律融入他的诗歌。2.authentic通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填形容词，修饰blackfolkspeaker。又空格前为不定冠词an，形容词需以元音音素开头，因此空格处应填authentic，结合文学知识可知，JesseB.Semple是位“诚实的人”。3.captured通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填动词构成谓语部分，结合句意可知，空格处应填captured，用在文化艺术领域表示忠实地记录，有“捕捉”之意。本句意思为：休斯用文字捕捉了黑人文化中即兴口头演奏为主的传统。4.improvisatory由and表示并列可知，空格处应填形容词，结合文学常识可知，黑人有着即兴演奏的文化传统，因此空格处应填improvisatory，表示“即兴的；临时的”。5.commenced本段主要介绍休斯的生平。通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填动词来构成谓语部分，联系上下文可知，空格处应填commenced，表示“开启，开始”。本句句意为：读了一年大学之后，休斯开始了在美国和欧洲的流浪生活。6.shipped通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填动词使谓语部分完整，空格后的merchantmarine表示“商船船员”，因此空格处应填shipped，表示“乘船”。此处句意为：他以商船船员的身份乘船出发。7.prolific通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填形容词修饰literarycareer，结合语境可知，空格处应填prolific，表示“多产的，多创作的”，可用于形容作家和艺术家。8.themes通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词，使后置定语完整。结合文学常识和语境可知，空格处应填themes，表示“主题”。此处意思为：以非裔美国人为主题的诗集。9.bard通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词。联系上下文可知，空格处应填bard，表示“诗人”。此处意思为：自那以后，休斯以“哈莱姆诗人”著称。10.figure 通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词，使系表结构完整。结合空格后的“journalist”可以判断，空格处应填figure，表示“人物”。publicfigure表示“公众人物”。11.sketches 通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词与poems构成并列关系。因此，可以判断空格处应填sketches，表示“简要概述；速写”。12.sham 通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词，构成定语从句的宾语。结合空格前的honest和空格后的spokeplainly可以判断，空格处应填sham，表示“虚伪，欺骗”。seethrough看穿，看透。本句意思为：辛普聪明而笨拙，他诚实坦率，看透虚伪，直言不讳。13.compilations 通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词，使系表结构完整。排除方框中已选词汇，只有compile符合句意，应将动词转化成名词，并用复数形式，因此空格处填compilations，表示“汇编”。newspapercompilations表示“报刊合集”。14.overshadowed 通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填过去分词，使被动语态完整。结合后一句中的“however”和“rediscovered”可以判断，休斯在20世纪60年代的影响被忽略了。因此，空格处应填overshadowed，表示“使……相形见绌；使……阴暗”。本句意思为：到了20世纪60年代，读者更加青睐反映当时挣扎的主题，比起年轻一代的黑人诗人，休斯的作品便被忽略了。15.Lyrics 通过分析句子结构可知，空格处应填名词。结合文学常识和语境可知，空格处应填Lyrics，表示“诗歌”。本句意思为：因为这点，休斯确立了自己在美国诗坛的地位。II.ParaphrasePartADirection:ExplaintheunderlinedidiomaticexpressionsinthefollowingsentencesinyourownwordsinEnglish.(5×2=10points)1.Perhapsitisworthtryingtospeakit,butitshouldnotbelaiddownasanedict,andmadeimmunetochangefrombelow.2.Henault,thenthegreatpresidentofthefirstchamberoftheParisParlement,complainedbitterlyofthe“terriblesauces”atthesalonsofMme.Deffand,andwentontoobservethattheonlydifferencebetweenhercookandthesupremechef,Brinvilliers,layintheirintentions.3.Atestingofoneself,afearofgivingintothemostbanalandmarketableofone’stalents,stilldrawsmanyoftheyoungtoNewYork.4.UnderDarrow’squietquestioningheacknowledgedbelievingthebibleliterally,andthecrowdpunctuatedhisdefiantreplieswithfervent“Amens”.5.Innosenseamovementinitself,the“lostgeneration”attitudeneverthelessactedasacommondenominatorofthewritingofthetimes.答案：1.It’swrongnottoallowtheworkingclasspeopletointroducechangesintothelanguage.bemade/beimmunetosth.表示“对……免疫；不受……影响”。2.theonlydifferencebetweenMme.Deffand’scookandthesupremechefBrinvillierscanbefoundintheirintentionsofcookingandattitudestowardscooking.liein表示“存在于……”。