2023高考英语二轮专题复习：主旨大意题-辨主干细加工课件

专题一阅读理解专题一阅读理解第三讲主旨大意题——辨主干细加工主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。一、了解题型特点与设问方式[命题解读]1．主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。专题一阅读理解2．标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意类(内容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意。[题型特点]1．把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式。Thebesttitleforthepassageis________．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?专题一阅读理解2．掌握主旨大意题的考查角度。(1)高频考点：标题归纳题、文章大意题。(2)低频考点：段落大意题。专题一阅读理解二、掌握主旨大意题的解题捷径——熟知主旨大意题的解题捷径——题型特点解题捷径主题类(内容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意找主题句四窍门：①段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however、but、infact、actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。②首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。③作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。④表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等词专题一阅读理解续上表标题类要求选出文章的最佳标题文章标题三特点：①形式一般为单词、短语或句子，短语居多。②短小精悍，精确性强。③涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意专题一阅读理解——明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征——正确选项特征干扰选项特征1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点专题一阅读理解续上表1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩移花接木，偷换概念所给选项，命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析，会发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系专题一阅读理解——破解主旨大意题的三大类型——类型1标题归纳题

标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)，覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)理解标题的3大特点专题一阅读理解巧用三大方法确定文章标题(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想如果它们作标题写出来的文章将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。(3)研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等专题一阅读理解[典例]

(2022·全国乙卷)Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand，atthesametime，helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear？Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday's“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh­tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected，themorerailwaysafety，reliabilityand专题一阅读理解on­timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance，includingsendingmaintenancestaff，oftenatnight，toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies，dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher­valueservicesforrailways，detectingfaultsintherailorswitches，beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks，dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.专题一阅读理解Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain，andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco­pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothatfast­movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.31．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDrones

B．HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways专题一阅读理解[解题示范]第一步：读文章，理清结构专题一阅读理解第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A无人机可以检测到哪些故障本文在最后一段提到检测到故障，但文中说在“轨道或开关出现任何安全问题之前”B如何扩大无人机生产文中并未提到扩大无人机生产C无人机发展将面临什么困难文中并未提到无人机发展的困难D无人机将如何改变铁路的未来从无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知，在未来，无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。此标题全面、精炼地概括了文章内容第三步：对比选项得出答案[答案]

D专题一阅读理解类型2文章大意题

文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。应掌握寻找文章主题的三个小窍门，快速确定文章大意主题句法解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句：专题一阅读理解专题一阅读理解(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句：转折词如

but、however、infact、actually等，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点总结词如therefore、thus、inshort、conclude等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题句疑问句若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题句高频词法若全文无明显主题句，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章最明显的特点之一是文中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心专题一阅读理解逆向思维法在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项[典例]

(2021·全国甲卷)WhenIwas9，wepackedupourhomeinLosAngelesandarrivedatHeathrow，LondononagrayJanuarymorning.Everyoneinthefamilysettledquicklyintothecityexceptme.Withoutmybelovedbeachesandendlessblue­skydays，Ifeltatalossandoutofplace.UntilImadeadiscovery.专题一阅读理解Southbank，ataneasternbendintheThames，isthecenterofBritishskateboarding，wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once，whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(横杆)，Ifellontothestones，damaginganerveinmyhand，andTobycameover，helpingmeup：Safe，man.Safe.Afewminuteslater，whenIlandedthetrick，myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud，shouting:“Safe！Safe！Safe！”Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks，beingagoodskater.专题一阅读理解WhenIwas15，myfamilymovedtoWashington.Itriedskateboardingthere，butthelocalswerefarlesswelcoming.Withinacoupleofyears，I'dgivenitup.WhenIreturnedtoLondonin2004，IfoundmyselfwanderingdowntoSouthbank，spendinghoursthere.I'vetraveledbackseveraltimessince，mostrecentlythispastspring.Thedaywascoldbutclear；touristsandLondonersstoppedtowatchtheskaters.Weaving(穿梭)amongthekidswhorushedbyontheirboards，Ifoundmywaytothebeam.Thenarail­thinteenager，inabaggywhiteT­shirt，skidded(滑)uptothebeam.Hesatnexttome.Heseemednottonoticethemannexttohim.ButsoonIcaughtafewofhisglances.“Iwasalocalhere20yearsago，”Itoldhim.Then，slowly，hebegantonodhishead.“Safe，man.Safe.”“Yeah，”Isaid.“Safe.”专题一阅读理解31.Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinthetext？A．Childrenshouldlearnasecondlanguage.

