翻译中的选词法38张课件

翻译中的选词法(diction)翻译中的选词法(diction)1I.选择语法意义(choiceofgrammaticalmeanings)----语法结构分析Thesameword,whenusedasdifferentpartsofspeechandplayingdifferentrolesinasentence,hasdifferentmeanings.1.Takethecartbacktothebackyardandbackitintotheshedatthebackofthestable.2.Hehadnostomachtofollowus.Ican’tstomachthisjobanylonger.I.选择语法意义(choiceofgrammatica2II.选择搭配意义(choiceofcollocativemeanings)----语义分析Somewordshavethesamebasicmeanings,butdifferincollocation.Thatis,theyhavedifferentcollocativemeanings.Forinstance,“sense”and“meaning”aresynonymous,but“Johnisamanofsense”isacceptablewhile“Johnisamanofmeaning”isunacceptable.Oneproblemwithcollocationistranslationisthat,veryoftenwhatisgoodcollocationinEnglishmaynotbesowhenrenderedintoII.选择搭配意义(choiceofcollocati3Chinese,orviceversa.Forinstance,“pretty”and“handsome”arerenderedinto“漂亮的”and“英俊的”respectively.Itisperfectlyallrighttosay“ahandsomecar”but“英俊的车子”wouldbetotallyunacceptabletotheChinesereader.ThusinE-Ctranslation,atranslatormustensurethattheversionisidiomaticorcollocativelyacceptableinthetargetlanguage.E.g.buildBuildahouse/aship/afire/acar/one’sconfidence/scholarsoftomorrow/ananswer/abridge/adam/astampcollectionChinese,orviceversa.Forin4III.选择情感意义(choiceofafffectivemeanings)-----语义分析（情感）Affectivemeaningsreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.Youmayaddresssomebodyasan“idiot”toconveyyourdespise,ordescribesomethingas“marvelous”toexpressyourpositiveevaluation.Therearebasicallythreetypesofaffectivemeanings:positive(褒义),neutral(中性),andderogatory(贬义).III.选择情感意义(choiceofafffecti5PositiveneutralderogatoryPortly(发福的)Overweight(超重的)Obese(臃肿的）Slender,slim((苗条的)Underweight(体重不够的）Skinny(瘦削的)Senior,elder(长者)Oldman/woman(老人)Fossil(老朽)Examples:1.Aggressivenationsthreatenworldpeace.侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平.Asalesmanmustbeaggressiveifhewantstosucceed.推销员要成功,必须有闯劲.Positiveneutral62.Heincitedthesoldierstofightbravely.Hewaschargedwithincitingpeopletoviolence.3.Everydoghashisday.“Youchicken!”hecried,lookingatTomwithcontempt.2.Heincitedthesoldiersto7Ⅳ.选择模糊意义(choiceofambiguousmeanings)------语义分析(歧义)Ambiguity,accordingtoD.Bolinger,isdefinedasonesurfacestructurecoveringtwoormoredeepstructures,thatis,onelinguisticexpressionallowsmorethanoneudnerstandingsorinterpretations.Ambiguitycanbeclassifiedaslexicalambiguity(词汇歧义)andstructuralambiguity(结构歧义).1.lexicalambiguity(词汇歧义)Ⅳ.选择模糊意义(choiceofambiguousm8Themultiplemeaningsoftheutterancedependsonthemeaningofthesingleword.E.g.⑴Shecannotbearchildren.①Shecannotgivebirthtochildrenbecausesheissterile.②Shecannottoleratethechildren.⑵AsGreendesigedthemachine,hemusthaverealizeditscapability.①因为这台机器是格林设计的,他一定事先知道它的性能.Themultiplemeaningsoftheu9②格林设计这台机器的时候,一定事先知道它的性能.2.structuralambiguity(结构歧义)Themultiplemeaningsoftheutterancedependsonthesentencestructure.Eg.Sheshowedherbabypictures.①她拿出了自己婴儿时期的照片.②她把婴儿的照片拿给她看.③她把一些照片/图片拿给孩子看.②格林设计这台机器的时候,一定事先知道它的性能.10Ⅴ.