3.YoungpeoplecantesttheirabilityinNewYorkandtheyareafraidofacceptingtheirmostcommonandeasilysoldtalents.test考验；测验。banal平凡的；陈腐的。marketable销路好的，有市场的。4.Thecrowdinterruptedfromtimetotimehisrudeanswerwith“Amens”enthusiasticallyandexcitedly.punctuate不时打断；强调；加标点。defiant蔑视的；反抗的。5.The“lostgeneration”attitudewereobviouslyinfluentialamongwritersoftheirtime.commondenominator表示“共同特性”。PartBDirection:Paraphrasethefollowingsentences.(5×3=15points)1.Thefactthattheirmarriagesmaybeontherock,orthattheygotoutofbedonthewrongsideissimplynotaconcern.答案：Itdoesn’tmatteralotwhethertheirmarriageswillendortheysimplyfeelbadtheminutetheygetup.解析：ontherock表示“触礁；遭遇问题或危险”。getoutofbedonthewrongside表示“一整天都情绪不好”。2.Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove.答案：Lethistoryfinallyjudgewhetherwehavedoneourtaskweltornot,butoursurerewardwillbeagoodcon-scienceforwewillhaveworkedsincerelyandtothebestofourability.Let’scontinuetobetterthecountrywelove.解析：conscience良心。deed事迹。3.Theslightestmentionofthedecadebringsnostalgicrecollectionstothemiddle-agedandcuriousquestionsbytheyoung.答案：Attheverymentionofthethispost-warperiod,middle-agedpeoplebegintothinkaboutitlonginglyandyoungpeoplebecomecuriousandstartaskingquestions.解析：nostalgic怀旧的。recollection记忆，回忆。4.Itcan’tbethelivingconditionsthatappeal,foronlyfondmemorywillforgivetheinconvenience,risk,andsqualor.答案：Theyoungpeoplecomeherenotforitslivingconditions,andonlytimecanhelpthemtoforgetthebadsideoflivingthere:inconvenience,riskandfilth.解析：appeal吸引。squalor脏乱。5.Herewasascenesodreadfullyhideous,sointolerablybleakandforlornthatitreducedthewholeaspirationofmantoamacabreanddepressingjoke.答案：Theverysightoftheregionwasterriblyuglyandthewholeregionwassomiserableandgloomythatitwashardforanyonetobear,thesceneofwhichmakesallhumaneffortstoadvanceandimprovetheirlifeseemsasadandhorriblejoke.解析：dreadfully可怕地。hideous丑恶的；可憎的。bleak阴暗的；凄凉的。forlorn孤独而凄凉的。macabre以死亡为主题的，可怕的。III.ReadingComprehension(20×2=40points)Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.PassageOneQuestions1to5arcbasedonthefollowingpassage:THEROLEOFGOVERNMENTINTHEECONOMYBecausemostpeopledonotvolunteertopaytaxesorpolicetheirownfinancialaffairs,governmentscannotinfluenceeconomicactivitysimplybyaskingpeopletopolluteless,togivemoneytothepoor,ortobeInnovative.Toaccomplishthesethings,governmentshavetopasslaws.Sincetheearlytwentiethcentury,governmentsofcountrieswithadvancedindustrialorserviceeconomieshavebeenplayinganincreasingroleineconomics.Thiscanbeseeninthegrowthofgovernmenttaxationandspending,inthegrowingshareofnationalincomedevotedtoincome-supportpayments,andbytheenormousincreaseinthecontrolofeconomicactivity.Thelarge-scaleorganizationofbusiness,asseeninmassproductionanddistribution,hasledtotheformationoflarge-scaleorganizations—corporations,laborunions,andgovernmentstructures—thathavegrowninimportanceinthepastseveraldecades.Theirpresenceandgrowingdominancehaveshiftedcapitalisteconomiesawayfromtraditionalmarketforcesandtowardgovernmentadministrationofmarkets.IntheUnitedStates,governmentprovidesaframeworkoflawsfortheconductofeconomicactivitythatattempttomakeitservethepublicinterest.Forinstance,theindividualstatesandthefederalgovernmenthavepassedlawstoshieldinvestorsagainstfraud.Theselawsspecifywhatinformationhastobedisclosedtoprospectiveinvestorswhensharesofstocksorbondsareofferedforsale.Anotherimportantareaoflawconcernsthelaborforce,suchasregulationofworkhours,minimumwages,healthandsafetyconditions,childlabor,andthefightsofworkerstoformunions,tostrike,todemonstratepeacefully,andtobargaincollectivelythroughrepresentativesoftheirownchoosing.Inothernations,thewaysinwhichgovernmentsinterveneintheireconomieshasvaried:however,governmentseverywheredealwithessentiallythesameissuesandparticipateineconomicactivity.Evengovernmentsthatarereluctanttoregulatecommercedirectlyhaveundertakenlarge-scaleprojectssuchashydroelectricandnuclearenergydevelopments,transportationnetworks,orexpansionofhealth,education,andotherPublicservices.1.Accordingtothepassage,whydogovernmentsinterveneineconomicactivity?A.Peopledonotwillinglyregulatetheirownbusinessaffairs.B.Governmentsunderstandtheeconomybetterthananyoneelsedoes.C.Businessespaygovernmentstoparticipateineconomicactivity.D.Theeconomywouldfailwithoutthehelpofgovernment.2.Accordingtothepassage,howhasthegrowthoflarge-scaleorganizationssuchascorporationsandlaborunionsaffectedcapitalisteconomies?A.Ithasforcedgovernmentstopasslawsprotectingtraditionalmarkets.B.Ithasdestroyedcapitalismandreplaceditwithgovernmentownership.C.Ithasledtotheincreasingroleofgovernmentineconomicactivity.D.Ithascausedunfaircompetitionbetweenlargeandsmallbusinesses.3.Theauthormentionslawstoshieldinvestorsagainstfraudinparagraph3asanexampleofA.lawsthatorganizebusinessB.lawsthatservethepublicinterestC.lawsthatprotectthelaborforceD.lawsthatsetthepriceofstocks4.Whatpointdoestheauthormakeaboutgovernmentsthatdonotwanttoregulatebusinessdirectly?A.Theycannotcompeteeffectivelywithgovernment-controlledeconomies.B.Theyhavecapitalisteconomiesbasedontraditionalmarketforces.C.Theyhavenolawsforprotectingtheenvironmentandpublichealth.D.Theyparticipateintheeconomythroughpublicprojectsandservices.5.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingareexamplesofgovernmentparticipationineconomicactivityEXCEPTA.taxationandspendingB.smallbusinessownershipC.income-supportpaymentsD.transportationnetworks【答案与解析】1.A 文章开头提到“大部分人不会主动纳税或者管理自己的财务状况，政府也不能仅仅通过要求人们减少污染，给贫困人口捐钱或者创新来影响经济活动”，由此可知，政府干预经济的原因在于人们不会主动管理自己的经济状况。因此，A项正确。其余三项文中均未提到。2.C 由第二段最后一句可知，大型组织如企业、工会和政府部门的出现及日益增长的支配地位削弱了资本主义经济中传统的市场力量，并开始转向政府调控的市场。因此，大型组织的增长增强了政府对经济活动的影响。故C项正确。其余三项文中均未提及。3.B 第三段第一句提到“在美国，政府为经济活动提供一整套法律，旨在保护公众利益”，接着列举了反诈骗的法律，由此可知，反诈骗的法律是为了进一步说明政府制定法律来保护公众利益。故B项正确。A项过于宽泛，并不是这个例子的目的所在。其余两项文中没有提及。4.D 文章最后一句提到“即使政府不愿意直接管理经济，他们也进行了大型工程如……拓展卫生服务、教育以及其他公共服务项目”，由此可知，不愿直接干预经济的政府通过参与公共项目和服务来间接干预。故D项为正确答案。其余三项文中均未提及。5.B 本题考查对政府干预经济的措施的理解。A项“税收和开支”、C项“收入补贴”以及D项“交通运输网络”都属于政府干预经济的措施。而B项“小型企业所有制”属于经济领域客观存在的现象，并未涉及政府对其规定，因此并非政府实施的措施。故答案为B项。PassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedthefollowingpassage:MUSICALTALENTAmongalltheabilitieswithwhichanindividualmaybeendowed,musicaltalentappearsearliestinlife.Veryyoungchildrencanexhibitmusicalprecocityfordifferentreasons.Somedevelopexceptionalskillasaresultofawell-designedinstructionalregime,suchastheSuzukimethodfortheviolin.Somehavethegoodfortunetobebornintoamusicalfamilyinahouseholdfilledwithmusic.Inanumberofinterestingcases,musicaltalentispartofanotherwisedisablingconditionsuchasautismormentalretardation.Amusicallygiftedchildhasaninborntalent;however,theextenttowhichthetalentisexpressedpubliclywilldependupontheenvironmentinwhichthechildlives.Musicallygiftedchildrenmasteratanearlyagetheprincipalelementsofmusic,includingpitchandrhythm.Pitch—ormelody—ismorecentralincertaincultures,forexample,inEasternsocietiesthatmakeuseoftinyquarter-toneintervals.Rhythm,soundsproducedatcertainauditoryfrequenciesandgroupedaccordingtoaprescribedsystem,isemphasizedinsub-SaharanAfrica,wheretherhythmicratioscanbeverycomplex.Childrenhavesomeaptitudeformakingmusic.Duringinfancy,normalchildrensingaswellasbabble,andtheycanproduceindividualsoundsandsoundpatterns.Infantsasyoungastwomonthscanmatchtheirmother’ssongsinpitch,loudness,andmelodicshape,andinfantsatfourmonthscanmatchrhythmicstructureaswell.Infantsareespeciallypredisposedtoacquirethesecoreaspectsofmusic,andtheycanalsoengageinsoundplaythatclearlyexhibitscreativity.Individualdifferencesbegintoemergeinyoungchildrenastheylearntosing.Somechildrencanmatchlargesegmentsofasongbytheageoftwoorthree.Manyotherscanonlyapproximatepitchatthisageandmaystillhavedifficultyinproducingaccuratemelodiesbytheageoffiveorsix.However,bythetimetheyreachschoolage,mostchildreninanyculturehaveaschemaofwhatasongshouldbelikeandcanproduceareasonablyaccurateimitationofthesongscommonlyheardintheirenvironment.Theearlyappearanceofsuperiormusicalabilityinsomechildrenprovidesevidencethatmusicaltalentmaybeaseparateanduniqueformofintelligence.Therearenumeroustalesofyoungartistswhohavearemarkable“ear”orextraordinarymemoryformusicandanaturalunderstandingofmusicalstructure.Inmanyofthesecases,thechildisaverageineveryotherwaybutdisplaysanexceptionalabilityinmusic.Eventhemostgiftedchild,however,takesabouttenyearstoachievethelevelsofperformanceorcompositionthatwouldconstitutemasteryofthemusicalsphere.Everygenerationinmusichistoryhashaditsfamousprodigies—individualswithexceptionalmusicalpowersthatemergeatayoungage.Intheeighteenthcentury,WolfgangAmadeusMozartbegancomposingandperformingattheageofsix.Asachild,Mozartcouldplaythepianolikeanadult.Hehadperfectpitch,andatageninehewasalsoamasteroftheartofmodulation—transitionsfromonekeytoanother—whichbecameoneofthehallmarksofhisstyle.Bytheageofeleven,hehadcomposedthreesymphoniesand30othermajorworks.Mozart’swell-developedtalentwaspreservedintoadulthood.Unusualmusicalabilityisaregularcharacteristicofcertainanomaliessuchasautism.Inonecase,anautisticgirlwasabletoplay“HappyBirthday”inthestyleofvariouscomposers,includingMozart,Beethoven,Verdi,andSchubert.Whenthegirlwasthree,hermothercalledherbyplayingincompletemelodies,whichthechildwouldcompletewiththeappropriatetoneintheproperoctave.Fortheautisticchild,musicmaybetheprimarymodeofcommunication,andthechildmayclingtomusicbecauseitrepresentsahaveninaworldthatislargelyconfusingandfrightening.6.TheauthormakesthepointthatmusicalelementssuchaspitchandrhythmA.distinguishmusicfromotherartformsB.varyinemphasisindifferentculturesC.makemusicdifficulttolearnD.expressdifferenthumanemotions7.Accordingtothepassage,whendoesmusicaltalentusuallybegintoappear?A.WheninfantsstarttobabbleandproducesoundpatternsB.BetweentheagesoftwoandfourmonthsC.WhenchildrenlearntosingattwoorthreeyearsoldD.Betweentenyearsoldandadolescence8.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingsuggeststhatmusicaltalentisaseparateformofintelligence?A.ExceptionalmusicalabilityinanotherwiseaveragechildB.RecognitionoftheemotionalpowerofmusicC.TheabilityofallbabiestoacquirecoreelementsofmusicD.Differencesbetweenlearningmusicandlearninglanguage9.AllofthefollowingaregivenasexamplesofexceptionalmusicaltalentEXCEPTA.aremarkable“ear”orperfectmemoryformusicB.abilitytocomposemajorworksatayoungageC.appreciationforawidevarietyofmusicalstylesD.playingasinglesonginthestyleofvariouscomposers10.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutexceptionalmusicalability?A.Itoccursmorefrequentlyinsomeculturesthaninothers.B.Itisevidenceofasuperiorlevelofintelligenceinotherareas.C.Itbasbeendocumentedandstudiedbutislittleunderstood.D.Itistheresultofnaturaltalentandasupportiveenvironment.【答案与解析】6.B 由关键词“pitchandrhythm”可定位至文章第二段。第二、三句提到音高在某些文化中更加明显，而撒哈拉以南地区的非洲地区则强调节奏。由此可知，音高和节奏因文化而异。故B项正确。其余三项文中均未提及。7.C 第四段第二句提到“一些儿童在两、三岁时就能够唱出歌曲的大部分内容，而许多其他儿童在这个年纪只能大概掌握音高”，由此可知，两、三岁这个时间段可以看出音乐天赋。故C项正确。A、B两项叙述的都是儿童的一般情况。D项文中没有提及。8.A 倒数第三段第一句提到“一些儿童在早期就展示出非凡的音乐能力可以证明音乐天赋可能是种独立存在的特殊智力”，接着第三句提到“在许多情况下，孩子在其他各方面都很普通，但却表现出特殊的音乐才能”，由此可知，其他各方面平庸但在音乐领域出众可以表明音乐是种独立存在的智力。因此，A项为正确答案。9.C 文章倒数第三段第二句提到A项；倒数第二段引用莫扎特的例子，呼应B项；最后一段的自闭症女孩的事例对应D项。只有C项文中没有提及。因此，本题应选C项。10.D文章首段最后一句提到“有音乐才华的孩子确实天赋异禀；然而，天赋公众于世的程度将取决于孩子生活的环境”，由此可知，优秀的音乐能力是天赋和良好环境共同促成的。故应选D项。文中仅提到音高和节奏因文化而异，并未说明音乐能力会因文化而异，因此A项错误。文章第一段和最后一段都提到有着特殊音乐天赋的孩子可能在其他方面不足，因此B项错误。C项文中没有提及。PassageThreeQuestions11to15arebasedthefollowingpassage:THECOYOTEAllNorthAmericancanidshaveadoglikeappearancecharacterizedbyagracefulbody,longmuzzle,erectears,slenderlegs,andbushytail.Mostaresocialanimalsthattravelandhuntingroupsorpairs.Afteryearsofpersecutionbyhumans,thepopulationsofmostNorthAmericancanids,especiallywolvesandfoxes,havedecreasedgreatly.Thecoyote,however,hasthrivedalongsidehumans,increasinginbothnumbersandrange.Itscommonnamecomesfromcoyotl,thetermusedbyMexico’sNahuatlIndians,anditsscientificname,canislatrans,means“barkingdog”.Thecoyote’svocalizationsarevaried,butthemostdistinctivearegivenatdusk,dawn,orduringthenightandconsistofaseriesofbarksfollowedbyaprolongedhowlandendingwithshort,sharpyaps.Thiscallkeepsthebandalerttothelocationsofitsmembers.Onevoiceusuallypromptsotherstojoinin,resultinginthefamiliarchorusheardatnightthroughouttheWest.Thebestrunneramongthecanids