B．Sportisnecessaryforchildren'shealth.C．Childrenneedasenseofbelonging.D．Seeingtheworldisamustforchildren.[解题示范]第一步：读文章，概括文意专题一阅读理解专题一阅读理解第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A儿童应当学习第二外语。文中没有这种说法无中生有，生搬硬套B体育运动对儿童健康是非常必要的。文中虽提到了滑板运动，但并未涉及滑板运动对健康的作用无中生有，曲解文意C儿童需要归属感。文章描述了作者通过滑板运动融入新生活、结交当地人的经历，表达了归属感、集体感对于儿童的必要性，因此该选项符合文章主旨涵盖性强，覆盖全文D看世界对于儿童来说是件必要的事情。文中没有这种说法无中生有，生搬硬套第三步：对比选项得出答案[答案]

C专题一阅读理解类型3段落大意题段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高专题一阅读理解常用的写作架构专题一阅读理解[典例]（2021·全国乙卷）Whenalmosteveryonehasamobilephone，whyaremorethanhalfofAustralianhomesstillpayingforalandline（座机）？Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere，anytime.24.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutmobilephones？A.Theirtargetusers.B.Theirwidepopularity.C.Theirmajorfunctions.D.Theircomplexdesign.专题一阅读理解[解题示范]第一步：首尾兼顾定段意根据第二段中的“Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'townamobilephone”以及“Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere，anytime”可知，移动电话在澳大利亚几乎随处可见，即本段主要谈及移动电话在澳大利亚的普及程度。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A它们的目标用户。文中提到了年轻人，但他们并不是用于介绍移动电话的目标用户以偏概全，曲解文意专题一阅读理解第三步：对比选项得出答案[答案]

BB它们广泛的普及度。本段主旨就是举例说明手机在澳大利亚非常普遍，该项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括涵盖性强，覆盖全段C它们的主要功能。原文未提及相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套D它们复杂的设计。原文未提及相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套续上表课堂新体验A（2022·长沙新高考适应性考试）Morethan45，000yearsago，bytheshoreofpresent­dayTasmania，alocalpersonpickedupalargepieceofthick，darkbrownseaweed.Andherealizedthatthisgiantpieceofseaweedcouldbeusedtomakeawatertightbag.And45，000yearslaterinmainlandAustralia，peopleareagainturningtoseaweedtosolvepressingproblems.Today，itisusedtoaddresstheworld'sclimatecrisis.Winberg，amarineecologistattheUniversityofWollongong，hasspentdecadesstudyingseaweed.Shebelievesseaweed'sfastgrowthrateandabilitytoabsorbvastamountsofcarbondioxidecanhelpfightclimatechange，deacidifytheocean，andchangethewaywefarm，notonlyintheoceanbutalsoonland.专题一阅读理解课堂新体验“Ifweusedtheinfrastructurewehaveintheoceanandcreatedseaweedislands，wewouldactuallygetridofmanyclimatechangeissueswehavetoday，”saysWinberg.Realizingseaweed'spotentialasaclimatesolution，WinbergopenedAustralia'sfirstland­based，commercialseaweedfarmin2013.OnherfarminNewSouthWales，Winbergproducesseaweedextracts（提取物）thatareusedinfood，cosmeticsandmedicines.Likeplantsonland，seaweedabsorbsCO2andgrowsbiomass（生物量）.Coastalmarinesystemscanabsorbcarbonatratesupto50timesgreaterthanforestsonland，accordingtoEmilyPidgeon，seniordirectorofstrategicmarineinitiativesatConservationInternational.Globally，seaweedisthoughttoabsorb专题一阅读理解课堂新体验nearly200milliontonsofCO2everyyear—asmuchasNewYorkState'sannualemissions.Andwhenseaweeddies，muchofthecarbonlockedupinitstissuesistransportedtothedeepocean.ByraisingpHlevelsintheocean，seaweedalsoimprovesgrowingconditionsforshellfishsuchasoystersandmussels，whoseshellsbecomemorefragile（脆弱的）inacidicenvironments.专题一阅读理解Thepotentialforseaweedcultivationdoesn'tstopintheocean.Winberghasfoundtherearebenefitsofdoingitonlandtoo.Shebelievesthatseaweedfarmingoffers“hugepotential”tonotonlyaddresstheclimatecrisis，butalsofeedagrowingpopulationinasustainableway.AccordingtoWinberg，onehectare（公顷）课堂新体验ofaseaweedfarmcanproducemoreproteinthanthesameamountoflandusedforcattle.“We'resittingonundiscovered，renewable，sustainableresources，”shesays.专题一阅读理解【语篇解读】

45000多年前，人类发现海藻可以用来做防水袋。现在人们可以用海藻来解决世界上的气候问题。1.WhatismainlyintroducedaboutseaweedinParagraph1？A.Itsuse.