选择引申意义(choiceofextendedmeanings)----语义分析（关联义）ItisoftendifficulttofindasuitableChinesetranslationforanEnglishwordorexpressioninE-Cdictionaries,andamechanicaltranslationmaybeunintelligibletoourreaders.Onewayoutistoextendthemeaningfromtheconcreteorspecifictotheabstractorgeneral,orviceversa.Ⅴ.选择引申意义(choiceofextendedme111.”实”→虚”.词义从具体引向抽象,从特殊引向一般,从局部引向概括⑴Nowadaysastudentheadingforcollegemaypackafryingpanalongwithhisbooks.实译:如今上大学的学生除了带他的书上学校以外,还可以带上一个煎烙饼的平底锅了.虚译:如今大学生在学校里也可以自己做点吃的了.⑵WhenIgoaroundonspeakingengagements,theyallexpectmetoassumeaQuakerOatslook.1.”实”→虚”.词义从具体引向抽象,从特殊引向一般,从局部12实译:我应邀外出演讲时,他们都指望我摆出一副像麦片商标中的老头那样的表情.虚译:我应邀外出演讲时,他们都指望我摆出一副毫无表情,一本正经的面孔.(QuakerOats是欧美一种有名的麦片商标,商标中画的老头模样毫无表情,我国读者不熟悉,应虚译.)2.虚”→”实”.词义从抽象引向具体,从一般引向特殊,从概括引向局部⑴Thereismoretotheirlifethanpoliticalandsocialandeconomicproblems;morethantransienteverydayness.实译:我应邀外出演讲时,他们都指望我摆出一副像麦13虚译:他们的生活远不止那些政治的,社会的和经济的问题,远不止一时的日常性.实译:他们的生活远不止那些政治的,社会的和经济的问题,远不止每天的柴米油盐.⑵Heisavaluableacquisitiontotheteam.虚译:他是该队一种宝贵的获得.实译:他是该队不可多得的队员.Ⅵ.选择对应意义(choiceofequivalentmeanings)-----语义分析（对概念义的误解）SomeEnglishwordsorexpressionslookequivalenttotheirChinesecounterparts,butactuallytheyaredifferent.虚译:他们的生活远不止那些政治的,社会的和经济14Theyarecalled“falsefriends”.Careshouldbetakennottobeconfinedortakenawaybywhatweseeintheoriginaltext.Eg.Busybody≠忙人=(贬义)好管闲事的人=apersonwhotakestoomuchinterestinotherpeople’saffairs.Thelongandtheshortofit≠它的长短处=总的结果/情况/要点Shehasaweaknessforpork≠吃猪肉她可不行.=她有爱吃猪肉的嗜好.Theyarecalled“falsefriends15Ⅶ.选择准确意义(choiceofexactmeanings)----语义分析（所指意义）AcarefultranslatorshouldweighthemeaningoftheoriginalbefroechoosingasuitableChinesewordorexpression.Threecriteriaareproposedhereforchoosingsuitablewords:preciseness(准确),conciseness(精练),andgracefulness(优美),commonmistakesinthisrespectmaybechieflyduetothefollowing:Ⅶ.选择准确意义(choiceofexactmeani16⑴lappingupawordorexpressionwithoutdigestingit(囫囵吞枣)⑵extendingthemeaningbeyonditslimits(引申过头)⑶Rigidlyadheringtoletterorform(拘泥字面)Thusacomparativestudyofsynonymousexpressionsinthetwolanguagesisalwaysnecessaryforappropriatetranslation.Ingivencontext,thechoiceofwordsisamatterofdictioncallingforourcarefulconsideration.⑴lappingupawordorexpressi17Eg.inChinese:*词义轻重不同祝贺(轻)—庆祝(重)批评(轻)—批判(重)轻视(轻)—鄙视(重)欺侮(轻)—欺压(重)损坏(轻)—毁坏(重)责备(轻)—责骂(重)*词义范围大小不同信件(大)—信(小)树木(大)—树(小)时代(大)—时期(小)河流(大)—河(小)战争(大)—战役(小)车辆(大)—车(小)*词语搭配不同充足(阳光)—充分(理由)侵犯(主权)—侵占(土地)发挥(作用)—发扬(精神)召集(众人)—召开(会议)Eg.inChinese:18Ⅷ.选择语境意义(Choiceofcontextualmeanings)----大语境分析Thesameword,whenusedindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse(business,law,medicine,education,politics,forestry,etc.),hasdifferentmeanings.Forinstance,insomecontexts“mad”means“foolish”,insome“angry”,andinothers“insane”.Eg.Book1.Showmethecomplaintbook,please.2.Milton’sParadiseLostconsistsoftwelvebooks.Ⅷ.选择语境意义(Choiceofcontextual193.That’sallIremember,sir,ontheBook.4.Heclaimstohavebeengraduatedfromthiscollege,buthisnameisnotonthebooks.5.Heisalwayspainstakinglyathisbooks.6.Themusicwasfine,butthebookwasverypoor.7.Areyouinthebook?3.That’sallIremember,sir,20Ⅸ.选择文体意义(choiceofstylisticmeanings)----大语境分析Somewordsconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeatures.Thesewordsareknownasstylisticsynonyms.Insomedictionaries,thesestylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas“formal”,“informal”,“literary”,“archaic”,“slang”andsoon.Wordsthatoccurindifferentsettingsarestylisticallymarked.Thoseusedforsomeseriouspurpose,forexample,inofficialreports,businesslettersandregulationsarelabeledasformalwhereasthoseusedⅨ.选择文体意义(choiceofstylisticm21inprivateconversationorpersonallettersarelabeledasinformal.Inmostcasesformallanguageoccursinwrittenlanguageandinformallanguageinspokenlanguage.Translatorshavetochooseamongformalwords,neutralwords,andinformalwordstoensurethatthestyleisappropriatetotheoriginalcontext.Theymustalsodeterminewhethertousestandarddialectsorregionaldialects,archaicwordsorcontemporarywords,generalwordsortechnicalterms,etc.inprivateconversationorper22Table1.ExamplesofChinesestylisticsynonyms书面语词母亲诞辰清晨逝世散步恐吓口语词妈妈生日早上死溜达吓唬古语词/旧词殆乘致木匠厨子大夫现代词/新词危险坐给木工厨师医生普通用语给现在办法安排私下这公文用语给予兹措施部署擅自此普通用语飞心静半夜寂寞文艺作品用语飞翔心灵安静子夜寂寥Table1.ExamplesofChineses23Table2.examplesofEnglishstylisticsynonymswiththeirtranslationsFormal(literary)Poverty-striken,penniless,inwant,underprivileded,impecunious,indigent身无分文,一文不名,穷困,贫困NeutralPoor贫穷InformalBroke,flatbroke,hardup穷,衣袋空空,穷光蛋,一个子儿也没有Table2.examplesofEnglishs24Table3.examplesofEnglishwordswiththeirChinesestylisticsynonymsWordsexplanatorydescriptivelively生动的栩栩如生Irrelevant无关的风马牛不相及identical相同的千篇一律thick厚的,稠的如胶似漆withdiscretion小心谨慎稳扎稳打witheloquence以雄辩的口才娓娓动听greatcontribution巨大贡献丰功伟绩Table3.examplesofEnglishw25invulnerability无法攻破固若金汤meagerfood简单的食物粗茶淡饭frightened害怕胆战心惊Agoodtranslatorshouldrepresentnotonlytheoriginalthoughtbutalsotheoriginalstyleaswellinthetargetlanguage.invulnerability无法攻破固若金汤26译句比较(comparisonoftranslatedsentences)1.Whoevertriestotwistyouup,maytheendofhisnosetakeatwist.①谁要是想捉弄你,谁的鼻子尖就会歪.②谁要是捉弄你,就叫谁的鼻子尖歪了.③谁骗你,谁就不得好死.(谁骗你,谁就是小狗.)译句比较(comparisonoftranslated272.Eitheraflat“yes”oraflat“no”---gobackwhereyoucamefrom.①要么干脆说”行”,要么干脆说”不行”,要不然,你从什么地方来还是回到什么地方去吧.②干脆说”行”或者”不行”----否则你哪里来就回哪里去.③要就要,不要就拉倒----你请便吧.(行就行,不行就拉倒----你请便吧.)2.Eitheraflat“yes”orafl283.Ignoreitasyouignorethecoldoflastwinter.①你别去理他,就像别理上一个冬天有多冷一样.②别理睬它,就像你不理睬去年冬天的寒冷那样.③管他们干什么?他们的话,当作耳边风好了.3.Ignoreitasyouignorethe294.TheyconfusedmesothatIdidn’tknowthebigendfromthesmall.①我连粗细大小都分不清了.②他们使我真假不分.③他们把我搞得不知东西南北了.4.TheyconfusedmesothatId305.退休工人邵劝帮对小儿子在春说,”那时候,干一天活累得连炕都上不去,浑身疼得要命,睡也睡不着.”①ShaoQuanbang,aretiredworker,saidtohislittlesonZaichun,“Atthattime,Iwassofatiguedafteraday’sdrudgerythatIfounditveryhardtomountthekang.Mywholeframeachingacutely,Icouldn’tgotosleephoweverhardItried.②ShaoQuanbang,aretiredworker,saidtohislittlesonZaichun,“Inthosedays,Iwasusuallysodoneupafteraday’shardworkthatIcouldn’tgetonthekang.Asmywholebodyachedlikeanything,Isimplycouldn’tgettosleepevenItriedto.”5.退休工人邵劝帮对小儿子在春说,”那时候,干一天活累得连炕316.无论是街道、房屋或公园,这个地方都有一种难以描绘的难过情调.随便走到哪里,我都可以看到新鲜有趣的东西.①Allstreets,housesandparksherehaveanindescribablelookofthesouth.NomatterwhereIgo,I’msuretofindthingsnewandinteresting.②Theplace,withitsstreets,itshousesanditsparks,wearsanindescribableairofthesouth.Everycornerbringsmeintoacquaintancewithsomenewint