,thecoyoteisabletoleapfourteenfeetandcruisenormallyat25-30milesperhour.Itisastrongswimmeranddoesnothesitatetoenterwaterafterprey.Infeeding,thecoyoteisanopportunist,eatingrabbits,mice,groundsquirrels,birds,snakes,insects,manykindsoffruit,andcarrion—whateverisavailable.Tocatchlargerprey,suchasdeerorantelope,thecoyotemayteamupwithoneortwoothers,runninginrelaystotirepreyorwaitinginambushwhileotherschasepreytowardit.Oftenabadgerservesasinvoluntarysupplierofsmallerprey:whileitdigsforrodentsatoneendoftheirburrow,thecoyotewaitsforanythatmayemceefromanescapeholeattheotherend.Predatorsofthecoyoteonceincludedthegrizzlyandblackbears,themountainlion,andthewolf,buttheirdecliningpopulationsmakethemnolongerathreat.Manisthemajorenemy,especiallysincecoyotepeltshavebecomeincreasinglyvaluable,yetthecoyotepopulationcontinuestogrow,despiteeffortsattrapping,shooting,andpoisoningtheanimals.11.Accordingtothepassage,thecoyoteisunlikeotherNorthAmericancanidsinwhatway?A.Thecoyote’sbodyisnotgraceful.B.Thecoyoteisnothuntedbyhumans.C.Thecoyotepopulationhasnotdecreased.D.Thecoyotedoesnotknowhowtoswim.12.Allofthefollowingstatementsdescribethecoyote’svocalizationsEXCEPTA.Vocalizationscommunicatethelocationsofothercoyotes.B.Thecoyoteusesitsdistinctivecalltotrickandcatchprey.C.Agroupofcoyoteswilloftenbarkandhowltogether.D.Thecoyote’sscientificnamereflectsitsmannerofvocalizing.13.Accordingtothepassage,thecoyoteisanopportunistbecauseitA.knowshowtoavoidbeingcapturedB.likestoteamupwithothercoyotesC.hasbetterluckthanotherpredatorsD.takesadvantageofcircumstances14.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpredatorofthecoyoteisA.thewolfB.themountainlionC.thehumanD.thegrizzlybear15.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPTA.Thecoyoteisaseriousthreattohumanactivities.B.Thecoyoteisaskillfulandathleticpredator.C.Thecoyotehuntscooperativelywithothercoyotes.D.Thecoyotesurvivesdespitepersecutionbyhumans.【答案与解析】11.C 文章第一段最后一句提到“郊狼和人类一起发展壮大，在数量和种类上都有所增加”，由此可知，C项正确。文章第一句提到所有北美犬类都体形优美，因此A项错误。文章最后一段提到人类对郊狼的捕杀，因此B项错误。文章第三段明确提到“郊狼会毫不犹豫地跳进水中捕获猎物”，因此D项错误。12.B 根据关键词“vocalization”可定位至第二段。本段倒数第二句提到郊狼的叫声让整群狼注意到成员的位置，因此A项正确。由本段最后一句的“chorus”可知C项正确。文章第一句提到郊狼的学名叫canislatrans，意为“吠叫的狗”，因此D项正确。文中没有明确指出郊狼用叫声来诱捕猎物。因此，本题选B项。13.D 由关键词“opportunist”可定位至倒数第二段。最后两句介绍郊狼在捕获猎物时的特性，它们会其他动物组成团队，当其他动物追赶猎物时，它们或接力追赶猎物或隐藏起来。这表示郊狼非常擅长审时度势，利用环境创造优势。因此，本题选D项。A、C两项文中没有提及；文中只提到郊狼会和其他动物组成团队，并未明确指出“喜欢组成团队”，所以B项错误。14.C 由关键词“predator”可定位至最后一段。第二句提到“人类现在成为（郊狼）主要敌人”，由此可知，郊狼的主要掠夺者是人类。其余三项均是郊狼曾经的掠夺者。故A项正确。15.A 由文章倒数第二段第一句可知，郊狼擅长奔跑，因此B项正确。由倒数第二段第二句中的“teamup”可知C项正确。文章最后一句提到“郊狼数量继续增加，尽管人类努力对其进行设陷捕捉、枪杀和下毒”，因此D项正确。只有A项文中没有提及。故答案为A项。