B.Itshistory.C.Itsorigin. D.Itsappearance.解析：细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，45000多年前，人类发现了海藻可以用来做防水袋。45000年后它被用来解决“pressingproblems”，如今它被用来解决世界上的气候危机。故可知该段主要介绍了海藻的用途。故A项正确。答案：A课堂新体验2.Whyisseaweedspokenhighlyofaccordingtothetext？A.Itlowerstheoceantemperaturedirectly.B.Itcontributestoshellfish'sgrowingspeed.C.Itproducesthesameamountofproteinascattle.D.Itgrowsfastandcanabsorbcarbonatahighrate.专题一阅读理解解析：推理判断题。由第二段中的“Shebelieves...onland”可知海藻生长速度快，能吸收大量二氧化碳；根据第四段内容可知，沿海海洋系统吸收碳的速度高达陆地森林的50倍。由此可推知，海藻生长迅速，并且能以很高的速度吸收碳。故D项正确。答案：D课堂新体验3.WhatisWinberg'sattitudetowardsseaweed？A.Unclear. B.Favorable.C.Critical. D.Doubtful.专题一阅读理解解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Shebelieves...butalsoonland”，第三段中的“Ifweused...saysWinberg”和第六段中的“Shebelieves...asustainableway”可知，Winberg对海藻持支持态度。答案：B课堂新体验4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A.CO2，aKillerofClimateChangeB.Pollution，theWorld'sClimateCrisisC.Seaweed，aPotentialClimateSolutionD.Infrastructure，aWayofEliminatingClimateIssues专题一阅读理解解析：主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段的最后一句“Today，itisusedtoaddresstheworld'sclimatecrisis”可知，现在人们可以用海藻来解决世界上面临的气候问题。由此可知，C项“海藻，一种潜在的气候解决方案”适合作文章标题。答案：C课堂新体验BIfthethreeRs（reduce，reuseandrecycle）isaguidelinetosavetheplanet，garbage­sortingiswheretheeffortsstart.SinceMay1，Beijinghasstartedtocarryoutmandatorygarbage­sortinginneweffortstobetterprotecttheenvironment.Underthenewregulation，residentsarerequiredtoclassifyhouseholdwasteintofourcategories：

kitchen，recyclable，hazardousandotherwaste.Peoplewhofailtosorttheirgarbageproperlycanbefinedfrom50to200yuan，reportedXinhua.SomeresidentialcommunitiesinBeijinghaveintroducedrewardstoencourageresidentstosorttheirgarbage.AccordingtoXinhua，residentscanearnpointsbyclassifyingtheirdomesticwastecorrectlyandthenexchangethepointstheyaccumulatedfordailynecessitiessuchassoap.专题一阅读理解课堂新体验Garbage­sortingpracticeshavereachedover70percentofhousingestatesin18cities，includingShanghai，XiamenandHangzhou，accordingtotheMinistryofHousingandUrban­RuralDevelopment.Shanghaifirstenactedamandatorygarbage­sortingregulationinJuly2019andhashada90percentcompliance（服从）rateamongitshousingestates.AccordingtoareportbytheMinistryofEcologyandEnvironment，over90percentofthepublicbelievethatgarbage­sortingisimportantfortheprotectionoftheenvironment.However，garbage­sortingisstillabigprobleminChina.Only30percentofparticipantssaidtheythinktheyarecompletelysortingtheirwaste，thereportnoted.AccordingtoXinhua，it'spartlybecausemanypeoplelackthewillingnesstosorttheirownwaste.Also，somepreviousgarbageregulationsdidn'tincludefinesforpeoplewhofailedtoobeythem.专题一阅读理解课堂新体验“It'samusttohavealegalguaranteetopromotegarbage­sorting，”LiuJianguo，aprofessorfromTsinghuaUniversity，toldChina

Daily.“AsidefromChina，manycountrieslikeGermany，SpainandBritain，alsoaskpeopletosortwasteintospecificcategories.InJapan，thereisafixedtimeforthesortingofeachkindofgarbageandlittering.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇新闻报道。自5月1日起，北京开始实施强制垃圾分类，以更好地保护环境。文章介绍了这一政策的相关规定，说明了如今中国垃圾分类的现状和存在的一些问题，以及其他人对于中国垃圾分类的一些看法。专题一阅读理解课堂新体验5.WhatcanwelearnaboutthenewregulationinBeijing？A.Ithasn'tbeenputin