PassageFourQuestions16to20arebasedthefollowingpassage:FACTORSTHATINFLUENCETIDESTidesareanaturalphenomenoninvolvingthealternatingriseandfallintheearth’slargebodiesofwatercausedbythegravitationalpullofthemoonandthesun.Thecombinationofthesetwovariableforcesproducesthecomplexrecurrentcycleofthetides.Tidesmayoccurinbothoceansandseas,toalimitedextentinlargelakes,theatmosphere,andtoaveryminutedegree,intheearthitself.Theforcethatgeneratestidesresultsfromtheinteractionoftwoforces:thecentrifugalforceproducedbytherevolutionoftheeartharoundthecenter-of-gravityoftheearth-moonsystem;andthegravitationalattractionofthemoonactingupontheearth’swaters.Althoughthemoonisonly238,852milesfromtheearth,comparedwiththesun’smuchgreaterdistanceof92,956,000miles,themoon’scloserdistanceoutranksitsmuchsmallermass,andthusthemoon’stide-raisingforceismorethantwicethatofthesun.Thetide-generatingforcesofthemoonandsuncauseamaximumaccumulationofthewatersoftheoceansattwooppositepositionsontheearth’ssurface.Atthesametime,compensatingamountsofwateraredrawnfromallpoints90degreesawayfromthesetidalbulges.Astheearthrotates,asequenceoftwohightidesandtwolowtidesisproducedeachday.Successivehightidesoccuronanaverageof12.4hoursapart.Hightideatanygivenlocationoccurswhenthemoonisoverheadandlowtidewhenitisateitherhorizon.Thehighestandlowestlevelsofhightide,calledspringtideandneaptide,eachoccurtwiceineverylunarmonthofabout27.5days.Aspringtideoccursatthenewmoonandatthefullmoon,whenthemoonandeartharelinedupwiththesun,andthusthemoon’spullisreinforcedbythesun’spull.Atspringtide,thedifferencebetweenhighandlowtidesisthegreatest.Aneaptide,thelowestlevelofhightide,occurswhenthesun-to-earthdirectionisatrightanglestothemoon-to-earthdirection.Whenthishappens,thegravitationalforcesofthemoonandsuncounteracteachother;thus,themoon’spullisatminimumstrengthandthedifferencebetweenhighandlowtidesistheleast.Springandneaptidesatanygivenlocationhavearangeofabout20percentmoreorless,respectively,thantheaveragehightide.Theverticalrangeoftides—thedifferencebetweenhighandlow—variesaccordingtothesize,surfaceshape,andbottomtopographyofthebasininwhichtidalmovementoccurs.IntheopenwateroftheCentralPacific,therangeisnomorethanaboutafoot;intherelativelysmall,shallowNorthSea,itisabout12feet.AlongthenarrowchanneloftheBayofFundyinNovaScotia,thedifferencebetweenhighandlowtidesmayreach45feetunderspringtideconditions—theworld’swidesttidalrange.AtNewOrleans,whichisatthemouthoftheMississippiRiver,theperiodicriseandfallofthetidesvarieswiththeriver’sstage,beingaboutteninchesatlowstageandzeroathigh.Ineverycase,actualhighorlowtidecanvaryconsiderablyfromtheaverage.Severalfactorsaffecttidalranges,includingabruptchangesinatmosphericpressureorprolongedperiodsofextremehighorlowpressure.Theyarealsoinfluencedbythedensityandvolumeofseawater,variationsinocean-currentvelocities,earthquakes,andthegrowingorshrinkingoftheworld’sglaciers.Infact,anyofthesefactorsalonecanaltersealevel.Thegreaterandmorerapidthechangeofwaterlevel,thegreatertheerosiveeffectofthetidalaction,andthusintheamountofmaterialtransportedanddepositedontheshore.16.Accordingtothepassage,theforcethatgeneratestidesontheearthisA.thegravitationalpulloftheearth’scoreB.thesameforcethatgeneratestidesonthemoonC.abruptchangesinatmosphericpressureD.acombinationofgravityandcentrifugalforce17.Accordingtothepassage,themoonA.hasagreatermassthanthesunB.isfartherfromtheearththanthesunC.hasagravitationalpulltowardthesunD.affectstidesmorethanthesundoes18.What